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Well of Misery 使用者は毎ターン21のDeath Gemを得られ、また全世界の収入が10%増加します Well of Misery ジェム 疲労 内部ID 513 80 使用 水中判定 効果 効果量 儀式 水中可 Global Enchantment 主属性 主Lv 効果発生数 射程距離 Death 6 1 副属性 副Lv 効果範囲 命中補正 - 0 0 領域 Lv 防御判定 抵抗判定 Conjuration 8 専用国家 ゲーム内説明文 This mighty ritual is a blessing to units across the world. Diseases, old age, suffering and pains are all drained of some of their essence. All malign energies are siphoned from the world and concentrated in the Well of Misery, effectively giving the caster a huge income of magical gems of Death. Tax revenue is slightly increased in all countries in the world. The spell lasts until someone dispels it or the caster dies. 和訳 この強力な儀式は、世界中のものたちにとっての祝福です。病気、老化、苦悶、苦痛の全ては、彼らの本質から一部抜き去られます。全ての有害なエネルギーは世界から吸い上げられ、Well of Miseryに集束します。そして、効果的に術者に死の魔法のGemの莫大な収入を与えます。世界中の全ての州で、税収が僅かに増加します。魔法が解除されるか、術者が死ぬまで世界呪附は続きます。 注記 死のGem生産世界呪附。説明だけ読むと素晴らしい魔法に見えるが、集められたエネルギーがじきに他国を叩き潰すために使われることを思うと、世界の住人にとって本当に祝福と言えるのかは疑問ではある。 それはともかく、少なくとも使い手にとっては素晴らしい魔法。研究レベルがやや高いが、Gem21個の収入に加えて同時に世界中の税収も増加させる。ただしこれには敵国も含まれる。 死の魔法を多用する国ならどこが使ってもありがたいが、Late AgeのErmorには税収増加は利敵行為に近いかもしれない。もっとも、かき集めたGemで敵地を荒廃させてやれば済むことではあるが。 コメント 名前 コメント
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sel /// / 日 4 \ 16 seren klel sal \ 日 \ [ ova ] \ fis it sel e ne? 今日は何日ですか \ sel(2) /// / 単位などに使う10000分の1 \ 14 seren klel sid son＝10000 \ [ areu ] \ zel 1/10^16 kel 1/10^12 del 1/10^8 sel 1/10^4 tel 1/1000 gil 1/100 mil 1/10 mal 10 gal 100 tol 1000 sol 10^4 dol 10^8 kol 10^12 zol 10^16
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- visitors Sulfurtransferases 2010 Cell Biology of Molybdenum F Bittner, RR Mendel - Cell Biology of Metals and Nutrients, 2010 - Springer http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related 1fBydctAk0cJ scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 Abstract The transition element molybdenum (Mo) is essential for (nearly) all biological systems as it is required by enzymes catalyzing diverse key reactions in the global carbon, sulfur,and nitrogen metabolism. The metal itself is biologically inactive unless it is complexed by a ... 2009 Mechanistic characterization of the sulfur-relay system for eukaryotic 2-thiouridine biogenesis at tRNA wobble positions nih.gov [HTML]A Noma, Y Sakaguchi, T Suzuki - Nucleic Acids Research, 2009 - Oxford Univ Press http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related kS8aGPMvT5kJ scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 The wobble modification in tRNAs, 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine (mcm 5 s 2 U), is required for the proper decoding of NNR codons in eukaryotes. The 2-thio group confers conformational rigidity of mcm 5 s 2 U by largely fixing the C3 -endo ribose puckering, ensuring stable ... Origin and function of ubiquitin-like proteins nih.gov [HTML]M Hochstrasser - Nature, 2009 - nature.com http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related vqhk3w9krT0J scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 Eukaryotic proteins can be modified through attachment to various small molecules and proteins. One such modification is conjugation to ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs), which controls an enormous range of physiological processes. Bound UBLs ... 2008 Molybdoproteomes and evolution of molybdenum utilization nih.gov [HTML]Y Zhang, VN Gladyshev - Journal of molecular biology, 2008 - Elsevier http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related g2yHxFnhe4AJ scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 as_ylo=1981 as_yhi=2010 The trace element molybdenum (Mo) is utilized in many life forms, and it is a key component of several enzymes involved in nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon metabolism. With the exception of nitrogenase, Mo is bound in proteins to a pterin, thus forming the molybdenum cofactor ( ... Common thiolation mechanism in the biosynthesis of tRNA thiouridine and sulphur-containing cofactors nih.gov [HTML]N Shigi, Y Sakaguchi, S Asai, T Suzuki, K … - The EMBO Journal, 2008 - nature.com http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related ARSfgx3Fp70J scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 as_ylo=2001 as_yhi=2010 2-Thioribothymidine (s 2 T), a modified uridine, is found at position 54 in transfer RNAs (tRNAs) from several thermophiles; s 2 T stabilizes the L-shaped structure of tRNA and is essential for growth at higher temperatures. Here, we identified an ATPase (tRNA-two-thiouridine ... The Sulfurtransferase Activity of Uba4 Presents a Link between Ubiquitin-like Protein Conjugation and Activation of Sulfur Carrier Proteins† J Schmitz, MM Chowdhury, P Hänzelmann, M … - Biochemistry, 2008 - ACS Publications http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related tu5O65itnDEJ scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 as_ylo=2001 as_yhi=2010 Because of mechanistic parallels in the activation of ubiquitin and the biosynthesis of several sulfur-containing cofactors, we have characterized the human Urm1 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Uba4 proteins, which are very similar in sequence to MOCS2A and MOCS3, respectively, ... Thio-modification of yeast cytosolic tRNA requires a ubiquitin-related system that resembles bacterial sulfur transfer systems jbc.org [HTML]Y Nakai, M Nakai, H Hayashi - Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2008 - ASBMB http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related rEPGgeDDU4AJ scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 The wobble uridine in yeast cytosolic tRNA Lys2 UUU and tRNA Glu3 UUC undergoes a thio-modification at the second position (s 2 modification) and a methoxycarbonylmethyl modification at the fifth position (mcm 5 modification). We previously demonstrated that the cytosolic ... An embarrassment of riches the enzymology of RNA modification nih.gov [HTML]D Iwata-Reuyl - Current opinion in chemical biology, 2008 - Elsevier http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related 0tsj3spLBLEJ scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 The maturation of transfer RNA (tRNA) involves extensive chemical modification of the constituent nucleosides and results in the introduction of significant chemical diversity to tRNA. Many of the pathways to these modified nucleosides are characterized by chemically complex ... A genome-wide screen identifies genes required for formation of the wobble nucleoside 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cshlp.org [HTML]B Huang, J Lu, AS Byström - Rna, 2008 - rnajournal.cshlp.org http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related 4xQVocA9SD4J scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 We recently showed that the γ-subunit of Kluyveromyces lactis killer toxin (γ-toxin) is a tRNA endonuclease that cleaves , , and 3′ of the wobble nucleoside 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine (mcm 5 s 2 U). The 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl ... 2007 Biosynthesis of the Thio-quinolobactin Siderophore an Interesting Variation on Sulfur Transfer nih.gov [HTML]AM Godert, M Jin, FW McLafferty, TP … - Journal of …, 2007 - Am Soc Microbiol http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related EBTZm24E50AJ scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 Text 15 Thio-quinolobactin, 8-hydroxy-4-methoxy-thioquinaldic acid (structure 1), is a 16 ... 17400.(10-12) The genes responsible for the biosynthesis of thio-quinolobactin have 18 ... There are a number of naturally occurring molecules of diverse structure that 27 A conserved modified wobble nucleoside (mcm5s2U) in lysyl-tRNA is required for viability in yeast cshlp.org [HTML]GR Björk, B Huang, OP Persson, AS Byström - Rna, 2007 - rnajournal.cshlp.org http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related ufP8yaCqiVsJ scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 Transfer RNAs specific for Gln, Lys, and Glu from all organisms (except Mycoplasma) and organelles have a 2-thiouridine derivative (xm 5 s 2 U) as wobble nucleoside. These tRNAs read the A- and G-ending codons in the split codon boxes His/Gln, Asn/Lys, and Asp/Glu. In ... 2006 Crystal structure of Bacillus anthracis ThiI, a tRNA-modifying enzyme containing the predicted RNA-binding THUMP domain DG Waterman, M Ortiz-Lombardía, MJ Fogg, EV … - Journal of molecular …, 2006 - Elsevier http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related j-_C2YkFA-IJ scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 as_ylo=1981 as_yhi=2010 ThiI is an enzyme responsible for the formation of the modified base S 4 U (4-thiouridine) found at position 8 in some prokaryotic tRNAs. This base acts as a sensitive trigger for the response mechanism to UV exposure, providing protection against its damaging effects. We ... Trafficking in persulfides delivering sulfur in biosynthetic pathways EG Mueller - Nature Chemical Biology, 2006 - nature.com http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related ZzZgR5SebvcJ scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 The presence of sulfur in cofactors has been appreciated for over a century, but the trafficking and delivery of sulfur to cofactors and nucleosides is still not fully understood. In the last decade, great strides have been made toward understanding those processes and the ... Cell biology of molybdenum RR Mendel, F Bittner - Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular …, 2006 - Elsevier http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related C6ckangyps8J scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 The transition element molybdenum (Mo) is of essential importance for (nearly) all biological systems as it is required by enzymes catalyzing diverse key reactions in the global carbon, sulfur and nitrogen metabolism. The metal itself is biologically inactive unless it is complexed by ... The prokaryotic antecedents of the ubiquitin-signaling system and the early evolution of ubiquitin-like β-grasp domains biomedcentral.com [HTML]LM Iyer, AM Burroughs, L Aravind - Genome Biology, 2006 - biomedcentral.com http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related UgYKXG9Yy80J scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 Ubiquitin (Ub)-mediated signaling is one of the hallmarks of all eukaryotes. Prokaryotic homologs of Ub (ThiS and MoaD) and E1 ligases have been studied in relation to sulfur incorporation reactions in thiamine and molybdenum/tungsten cofactor biosynthesis. However, there is no ... Mechanistic insights into sulfur relay by multiple sulfur mediators involved in thiouridine biosynthesis at tRNA wobble positions cell.com [HTML]Y Ikeuchi, N Shigi, J Kato, A Nishimura, T Suzuki - Molecular cell, 2006 - Elsevier http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related 2Vsoqag0uDsJ scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 The wobble bases of bacterial tRNAs responsible for NNR codons are modified to 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine (mnm 5 s 2 U). 2-thio modification of mnm 5 s 2 U is required for accurate decoding and essential for normal cell growth. We identified five genes yhhP, ... 2005 Mitochondria-specific RNA-modifying enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of the wobble base in mitochondrial tRNAs implications for the molecular … jbc.org [HTML]N Umeda, T Suzuki, M Yukawa, Y Ohya, H … - Journal of Biological …, 2005 - ASBMB http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related l9eGdubEKOEJ scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 as_ylo=1981 as_yhi=2010 Human mitochondrial (mt) tRNA Lys has a taurine-containing modified uridine, 5-taurinomethyl-2-thiouridine ( m 5 s 2 U), at its anticodon wobble position. We previously found that the mt tRNA Lys , carrying the A8344G mutation from cells of patients with myoclonus ... l-Cysteine Desulfidase An [4Fe-4S] Enzyme Isolated from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii That Catalyzes the Breakdown of l-Cysteine into Pyruvate, Ammonia, and … SI Tchong, H Xu, RH White - Biochemistry, 2005 - ACS Publications http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related QUO6D5wSaMQJ scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 as_ylo=1981 as_yhi=2010 A [4Fe-4S] enzyme that decomposes l-cysteine to hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and pyruvate has been isolated and characterized from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii. The sequence of the isolated enzyme demonstrated that the protein was the product of the M. jannaschii ... Reconstitution of a new cysteine biosynthetic pathway in Mycobacterium tuberculosis nih.gov [HTML]KE Burns, S Baumgart, PC Dorrestein, H Zhai, … - J. Am. Chem. …, 2005 - ACS Publications http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related 6UxhZ1K_8BAJ scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 A new pathway for cysteine biosynthesis has been elucidated in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This pathway involves a protein-bound thiocarboxylate (CysO−SH) as the sulfide donor, similar to thiamin biosynthesis. Cysteine synthase M (CysM) catalyzes the addition ... 2004 Evidence for the physiological role of a rhodanese-like protein for the biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor in humans pnas.org [HTML]A Matthies, KV Rajagopalan, RR … - Proceedings of the …, 2004 - National Acad Sciences http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related PpXEO3soBo0J scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 Recent studies have identified the human genes involved in the biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor. The human MOCS3 protein contains an N-terminal domain similar to the Escherichia coli MoeB protein and a C-terminal segment displaying similarities to the ... Ubiquitin-proteasome system umaryland.edu [PDF]S Fang, AM Weissman - Cellular and molecular life sciences, 2004 - Springer http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related UwB61_LeFJAJ scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 Abstract. The capacity for exquisite regulation of ubiq- uitylation provides eukaryotic cells with a means to fine- tune both protein function and levels. This complex set of processes affects myriad proteins and potentially impacts all cellular processes. Ubiquitylation is brought about ... 2003 Attachment of the ubiquitin-related protein Urm1p to the antioxidant protein Ahp1p nih.gov [HTML]AS Goehring, DM Rivers, GF Sprague Jr - Eukaryotic cell, 2003 - Am Soc Microbiol http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related NuIwzhoOL5cJ scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 Urm1p is a ubiquitin-related protein that serves as a posttranslational modification of other proteins. Urm1p conjugation has been implicated in the budding process and in nutrient sensing. Here, we have identified the first in vivo target for the urmylation pathway as the ... 2002 The rhodanese/Cdc25 phosphatase superfamily nih.gov [HTML]D Bordo, P Bork - EMBO reports, 2002 - nature.com http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related OxriJBcqB5AJ scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 ... In this review, the rhodanese/Cdc25 phosphatase superfamily is analyzed. ... Figure 3 Neighbor-joining tree representing the rhodanese superfamily generated by CLUSTALW (correction for ... Catalytically active rhodanese and Cdc25 phosphatase domains The N- and C- ... 2001 A sulfurtransferase is required in the transfer of cysteine sulfur in the in vitro synthesis of molybdopterin from precursor Z in Escherichia coli jbc.org [HTML]S Leimkühler, KV Rajagopalan - Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2001 - ASBMB http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related q8ya_wsSejkJ scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 It has been shown that conversion of precursor Z to molybdopterin (MPT) by Escherichia coli MPT synthase entails the transfer of the sulfur atom of the C-terminal thiocarboxylate from the small subunit of the synthase to generate the dithiolene group of MPT and that the moeB ... M ECHANISMS U NDERLYING U BIQUITINATION uky.edu [PDF]CM Pickart - Annual review of biochemistry, 2001 - Annual Reviews http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related YIxzrFekkFQJ scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 as_ylo=2001 as_yhi=2001 Abstract The conjugation of ubiquitin to other cellular proteins regulates a broad range of eukaryotic cell functions. The high efficiency and exquisite selectivity of ubiquitination reactions reflect the properties of enzymes known as ubiquitin-protein ligases or E3s. An E3 recognizes its ... 2000 Evolution and function of ubiquitin-like protein-conjugation systems yale.edu [PDF]M Hochstrasser - Nature cell biology, 2000 - nature.com http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related w2aIi7-UqxoJ scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 Cellular proteins are frequently adorned with chemical modifications that alter their physical — and, as a result, their physiological — properties. Among the most spectacular of these molecular appendages are grafts of other proteins or even polymeric chains of other proteins. The ... A protein conjugation system in yeast with homology to biosynthetic enzyme reaction of prokaryotes jbc.org [HTML]K Furukawa, N Mizushima, T Noda, Y … - Journal of Biological …, 2000 - ASBMB http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related kWwdzGB67rIJ scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 Protein conjugation, such as ubiquitination, is the process by which the C-terminal glycine of a small modifier protein is covalently attached to target protein(s) through sequential reactions with an activating enzyme and conjugating enzymes. Here we report on a novel protein ... 1998 Cysteine Sulfinate Desulfinase, a NIFS-like Protein of Escherichia coli with Selenocysteine Lyase and Cysteine Desulfurase Activities Gene Cloning, Purification and … kyoto-u.ac.jp [PDF]N Esaki, T Kurihara, T Yoshimura, K … - ICR annual …, 1998 - repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related QtLum1tHQrQJ scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 Page 1. Kyoto University KURENAI Kyoto University Research Information Repository Title Cysteine Sulfinate Desulfinase, a NIFS-like Protein of Escherichia coli with Selenocysteine Lyase and Cysteine Desulfurase Activities ... 1997 Cysteine Sulfinate Desulfinase, a NIFS-like Protein ofEscherichia coli with Selenocysteine Lyase and Cysteine Desulfurase Activities jbc.org [HTML]H Mihara, T Kurihara, T Yoshimura, K Soda, N … - Journal of Biological …, 1997 - ASBMB http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related bOaL5q7FBDoJ scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 Selenocysteine lyase (EC 4.4.1.16) exclusively decomposes selenocysteine to alanine and elemental selenium, whereas cysteine desulfurase (NIFS protein) of Azotobacter vinelandii acts indiscriminately on both cysteine and selenocysteine to produce elemental sulfur and selenium ... 1991 Characteristics of Nicotiana tabacum nitrate reductase protein produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. nih.gov [PDF]HN Truong, C Meyer, F Daniel-Vedele - Biochemical Journal, 1991 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related 8oijnWbQUp4J scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 as_ylo=1981 as_yhi=2010 INTRODUCTION Tobacco nitrate reductase (NR) (EC 1.6.6.1) is a homodimeric enzyme that reduces nitrate to nitrite in the presence of NADH (NADH NR activity). Each of its subunits contains three domains carrying respectively the prosthetic groups FAD, haem (cytochrome b-557) ... UBA 1 an essential yeast gene encoding ubiquitin-activating enzyme. nih.gov [PDF]JP McGrath, S Jentsch, A Varshavsky - The EMBO journal, 1991 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov http //scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?q=related qFlUGfxF0asJ scholar.google.com/ hl=ja as_sdt=2000 The EMBO Journal vol.10 no.1 pp.227-236, 1991 ... UBA 1 an essential yeast gene encoding ubiquitin- ... John P.McGrath, Stefan Jentsch and Alexander Varshavsky ... Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Present ...
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Nouvelle Vague 原産国 スイス 産地 Kallnach 蒸留所 MATTER-LUGINBUHL AG 容量 700ml 度数 68度 製法 Distillition（蒸留法） スタイル アニス 苦味 構造 WEBサイト http //www.erlebnisbrennerei.ch 参考価格 €44.95 管理人メモ コーヒー豆処方？従来とは異なる価値観から産まれた新潮流。
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Letters To U Letters To U アーティスト LiSA 発売日 2011年4月20日2016年3月23日(再発) レーベル アニプレックス デイリー最高順位 2位(2011年4月20日) 週間最高順位 2位(2011年4月26日) 月間最高順位 9位(2011年4月) 年間最高順位 47位(2011年) 初動売上 7686 累計売上 13504 収録内容 曲名 タイアップ 視聴 1 Believe in myself 2 ミライカゼ 3 永遠 4 エスケープゲーム 5 覚醒屋 6 妄想コントローラー 7 無色透明 ランキング 週 月日 順位 変動 週/月間枚数 累計枚数 1 4/26 2 新 7686 7686 2 5/3 4 ↓ 2051 9737 2011年4月 9 新 9737 9737 3 5/10 6 ↓ 1020 10757 4 5/17 10 ↓ 491 11248 5 5/24 ↓ 313 11561 2011年5月 17 ↓ 1824 11561 6 16/3/29 9 新 1943 13504 関連項目 Girls Dead Monster oath sign LOVER“S”MiLE
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スペースシャトルミッションに戻る STS-112(9A) 国際宇宙ステーション(ISS)組立ミッション。 S1トラスの打ち上げとISSのS0トラス右舷への設置が主な任務。 S1トラスの設置によりS3/S4トラスが取り付け可能となり、2個目のSバンド通信システム通信機能の強化、CETAカートや外部TVカメラによるEVA支援機能が強化された。 打ち上げ日 アメリカ東部夏時間：2002年10月7日午後3時45分 日本時間：2002年10月8日午前4時45分 打ち上げ場所 フロリダ州ケープカナベラル NASAケネディ宇宙センター39B発射台 ISSとの結合日時 米国中部夏時間：2002年10月9日午前10時17分 日本時間：2002年10月10日午前0時17分 ISSとの分離日時 米国中部夏時間：2002年10月16日午前8時13分 日本時間：2002年10月16日午後10時13分 飛行期間 10日19時間57分 使用オービタ スペースシャトル「アトランティス(Atlantis)」 アトランティスとしては26回目の、シャトルとしては通算111回目の飛行。 帰還日 アメリカ東部夏時間：2002年10月18日午前11時44分 日本時間：2002年10月19日午前0時44分 帰還場所 フロリダ州NASAケネディ宇宙センター(KSC) 主な搭載品 S1トラス ISSへの補給品、実験装置 クルー コマンダー ジェフリー・アッシュビー(Jeffrey Ashby) 1999年STS-93、2001年STS-100でパイロットとして飛行。 パイロット パメラ・アン・メルロイ(Pamela Ann Melroy) 2000年STS-92でパイロットとして飛行、このときは若田光一宇宙飛行士と一緒だった。 MS1 デイヴィッド・ウルフ(David Wolf) 1993年STS-58ミッションで初飛行。 1997年STS-86ではミールに119日間滞在し、1998年のSTS-89で帰還した。 MS2 サンドラ・マグナス(Sandra Magnus) MS3 ピアース・セラーズ(Piers Sellers) MS4 フョードル・ユールチキン(Fyodor Yurchikhin) スペースシャトルミッションに戻る
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人形潰し占い師／Dollcrush Fortuneteller 人形潰し占い師／Dollcrush Fortuneteller(１)(U) クリーチャー - 魔法使い・ウィザード・工匠 人形潰し占い師が戦場に出たとき、無色の1/1の人形・アーティファクト・クリーチャー・トークンを1体、タップ状態で戦場に出す。 人形を1つ生け贄に捧げる：あなたのライブラリーの一番上のカードを見る。あなたはそれをあなたのライブラリーの一番下に置いてもよい。 0/2 参考 黄昏武闘劇-コモン
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Martin Campbell-Kelly # Campbell-Kelly, Martin, et al. (2004). Computer A History of the Information Machine. Boulder Westview Press. ISBN 0813342643 # Campbell-Kelly, Martin (2005). "The User-friendly Typewriter". The Rutherford Journal (Canterbury University of Canterbury) 1 The User-friendly Typewriter Martin Campbell-Kelly 2006年1月9日 20 00 00 The Rutherford Journal - The New Zealand Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology http //www.rutherfordjournal.org/article010105.html 1.コンピューターの起源 (特集 「起源」に迫る) Campbell-Kelly,Martin 日経サイエンス 39(12) 48〜56 2009/12 0917009X 2.Real Time Reaping the Whirlwind CAMPBELL-KELLY, Martin Computer A History of the Information Machine 165-176 1996 1. コンピューター200年史 / M.キャンベルーケリー,W.アスプレイ[他]. -- 海文堂出版, 1999.10 2. ザ・コンピュータ・エイジ / M.キャンベルーケリー[他]. -- 共立出版, 1979.8 Computer a history of the information machine （27） Martin Campbell-Kelly and William Aspray -- 1st ed. -- BasicBooks, c1996, ix, 342 p., [16] p. of plates. The User-friendly Typewriter Martin Campbell-Kelly http //www.rutherfordjournal.org/article010105.html The User-friendly Typewriter 36 The Remington typewriter was the first machine to combine acceptable print quality with acceptable speed. The machine was invented by Christopher Latham Sholes, a retired printer in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, who was inspired by an article on writing machines he read in the Scientific American in 1867. 7 Sholes took out b patent /b s on his invention, and in exchange for a quarter share of these he obtained what we would now call angel funding from James Densmore, a prosperous retired printer. It is said that Sholes produced dozens of prototypes before achieving a satisfactory design. Densmore did not have sufficient funds to manufacture the machines, however, so he negotiated with Philo Remington, an Ilion, New York, manufacturer of small arms, to make them. Remington accepted the offer because his business was in the doldrums following the end of the Civil War and he had already diversified into peacetime manufactures, including sewing machines. More development work followed and the Remington No. 1 was introduced in 1874?its visual design owing not a little to the sewing machine (Fig. 2).8 The User-friendly Typewriter 40 Most of these improvements were registered in the 2600 typewriter patents that had been issued by 1905.9 Unfortunately there is no history of typewriter patents, so we do not know in detail how patent pools operated. However, a great deal of patent sharing between manufacturers clearly took place, which is why all typewriters came to look and feel pretty much the same. Most patents protected features that directly or indirectly affected usability. Many innovations may have appeared to be mere tweaks?such as the bell that warned the operator that the end of line was approaching?but their impact on usability could be profound. It was the accretion of scores of tiny improvements that made the typewriter so superbly suited to its task. It is not possible in this paper to describe all of the usability innovations. Instead I will focus on a handful of major issues The User-friendly Typewriter 50 The original Remington No. 1 was known as an “up strike” model, because the type bars struck the underside of the carriage. This meant that the line being typed was out of sight of the user, and in fact did not emerge until a further four lines had been typed. This would have made insuperable demands on the operator’s memory, and it was therefore possible to lift the carriage so that the operator could peek at the work in progress. It is not known whether Sholes was conscious of the visibility problem when he designed the up-strike mechanism. It seems likely that he just opted for the mechanically simplest solution. At all events, this design deficiency left the door open for dozens of non-patent-infringing improvements (most of which vanished into obscurity). The User-friendly Typewriter 52 For an operator seated at a desk, the optimal printing position was a front strike mechanism, so that the printed line directly faced the operator. The first machine on the market with a front-strike mechanism was the Columbia Bar-Lock, patented in 1889-91.10 The first commercial models enabled the operator to peer above the type bars to see the work in progress, but the line of sight was obscured if the operator sat too far back in his or her chair. Nonetheless, for several years the Columbia Bar-Lock “stood alone in the visible writing field.”11 A wholly satisfactory front strike mechanism that did not interfere with the line of sight was extremely difficult to achieve, and would not be realised until the Underwood No. 1 came into production in 1897. In the interim, a number of down-strike models, which printed on top of the carriage, were produced. The User-friendly Typewriter 56 A much more successful down-strike mechanism was designed by the Reverend Thomas Oliver, who applied for a patent in 1892 and founded the Oliver Typewriter Company of Chicago in 1894.13 In this very distinctive machine the inverted-U shaped type bars were stacked either side of the printing point (Fig. 4). This left the full page clearly visible, a marked improvement over previous designs. The Oliver machine was particularly robust and was bought in large numbers by the military, although it did have the disadvantage of a rather restricted character set. (It was difficult to stack many more than a dozen type-bars on top of one another. The machine had a three-row keyboard instead of the usual four rows. The basic design remained in production with very little major modification until the 1940s.14 The User-friendly Typewriter 58 Nonetheless the front-strike mechanism remained the best ergonomic design for a seated operator. A successful design was finally produced, some 15 years after the first front-strike models appeared, by the inventor Francis X. Wagner. It was the most important typewriter patent of all time.15 The patent was assigned to a New York typewriter-supplies manufacturer John Underwood, and the Underwood Typewriter Company was established for its manufacture in 1895. With the Underwood No. 1 (Fig. 5) the typewriter took its modern form, establishing the dominant typewriter design until the advent of the IBM golf ball typewriter after the Second World War. In the Wagner design, the type basket was set low, out of the line of sight, and the ribbon did not obscure the current line. When a key was depressed, the ribbon rose and interposed between the type bar and the paper; both then instantly retracted to their original position to reveal the full line of print. It was an extraordinarily elegant mechanism. The Underwood No. 1 went on the market in 1897 and was rapidly further perfected. The User-friendly Typewriter 74 The most important way of reducing noise was to eliminate the percussive action of the type bars on the platen. In 1894 an inventor, Wellington Kidder, applied for a patent for a printing action that pushed the type bar onto the platen rather than striking it.19 Kidder and his partner C.C. Colby formed a development company and “expended about $500,000 in developing the Noiseless typewriter, during the years 1904-1909.”20 The Noiseless Typewriter Company was established and a machine was placed on the market in 1910; besides the non-percussive printing action it was fully enclosed and surmounted by an acoustic cowl, characteristic of all subsequent noiseless typewriters. The machine was not a commercial success, probably because the typing mechanism was rather sluggish. Several improved machines were placed on the market, but it was only with the model 4 in 1917 that definite technical and commercial success was realised. The User-friendly Typewriter 76 Given the long, costly, patented development of the noiseless typewriter, competitors could only respond with hoods and baffles. Underwood produced a soundproof cabinet in 1922, as did Continental, Ideal, and Olympia.21 In 1923 Remington introduced a quiet version of its model 12, marketed as the Q12, which reduced noise by means of a completely enclosed frame.22 The User-friendly Typewriter 78 In 1924 Remington acquired the Noiseless Typewriter Company (one of a series of mergers that resulted in the formation of the Remington Rand conglomerate in 1927).23 Remington sold the machine as the Remington Noiseless, and gradually refined the technology by incorporating innovations from its mainstream products. Underwood made a patent deal with Remington to acquire the noiseless technology, and then introduced a noiseless version of its standard machine in 1930. Underwood advertised the machine extensively, promoting its “cushioned typing” with the slogan “Quiet as a Mouse?in a Barrel of Flour” (Fig. 6). The User-friendly Typewriter 90 The origins of the QWERTY keyboard are well known, although accounts differ slightly in their detail. Prior to Sholes patenting his typewriter in 1873, there had been many commercially unsuccessful typewriters, and these used two main types of keyboard. One type, exemplified by Samuel Francis’ “Literary Piano,” used a piano-style keyboard.29 In this machine, 26 white keys were provided for the letters, and the black keys supplied the punctuation and other characters. In the other type, exemplified by Beach’s Type-Writing Machine of 1856, the keys were arranged in three rows.30 In both machines the keys were arranged alphabetically. The User-friendly Typewriter 106 With the rise of time-and-motion studies around the turn of the new century, there was increasing interest in both keyboard layout on scientific principles and on efficient operation (see next section). For example, the Perry typewriter (1896)39 included extra keys for common words and syllables (such as as, is, and and). A keyboard design by Rowell (1909)40?one of the first patents for a keyboard rather than a complete typewriter?placed the most used letters at the centre of the keyboard (this was really a variant on the Ideal arrangement). It is not known whether these inventions found their way into products, but probably not and certainly not on any scale. Considerably later, a keyboard design by Hoke (1923)41 used a layout optimised for the 1000 most common words determined by the educationist Leonard P. Ayres.42 The User-friendly Typewriter 108 On the whole, the few novel keyboards in the patent literature (and perhaps a few more that were not patented) are not very convincing proof of network effects and user lock-in. More likely, the keyboard designs lacked any systematic testing or real scientific evidence of major benefits that might have convinced manufacturers or users to switch. The one real exception is the Dvorak keyboard, which was in a class of its own in terms of scientific justification and user testing. The User-friendly Typewriter 110 Augustus Dvorak was a professor of experimental psychology at the University of Washington, and a disciple of the time-and-motion expert Frank Gilbreth.43 Gilbreth had made studies of touch typing using the Universal keyboard, but he had not addressed the issue of keyboard layout. This Dvorak did, filing a patent in 1932 (Fig. 8) and publishing a book Typing Behaviour in 1936.44 The User-friendly Typewriter 192 8 C.L. Sholes, “Type-Writing Machine,” U.S. patent 207,559, Aug. 27, 1878. The User-friendly Typewriter 200 12 John N. Williams, “Type-Writer,” U.S. patent 442,697, Dec. 16, 1890. Williams’s first patent was issued in 1875, but he had financial difficulties establishing his business. The User-friendly Typewriter 202 13 Thomas Oliver, “Type Writing Machine,” U.S. patent 528,484,337, Oct. 30, 1894. The User-friendly Typewriter 206 15 H. L. and F. X. Wagner, “Type writing machine,” U.S. patent 559,345, Apr. 28, 1896. The User-friendly Typewriter 214 19 Wellington P. Kidder, “Key-Action for Type-Writing Machines,” U.S. patent 567,241, Sept. 6, 1896. The User-friendly Typewriter 234 29 Samuel Francis, “Writing Machine,” U.S. patent 18,504, Oct. 27, 1857. The User-friendly Typewriter 236 30 A. E. Beech, “Printing Instrument,” U.S. patent 15,164, June 24, 1856. The User-friendly Typewriter 240 32 James B. Hammond, “Type-Writing Machine,” U.S. patent 224,183, Feb. 3, 1881. Lucien S. Crandall, “Type-Writing Machine,” U.S. patent 251,338, Dec. 20, 1881. Eugene Fitch, “Type-Writing Machine,” U.S. patent 345,836, July 20, 1886. The User-friendly Typewriter 242 33 William H. Robertson, “Type-Writing Machine,” U.S. patent 439,689, Nov. 4, 1890. The machine was probably never put on the market. The User-friendly Typewriter 244 34 O. Mergenthaler, “Machine for Producing Printing Bars,” U.S. patent 317,828, May 12, 1885. The User-friendly Typewriter 246 35 George C. Blickensderfer, “Type Writing Machine,” U.S. patent 472,692, Apr. 12, 1892. The User-friendly Typewriter 254 39 Horace G. Perry, “Type-Writing Machine,” U.S. patent 552,774, Jan. 7, 1896. The User-friendly Typewriter 256 40 Sidney W. Rowell, “Type-Writer Keyboard,” U.S. patent 943,466, Dec. 14, 1909. The User-friendly Typewriter 258 41 Roy E. Hoke, “Typewriter-Keyborad Arrangement,” U.S. patent 1,506,426, Aug. 26, 1924. The User-friendly Typewriter 264 44 August Dvorak and William Dealey, “Typewriter Keyboard,” U.S. patent 2,040,248, May 12, 1936. link_trackbackcounter -
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