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https://w.atwiki.jp/snunlimited/pages/114.html
STARITE CARNIVAL GAMES 1 THE CARNIVAL IS IN TOWN! THROW SOMETHING TO KNOCK OVER THE BOTTLES BUT DON T CROSS THE BARRIER! HINT1 TRY SOMETHING HEAVY. HINT2 HOW ABOUT A BOWLING BALL? クリア可能な言葉 MACHINE GUN 2 THROW SOMETHING TO POP THE BALLOONS WITHOUT CROSSING THE BARRIER! HINT1 SOMETHING SHARP MIGHT HELP POPTHE BALLOONS. HINT2 TRY THROWING A DART. クリア可能な言葉 MACHINE GUN 3 THROW SOMETHING TO HIT THE DUNK TANK WITHOUT CROSSING THE BARRIER! HINT1 SOMETHING HARD MIGHT DO THE TRICK. HINT2 TRY THROEING A BASEBALL. クリア可能な言葉 MACHINE GUN SHARDS KING ME! GORILLA KING ME! クリア可能な言葉 LET ME ENTERTAIN YOU! BORED BOY I WANT SOMEONE TO ENTERTAIN ME! クリア可能な言葉 CLOWN BON VOYAGE! GRANDFATHER I WANT TO SAIL ACROSS THE SEA! クリア可能な言葉 SHIP IT S A BIRD! CLARK PLACE SOMEONE INTO THE PHONE BOOTH TO MAKE A SIDEKICK FOR ME! クリア可能な言葉 人ならだれでもいい PARKING VIOLATION! JALOPY I M PARKED ILLEGALLY! クリア可能な言葉 URBAN ARTIST! GRAFFITI SO UNSIGHTLY! クリア可能な言葉 ON A CLEAR DAY! TOURIST WE CAN T SEE THE VIEW! THERE ARE CLOUDS IN THE WAY! クリア可能な言葉 WIND A FOUNTAIN FOR THE CITY SQUARE! SWITCH CREATE A NEW FOUNTAIN FOR THE CITY! PLACE AN OBJECT IN THIS WATER THEN FLIP THE SWITCH! クリア可能な言葉 CRYING
https://w.atwiki.jp/tower_d/pages/58.html
Omega Tower Defense サイトURL バージョン1: http //www.kongregate.com/games/frostytrees/omega-tower-defenese http //www.flashgamealot.com/game.php?id=18 バージョン2: http //www.kongregate.com/games/frostytrees/omega-tower-defense-2 http //www.addictinggames.com/omegatd2.html http //www.flashninjaclan.com/zzz1595_Omega_Tower_defense_2.php http //www.freeworldgroup.com/games8/gameindex/omegatd2.htm 概要 近未来的な砲台を駆使してモンスターの群れを迎撃する。 他のTDより砲台の売却額が高く、切り売りが攻略のポイントの一つ。 バージョン2では難易度とマップの選択が可能になった。 基本事項 砲台Light Artillery Laser Turret Heavy Artillery Slow Field Money Tower Shock Tower Bomb Blade Launcher 攻略 基本事項 砲台の売却額は総額の90%。 アップグレードには一定の時間が掛かり、その間、砲台は攻撃をストップする。 「SHOWDOWN!!」という表示が出たら、それが最終レベル。HP10000の敵が山のように押し寄せる。 砲台 砲台の伸び率とコストは常に一定 Light Artillery 設置コスト:80 攻撃力 射程 攻撃速度 1 70 20 1.75 80 17.5 2.5 90 15 3.25 100 12.5 4 110 10 Laser Turret レーザー攻撃 設置コスト:250 攻撃力 射程 攻撃速度 6 90 40 8.5 100 35 11 110 30 13.5 120 25 16 130 20 Heavy Artillery ミサイルで範囲攻撃 設置コスト:450 スプラッシュ範囲:20 攻撃力 射程 攻撃速度 4 110 25 5.5 120 21.25 7 130 17.5 8.5 140 13.75 10 150 10 Slow Field 範囲内にいる敵の移動速度を低下 設置コスト:450 Money Tower 範囲内で敵を倒すと資金を1獲得 設置コスト:100 Shock Tower 範囲内の全ての敵に同時攻撃 設置コスト:750 攻撃力 射程 攻撃速度 2 90 30 4 100 26.25 6 110 22.5 8 120 18.75 10 130 15 Bomb 使い切りの爆弾 設置して数秒後に爆発する。アップグレードは早めに。 設置コスト:100 攻撃力 射程 10 100 45 110 80 120 115 130 150 140 Blade Launcher 最強の連射追尾砲台 設置コスト:1000 攻撃力 射程 攻撃速度 2 162.5 10 11.5 175 8.75 21 187.5 7.5 30.5 200 6.25 40 - 5 攻略 SHOWDOWN!!の堅い敵ラッシュに対しては、Slow Fieldの重ね掛けで対応する。1ヶ所だけ効果範囲が全て重なるようにSlowを可能な限り設置すれば、敵の移動はほぼ完全に停止する。
https://w.atwiki.jp/rozenrock/pages/1273.html
「ねぇ貴女、貴女はそこで一人で、何をしているのかしら?」 突然かけられた他人の声に、雪華綺晶は顔を上げてその相手を見た。 その相手 - 紅のドレスを着て、金髪をツインテールにしている少女は、私の顔を見ると少し驚いたようだった。 きっと私の右目には空洞がぽっかり開いていて、眼の代わりに白い薔薇が差されているせいだろう。 生まれた時からこうだった。その空洞には親の趣味によって白薔薇がこうして施されたし、白く腰の下まで伸びる長い髪にも、飾りとして二個ほど白薔薇を付けられ、彼女と同じようなツーサイドアップになっている。 そんな顔のせいか、あるいは両親の仕事の事情に振り回されて、何度も何度も転校を経験しているせいなのか、雪華綺晶はほとんど人と話すようなことをせず、ただ一人でひたすら読書にふけったりするのが日常だった。 あるいは他にすることといえば…。 「私は今、詩を書いています」 雪華綺晶は話し掛けてきた金髪の少女に対して、答えた。 学生時代からIQ149をもち、高校時代には既にその教師群を卓越する知識と知恵を持っていた雪華綺晶は、国内でも最も難関な大学UCLA(カリフォルニア大学ロサンゼルス校)に入学した。 ところがこのとき彼女は両親からひどく反対をされたものだった。なぜなら彼女が志望した学部は映画科だったからである。 両親は娘が映画関連の職業につこうとすることをあまり望まなかった。それでも雪華綺晶は反対をおしきり、この映画科に入学した。 それだけ、彼女は映画に強い思い入れがあったのだ。 「あら…そうなの。」 話し掛けてきた金髪の少女は嬉しそうに微笑み、雪華綺晶の隣の席に座った。 「私は真紅。このあたりで仲間数人とバンド活動をしているの。私は仲間のことを"姉妹(Maidens)"と呼んでいるわ。ねえ、よかったら貴女の作ったその詩を、私にも聴かせてくれないかしら?」 今度は雪華綺晶が驚く番だった。 趣味的に詩作に一人でふけることずっと、自分の詩を他人から聞かせて欲しいなどと言われたのは初めてだからだった。 同時に自分の詩に興味を持ってくれる人がいることに嬉しくなった雪華綺晶は、さっそく最新作の詩をその真紅という少女に対して読んでみることにした。 Let s swim to the moon, uh huh "月まで泳いでいきましょう" Let s climb through the tide "潮に乗って昇ってゆきましょう" Penetrate the evening "夕方を過ぎ抜けて" That the city sleeps to hide "町はひそひそと眠っている" Let s swim out tonight, love "さあ一緒に今晩、泳いてゆきましょう" It s our turn to try "私たちの番なのです" Parked beside the ocean "海の傍らに滞りましょう" On our moonlight drive "私たちの月の光の旅に" 幻想的な内容を持つ詩を、まるで自分の世界にトリップしたように読み続ける雪華綺晶。その彼女に真紅は並みならぬ才能を感じた。 まるで詩を読んでいるときの彼女は別世界の人のようだ。 全て見えているものが私達のものとは違うような、綺麗な金色の瞳…。そして響き渡る、まるで一点の穢れもない存在のみに許されたような、透き通った声。 Let s swim to the moon, uh huh "月まで泳いでゆきましょう" Let s climb through the tide "潮に乗って昇ってゆきましょう" Surrender to the waiting worlds "待っているだけでは世界は変わらない" That lap against our side "それが私たちの側面を塞いでいる" Nothin left open "左からは何も開かない" And no time to decide "判断してる時間などないのです" We ve stepped into a river "すでに河に足を踏み入れたのです" On our moonlight drive "私たちの月の光の旅に" 「すごいわ!」 雪華綺晶の詩に、真紅は聞き浸ってしまった。感動に青い瞳を輝かせながら、言葉で絶賛する。 「あなた、天才よ!間違いないわ。透き通った詩、あなたの美しい声…。夢中になってしまいそう…」 過敏すぎとも思える真紅の反応に、少し戸惑っている雪華綺晶を気にもかけず、真紅はいきなり彼女の手を持つとこう迫った。 「ねえ、よかったら、私のバンドのボーカルをやってみないかしら?いいえ是が非でもお願いするわ。 実は私のバンドにも一応歌詞を作る子はいるのだけれど、どうも合ったボーカルが見つからなくて…困っているところだったの。」 長編SS保管庫へ/(2)へ続く
https://w.atwiki.jp/masshoi/pages/389.html
「IDENTITY」は、鈴木愛理の楽曲。 基本情報 配信初出日 2019年9月4日 CD初出日 2019年9月4日 アーティスト 鈴木愛理 発売元 zetima (UP-FRONT WORKS) 作詞 しほり 作曲 編曲 akkin Drums 山内"masshoi"優 Bass 上田ケンジ Chorus 鈴木愛理 Electric Guitar akkin other instruments Chief director* 橋本慎 Director* 角田崇徳 Recording Engineer 飯島絵莉子岡島弦 Mixing Engineer 岡島弦 Mastering Engineer* 柴晃浩 (TEMAS) ※*付きは『i』準拠、他は初出CD準拠 収録CD 発売日 商品名 DiscNo. TrackNo. 楽曲名 歌唱 2019年9月4日 『Escape』初回生産限定盤A:EPCE-7513〜7514初回生産限定盤B:EPCE-7515〜7516初回生産限定盤SP:EPCE-7517〜7518 - 2 「IDENTITY」 鈴木愛理 4 「IDENTITY (Instrumental)」 - 『Escape』通常盤A:EPCE-7519通常盤B:EPCE-7520通常盤C:EPCE-7521 - 2 「IDENTITY」 鈴木愛理 5 「IDENTITY (Instrumental)」 - 2019年12月18日 『i』初回生産限定盤:EPCE-7553〜7554通常盤:EPCE-7555 - 8 「IDENTITY」 鈴木愛理 タイアップ J COMチャンネル『ロッテレビ』EDテーマ 動画
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9128541Heavy Bolter Turret 9128542Building 9128543Click an area then choose firing arc 9128549Fearful Victory 9128550When charging with To Victory!, knocking back enemies also demoralizes other nearby enemies, reducing their attack damage. 9128551When charging with To Victory!, knocking back enemies also demoralizes other nearby enemies, reducing their attack damage. 9128593Call for Blood 9128594Battle Cry becomes Call for Blood, which sends allies into a frenzy of bloodlust, gaining power with every strike and becoming invulnerable to outside damage, but losing Health during the frenzy. 9128595Battle Cry becomes Call for Blood, which sends allies into a frenzy of bloodlust, gaining power with every strike and becoming invulnerable to outside damage, but losing Health during the frenzy. 9128596Call for Blood 9128597Send allies into a frenzy of bloodlust, gaining power with every strike and becoming invulnerable to outside damage, but losing Health during the frenzy. 9128598Send allies into a frenzy of bloodlust, gaining power with every strike and becoming invulnerable to outside damage, but losing Health during the frenzy. 9128599Click to activate 9128606Reduces the energy cost of the unit s abilities and the cool down on corrupt abilities. The unit s other abilities take slightly longer to cool down, however. 9128607Reduces the energy cost of the unit s abilities and the cool down on corrupt abilities. The unit s other abilities take slightly longer to cool down, however. 9128608Will to Power 9128609Enrage 9128610Send a targeted enemy into a blind rage, forcing him to attack his own allies. 9128611Send a targeted enemy into a blind rage, forcing him to attack his own allies. 9128612Click and target 9128615Enrage 9128616Ability Unlock - Send a targeted enemy into a blind rage, forcing him to attack his own allies. This ability becomes the area-of-effect Aura of Rage if Taunt is unlocked. 9128617Ability Unlocked - Send a targeted enemy into a blind rage, forcing him to attack his own allies. This ability becomes the area-of-effect Aura of Rage if Taunt is unlocked. 9128630Superior Lascannon 9128631Relic Lascannon 9128632Master-Crafted Lascannon 9128633Astartes MK VII. Firing a charged energy blast along a powerful laser, the lascannon can cut through almost any armor at extreme range. It requires a substantial amount of time to build up its power before a shot, however. Effective against vehicles and structures. 9128634Astartes MK VII. Firing a charged energy blast along a powerful laser, the lascannon can cut through almost any armor at extreme range. It requires a substantial amount of time to build up its power before a shot, however. Effective against vehicles and structures. 9128635Astartes MK VII. Firing a charged energy blast along a powerful laser, the lascannon can cut through almost any armor at extreme range. It requires a substantial amount of time to build up its power before a shot, however. Effective against vehicles and structures. 9128636Searing Lascannon 9128637Modified MK VIIc lascannon firing recalibrated energy charges which superheat a small area around the impact point, frequently causing the target additional harm. 9128638Improved Melta Gun 9128639Assault Pattern Vulkan . Firing a scorching gout of molecularly agitated heat, melta guns can cut through any armor at close range, and can be used while on the move. Their efficacy drops off sharply with range, however. 9128640Superior Melta Gun 9128641Assault Pattern Vulkan . Firing a scorching gout of molecularly agitated heat, melta guns can cut through any armor at close range, and can be used while on the move. Their efficacy drops off sharply with range, however. 9128642Relic Melta Gun 9128643Assault Pattern Vulkan . Firing a scorching gout of molecularly agitated heat, melta guns can cut through any armor at close range, and can be used while on the move. Their efficacy drops off sharply with range, however. 9128644Master-Crafted Melta Gun 9128645Assault Pattern Vulkan . Firing a scorching gout of molecularly agitated heat, melta guns can cut through any armor at close range, and can be used while on the move. Their efficacy drops off sharply with range, however. 9128646Master-crafted melta gun with secondary heat bloom which can occasionally cause prolonged burning on targets. 9128647MK III Sunfury type. Firing balls of super-heated plasma, this pistol makes a deadly companion to a close-combat weapon. Effective against most armor types. 9128648MK III Sunfury type. Firing balls of super-heated plasma, this pistol makes a deadly companion to a close-combat weapon. Effective against most armor types. 9128649MK III Sunfury type. Firing balls of super-heated plasma, this pistol makes a deadly companion to a close-combat weapon. Effective against most armor types. 9128650MK III Sunfury type. Firing balls of super-heated plasma, this pistol makes a deadly companion to a close-combat weapon. Effective against most armor types. 9128656Superior Lightning Claw 9128657Vigilance of the Neophyte 9128658Improved Power Fist 9128659Power Fist 9128661MK IIa Castigator . Power fists are among the most powerful close-combat weapons. A gauntlet wreathed in deadly energy, a power fist can rip through the heaviest armor and even briefly stun vehicle crews. 9128666Superior Power Fist 9128667Power Fist 9128669MK IIa Castigator . Power fists are among the most powerful close-combat weapons. A gauntlet wreathed in deadly energy, a power fist can rip through the heaviest armor and even briefly stun vehicle crews. 9128670Relic Power Fist 9128671Power Fist 9128673MK IIa Castigator . Power fists are among the most powerful close-combat weapons. A gauntlet wreathed in deadly energy, a power fist can rip through the heaviest armor and even briefly stun vehicle crews. 9128674Master-Crafted Power Fist 9128675Power Fist 9128677MK IIa Castigator . Power fists are among the most powerful close-combat weapons. A gauntlet wreathed in deadly energy, a power fist can rip through the heaviest armor and even briefly stun vehicle crews. 9128688Unholy Zeal 9128689Become temporarily invulnerable, regaining Health with every enemy attack. 9128690Become temporarily invulnerable, regaining Health with every enemy attack that would normally have damaged you. 9128691Click to activate 9128694Superior Power Axe 9128695Power Axe 9128697 Wolf Fang type. Somewhat heavier than a power sword, the power axe delivers devastating blows able to crack open heavy armor and knock back infantry. 9128698Relic Power Axe 9128699Power Axe 9128701 Wolf Fang type. Somewhat heavier than a power sword, the power axe delivers devastating blows able to crack open heavy armor and knock back infantry. 9128702Master-Crafted Power Axe 9128703Power Axe 9128705 Wolf Fang type. Somewhat heavier than a power sword, the power axe delivers devastating blows able to crack open heavy armor and knock back infantry. 9128706Unholy Zeal 9128707Ability Unlock - Become temporarily invulnerable, regaining Health with every enemy attack that would normally have damaged you. 9128708Ability Unlocked - Become temporarily invulnerable, regaining Health with every enemy attack that would normally have damaged you. 9128709Mark of Nurgle 9128710Tarkus becomes immune to suppression. Tactical Advance becomes Aura of Decay, a state in which Tarkus emits a foul aura that heals him, damages nearby enemies, and drastically slows his movement. 9128711Tarkus becomes immune to suppression. Tactical Advance becomes Aura of Decay, a state in which Tarkus emits a foul aura that heals him, damages nearby enemies, and drastically slows his movement. 9128712Aura of Decay 9128713Emit a foul aura that heals Tarkus and damages nearby enemies. His movement is drastically slowed, however. 9128714Emit a foul aura that heals Tarkus and damages nearby enemies. His movement is drastically slowed, however. 9128715Toggle On/Off 9128725Crippling Missile Launcher 9128726Detonating Missile Launcher 9128727Superior Plasma Cannon 9128728Relic Plasma Cannon 9128733Superior Assault Cannon 9128734Relic Assault Cannon 9128736Master-Crafted Assault Cannon 9128737Marksman Assault Cannon 9128738Cannon of Fortitude 9128739Cannon of Wrath 9128740Searing Heavy Flamer 9128741Heavy Flamer 9128742Using a refined promethium blend, this flamer s victims find the searing chemicals adhere to their flesh, continuing to burn them. 9128747Inhuman Might 9128748Avitus automatically Sprints while under attack and triggers Clear Out while in close combat. Combat Stimulants and other healing abilities have a reduced effect on him. 9128749Avitus automatically Sprints while under attack and triggers Clear Out while in close combat. Combat Stimulants and other healing abilities have a reduced effect on him. 9128750Flamer 9128751Purity Seal 9128753Battle Standard 9128754Dreadnought Armor 9128755Dreadnought Armor 9128756Dreadnought Armor 9128758Power Armor 9128760Power Armor 9128761Power Armor 9128763Power Armor 9128764Power Armor 9128765Power Armor 9128766Power Armor 9128767Power Armor 9128768Power Armor 9128769Power Armor 9128770Power Armor 9128771Power Armor 9128772Power Armor 9128773Power Armor 9128774Power Armor 9128776Power Armor 9128777Power Armor 9128778Power Armor 9128779Power Armor 9128780Power Armor 9128784Scout Armor 9128785Scout Armor 9128786Scout Armor 9128787Scout Armor 9128788Scout Armor 9128789Terminator Armor 9128790Terminator Armor 9128791Terminator Armor 9128792Chainsword 9128793Chainsword 9128794Chainsword 9128795Chainsword 9128796Chainsword 9128797Chainsword 9128798Lightning Claw 9128799Lightning Claw 9128801Lightning Claw 9128803Lightning Claw 9128804Lightning Claw 9128806Lightning Claw 9128808Lightning Claw 9128809Lightning Claw 9128810Lightning Claw 9128811Lightning Claw 9128812Terminator Lightning Claws 9128813Terminator Lightning Claws 9128814Terminator Lightning Claws 9128815Terminator Lightning Claws 9128816Power Axe 9128817Power Axe 9128818Power Fist 9128819Terminator Power Fist 9128820Terminator Power Fist 9128821Power Sword 9128822Power Sword 9128823Power Sword 9128824Power Sword 9128825Power Sword 9128826Thunder Hammer and Storm Shield 9128827Thunder Hammer 9128828Thunder Hammer 9128829Terminator Assault Cannon 9128830Terminator Assault Cannon 9128831Terminator Assault Cannon 9128832Terminator Assault Cannon 9128833Terminator Assault Cannon 9128834Terminator Assault Cannon 9128836Bolt Pistol 9128837Bolt Pistol 9128838Bolter 9128839Bolter 9128840Bolter 9128841Combat Shotgun 9128842Dreadnought Assault Cannon 9128843Flamer 9128844Flamer 9128845Grenade Launcher 9128846Grenade Launcher 9128847Grenade Launcher 9128848Heavy Bolter 9128849Heavy Bolter 9128850Heavy Bolter 9128851Lascannon 9128852Lascannon 9128853Lascannon 9128854Lascannon 9128855Lascannon 9128856Lascannon 9128857Lascannon 9128858Melta Gun 9128859Melta Gun 9128860Melta Gun 9128861Melta Gun 9128862Melta Gun 9128863Melta Gun 9128864Melta Gun 9128865Missile Launcher 9128866Missile Launcher 9128867Missile Launcher 9128868Dreadnought Multi-Melta 9128869Dreadnought Multi-Melta 9128870Plasma Cannon 9128871Plasma Cannon 9128872Plasma Cannon 9128873Plasma Pistol 9128874Plasma Pistol 9128875Plasma Pistol 9128876Plasma Pistol 9128877Plasma Pistol 9128878Sniper Rifle 9128879Aura of Blood 9128880Ability Unlock - Manifest Avitus s unholy hate in an aura around his squad after an expenditure of Health. Enemy squads in close proximity bleed profusely, taking damage over time. 9128881Ability Unlocked - Manifest Avitus s unholy hate in an aura around his squad after an expenditure of Health. Enemy squads in close proximity bleed profusely, taking damage over time. 9128886Artifact Sniper Rifle 9128889Sniper Rifle 9128892Astartes MK IIs. With a long range but slow rate of fire, this perfectly balanced rifle excels at eliminating high value targets from range, or keeping groups of infantry pinned down. Effective vs. single infantry. 9128895Storm Bolter of Might 9128896Storm Bolter 9128898The timing on the firing of this artificer storm bolter has been altered so that targets take two hits a split-second apart. This results in comparable damage with the added chance of knocking infantry off their feet. 9128899Master-Crafted Storm Bolter 9128900Storm Bolter 9128902Terminatus-pattern B. The storm bolter is a mighty double-barreled bolter held in a single hand of a Terminator. It brings undaunted fury to the enemy and is highly effective against infantry targets. 9128903Fire Frenzy 9128904Enter a frenzied state in which Avitus s ranged damage steadily increases. If Avitus runs out of Energy, Fire Frenzy drains Health. 9128905Enter a frenzied state in which Avitus s ranged damage steadily increases. If Avitus runs out of Energy, Fire Frenzy drains Health. 9128906Toggle On/Off 9128912Relic Storm Bolter 9128913Storm Bolter 9128915Terminatus-pattern B. The storm bolter is a mighty double-barreled bolter held in a single hand of a Terminator. It brings undaunted fury to the enemy and is highly effective against infantry targets. 9128916Superior Storm Bolter 9128917Storm Bolter 9128919Terminatus-pattern B. The storm bolter is a mighty double-barreled bolter held in a single hand of a Terminator. It brings undaunted fury to the enemy and is highly effective against infantry targets. 9128920Carrion Cry 9128921Storm Bolter 9128922This weapon gained its moniker during a Blood Ravens expedition into the Space Hulk Judgment of Carrion some eight centuries ago. Tyranids and Warp daemons infested the huge derelict. So dense was the enemy that only the loud report of weapons fire let each squad know the other was still fighting. 9128923+2 to Ranged Combat Discipline 9128924"So the enemy refuses to acknowledge their defeat? They shall listen to reason." -Brother-Captain Klint of the Imperial Fists 9128925MK XII Ragefire type. This specialist issue weapon is slower-firing than a bolter, but able to damage any target type. Effective against high value single infantry and vehicles. 9128926MK XII Ragefire type. This specialist issue weapon is slower-firing than a bolter, but able to damage any target type. Effective against high value single infantry and vehicles. 9128927M35-c Magnacore master-crafted plasma gun. Featuring a highly modified plasma chamber, this gun fires explosive energy bolts akin to those fired by the larger plasma cannon. 9128929MK XIII Magnacore. Plasma cannons are very powerful heavy weapons, hurling massive bolts of super-heated energy huge distances. They cause heavy damage and large detonations, making them effective against all targets. Their slow rate of fire and long range, mean they are best used at a long range with a forward spotter. 9128930Facing the incalculable horror of the Nightbringer, a veteran devastator of the Angels Sanguine leveled this mighty cannon at his foe and fired a burst of plasma that seemed brighter than the midday sun on a desert world. 9128931MK XIII Magnacore. Plasma cannons are very powerful heavy weapons, hurling massive bolts of super-heated energy huge distances. They cause heavy damage and large detonations, making them effective against all targets. Their slow rate of fire and long range, mean they are best used at a long range with a forward spotter. 9128932Artificer multi-melta with lower net weight and power demands than other marks, allowing for accelerated movement. 9128933Ultima Pattern. Twin gouts of superheated death fire from this powerful weapon. Like the smaller melta gun, the multi-melta is most effective at very close range. 9128934Soundstrike pattern missile launcher armed with artificer missiles. These projectiles feature a magnetized sheath which can slow vehicles and other targets. 9128935Soundstrike pattern missile launcher armed with relic missiles. These projectiles feature a secondary fragmentation charge that creates a deadly bloom around the krak warhead s armor piercing blast. 9128936This artificer missile launcher is named for Devastator Sergeant Polyphemus of the Raven Guard. At the height of the assault on Ork-infested Panell IV, Polyphemus slew a mighty Squiggoth with a carefully aimed krak missile to the beast s eye. 9128938Assault Pattern Vulkan . Firing a scorching gout of molecularly agitated heat, melta guns can cut through any armor at close range, and can be used while on the move. Their efficacy drops off sharply with range, however. 9128939During the Dark Angels crusade against the techno-recidivists of Faze V, this master-crafted lascannon brought down some sixty five tanks and heretical autonomous combat drones. This weapon was blessed by the chapter s Techmarines and still features in the livery associated with that crusade. 9128940Astartes MK VII. Firing a charged energy blast along a powerful laser, the lascannon can cut through almost any armor at extreme range. It requires a substantial amount of time to build up its power before a shot, however. Effective against vehicles and structures. 9128941Constructed under the watchful eye of Inquisitor Kryptmann, this heavy bolter was specifically designed to combat the Tyranid threat by unleashing an endless storm of Hellfire rounds. When this weapon was recovered by the Chapter on Tarsis Ultra, it was buried beneath a mountain of Tyranid corpses. 9128942This weapon has taken a life for every year since the Horus Heresy. Not all have been foes of Man. 9128943Brother Stefanus of the Black Templars wielded this mighty heavy bolter for centuries, convinced that its piercing howl alone could destroy xenos. When Stefanus finally fell during the Haynis Crusade, his weapon was not recovered. 9128944Fire Frenzy 9128945Focus Fire becomes Fire Frenzy, during which Avitus s ranged damage bonus steadily increases. If he runs out of Energy, Fire Frenzy drains his Health. 9128946Focus Fire has become Fire Frenzy, during which Avitus s ranged damage bonus steadily increases. If he runs out of Energy, Fire Frenzy drains his Health. 9128947Scout Sergeant Aeolus relied on this powerful grenade launcher to bring down Eldar Webway gates scattered across the jungles of Typhon during the Nareen Incursion. 9128948Astartes Pattern. Lobbing miniaturized fragmentation grenades over intervening obstacles, the grenade launcher is effective at disrupting massed infantry. It may also fire a payload of blind grenades, stunning enemy forces. 9128949Astartes Pattern. Lobbing miniaturized fragmentation grenades over intervening obstacles, the grenade launcher is effective at disrupting massed infantry. It may also fire a payload of blind grenades, stunning enemy forces. 9128950Carried into battle by the Adepta Sororitas for over a thousand years, this venerated weapon came to prominence in the Mehlindi Crusade, wherein Canoness Celeste Arkas incinerated a perverse Chaos witch and her unholy coven. 9128951The Librarium 9128952Donate wargear for XP and more. 9128953Tireless Librarian Armor 9128954Librarian Armor 9128955Although not capable of the powerful power-enhancing effects of more specialized psychic hoods, the hood in this master-crafted armor nevertheless provides welcome additional psychic reserves to the Librarian without sacrificing physical defense. 9128956Librarian s Armor of Vigor 9128957Librarian Armor 9128958Although not capable of the powerful power-enhancing effects of more specialized psychic hoods, the hood in this master-crafted armor nevertheless provides welcome additional psychic reserves to the Librarian without sacrificing physical defense. 9128959Reinforced Librarian Armor 9128960Librarian Armor 9128961Master-crafted power armor with reinforced ceramite plating. 9128962Shielded Librarian Armor 9128963Librarian Armor 9128965Superior Librarian Armor 9128966Librarian Armor 9128967Librarium Pattern. Fitted with the characteristic Psychic Hood and other accoutrements of a Librarian, this Power Armor nevertheless provides significant defense against physical and psychic attacks. 9128968Relic Librarian Armor 9128969Librarian Armor 9128970Librarium Pattern. Fitted with the characteristic Psychic Hood and other accoutrements of a Librarian, this Power Armor nevertheless provides significant defense against physical and psychic attacks. 9128971Master-Crafted Librarian Armor 9128972Librarian Armor 9128973Librarium Pattern. Fitted with the characteristic Psychic Hood and other accoutrements of a Librarian, this Power Armor nevertheless provides significant defense against physical and psychic attacks. 9128974Aggravated Wounds 9128975Cyrus s weapon-based abilities (such as High Powered Shot) cause additional damage over time and reduce enemy damage and movement for a time. 9128976Cyrus s weapon-based abilities (such as High Powered Shot) cause additional damage over time and reduce enemy damage and movement for a time. 9128977Stimulant Kit 9128978Revive nearby incapacitated squad leaders and heal nearby squads. 9128979Revive nearby incapacitated squad leaders and heal nearby squads. 9128980Click to activate 9128981Dark Flames 9128982Creates a line of fire that damages infantry. Infantry will temporarily catch on fire and hurt other nearby infantry. 9128983Click and then choose a direction 9128993Joril s Castigation 9128994Combat Shotgun 9128995Gauntlet of Ferrus Manus 9128996Power Fist 9129000Torment 9129001Jonah s Energy replenishes whenever one of your Space Marines is killed. Jonah also gains access to the forbidden Tome of Chains. 9129002Jonah s Energy replenishes whenever one of your Space Marines is killed. Jonah may now use the forbidden Tome of Chains. 9129008Improved Plasma Pistol 9129009Superior Plasma Pistol 9129010Relic Plasma Pistol 9129011Master-Crafted Plasma Pistol 9129015DEV Lascannon Projectile NOT VALID 9129025Armor of Brotherhood 9129026Claw of Wrath 9129027Psychic Hood 9129028Mantle of the Codicier 9129050Unholy Fury 9129051Chapter s Fury becomes Unholy Fury and now also drains Energy from nearby enemies. If Chapter s Fury is not unlocked, gain the Unholy Fury ability with that same effect. 9129052Chapter s Fury becomes Unholy Fury and now also drains Energy from nearby enemies. If Chapter s Fury is not unlocked, gain the Unholy Fury ability with that same effect. 9129073[dev] Tyranid Hive Tyrant Boss 9129074Tyranid Hive Tyrant 9129075Hive Tyrant 9129076Tyranicus Praefacto 9129077Burning Hatred 9129078Psychic flames surround Jonah, reducing his Energy but damaging nearby enemies. Jonah also gains access to the forbidden Tome of Flame. 9129079Psychic flames surround Jonah, reducing his Energy but damaging nearby enemies. Jonah may now use the forbidden Tome of Flame. 9129080Mark of Tzeentch 9129081Bargaining away his soul for power, Jonah gains a substantial damage bonus at the cost of reduced Health. He also gains access to the forbidden Tome of Daemons. 9129082Bargaining away his soul for power, Jonah enjoys a substantial damage bonus at the cost of reduced Health. He may also use the forbidden Tome of Daemons. 9129087"What do we know about the Eldar Force?" 9129088"Has the area changed since our battle with the Tyranids?" 9129116Commander -- you and your brothers have suffered most under this corruption. 9129117Your brother Avitus turned against you. 9129118Kyras branded you as renegades for the temerity of standing against the Black Legion. 9129119Yet you refused to yield. 9129120You battled the enemies of Man and purged the corruption within your own ranks. 9129121Together, we shall gather those in the chapter who share your courage -- the courage to stand against Kyras and his fiendish masters. 9129122Your brother Cyrus turned against you. 9129123Your brother Jonah turned against you. 9129124Your brother Tarkus turned against you. 9129125Your brother Thaddeus turned against you. 9129126Techmarine Martellus turned against you. 9129127With those allies, we shall purge the rot in our chapter once and for all. 9129128Commander - you and your brothers have been caught in the spiral of corruption infecting our chapter. 9129129Faced with the seductions of Chaos, you have faltered. 9129130And your brother Avitus has been lost altogether. 9129131You employed dark and damning methods in opposing the enemy. 9129132The Blood Ravens you killed on Calderis call out for vengeance. 9129133The only honorable path remaining to you is a crusade of absolution. 9129134And your brother Cyrus has been lost altogether. 9129135And your brother Jonah has been lost altogether. 9129136And your brother Tarkus has been lost altogether. 9129137And your brother Thaddeus has been lost altogether. 9129138And Techmarine Martellus has been lost altogether. 9129139Take the Retribution and make for the Eye of Terror. 9129140There, you will battle the enemies of Man for one hundred years. 9129141You will remain outcasts of the chapter, without support or allies. 9129142You shall pay for your sins in blood -- that of our enemies, or your own. 9129143While you strive to restore your honor, we shall raise arms against Kyras and his fiendish masters. 9129144We few stand against Kyras and his fiendish masters. 9129145We cannot tolerate corruption and sin within our brotherhood. 9129146We must purge our number of those who have abandoned the honor and valor of the Blood Ravens. 9129147We must purge ourselves of you, Commander. 9129148You have embraced the tainted weapons and dishonorable tactics of our enemies. 9129149You have left a trail of blood among our brothers on Calderis. 9129150You have led the rest of your strike force into the darkness, turning them into traitors and murderers. 9129151For these sins, there is no absolution -- 9129152There is only death. 9129153We must deal with other enemies first, however. 9129154The Retribution and her Commander have fled into the Warp. 9129155The mangled corpse of Davian Thule, torn from his dreadnought and riddled with bolter wounds, has been found floating in the void of space. 9129156Our former brothers now wear the hateful colors of the Black Legion. 9129157As much as Kyras, the murderers of Davian Thule are blights on our honor. 9129158No matter where they run, we will pursue them! 9129159Chains of Torment 9129160Chains of Torment 9129162Tome of Warpfire 9129163Forbidden Tome 9129164Grants Warpfire 9129165Damages allies as well 9129168Seared into pages of ever-burning slate, this dark tome allows the casting of destructive torrents of Warpfire. 9129169Tome of Chains 9129170Forbidden Tome 9129171Grants Chains of Torment 9129172Affects allies and enemies both 9129175With pages of beaten iron stitched with barbed wire, this foul Tome allows the use of the Chains of Torment, which immobilize enemies. 9129176Tome of Daemons 9129177Forbidden Tome 9129178Grants Blood Sacrifice 9129179Bloodletters attack friend and foe 9129182Etched with the sigils of the Dark Gods on pages of human flesh, this foul book allows for the summoning of savage Bloodletters. 9129191Tome of Subjugation 9129192Forbidden Tome 9129193Grants Subjugation 9129194Taking other actions ends the effect 9129197Fused into the mirror-like pages of this vile tome, tiny flaws form the secret rites allowing one mind to utterly Subjugate another. 9129198Tome of Dark Flame 9129199Forbidden Tome 9129200Grants Coruscating Flames 9129201Flames damage nearby allies 9129204Written in quicksilver ink which poisons the mind of its reader, this forbidden tome contains the secrets of shrouding allies in shield of Coruscating Flames. 9129205Book of Lorgar 9129206Stormrider Teleporter 9129207Terminator Teleport Pack 9129208Grants the Teleport ability 9129209Once worn by Captain Bromell during operations on the periphery of the Maelstrom, this personal teleporter bears his motto "I fear not the storm. It shall fear me." 9129210Banner of Ithaka 9129211Battle Standard 9129212Grants the Rally ability 9129213Once raised high by brothers of the Iron Snakes, this ornate standard celebrated the glory of planet Ithaka and its mighty aquatic wyrms. The standard was lost to the Iron Snakes during a campaign against the Dark Eldar and later recovered by the Blood Ravens. Its livery was then changed to incorporate that chapter s heraldry. 9129214Standard of Fury 9129215"From the fires of Betrayal unto the blood of revenge we bring the name of Lorgar, the Bearer of the Word, the favored Son of Chaos, all praise be given to him." 9129216Grants the Rally Ability 9129217Battle Standard 9129218Battle Standard 9129219Grants the Rally Ability 9129221Tydeus Pride 9129222Can project a force field that uses Energy to absorb damage 9129223Iron Halo 9129224Can project a force field that uses Energy to absorb damage 9129225Iron Halo 9129226Governor Derosa has a report on the fate of the spire. 9129227Cyrus 9129228Avitus has a question for Martellus. 9129229Thaddeus has concerns about Captain Diomedes. 9129230Click and target area 9129231Teleport to target location. 9129232Teleport 9129233Victory Point 9129234Capturing the majority of the victory points causes your enemies strategic points to degrade. 9129235Capturing the majority of the victory points causes your enemies strategic points to degrade. 9129236Victory Point 9129237Requisition Point 9129238Gives the Requisition resource. 9129239Gives the Requisition resource 9129240Requisition Point 9129241Power Node 9129242Gives the Power resource when captured. 9129243Gives the Power resource 9129244Power Node 9129245Avitus 9129246Vomit 9129247Spew forth the foul contents of the Great Unclean One s stomach, damaging and debilitating all enemies caught in the foul stream. 9129248Let the Galaxy Burn! 9129249Loose orbs of empyreal flame at a target. These orbs detonate on impact and leave smoldering residue that can continue to damage any units. 9129250Armor of the Inferno 9129251Increases the health and health regeneration of the Chaos Lord, and grants the Let the Galaxy Burn! ability. 9129252Equip armor 9129253Drain Life 9129254Grip an enemy with invisible force and drain the life from them, replenishing the Chaos Lord s health. Chaos Lord becomes immobile for the duration of the ability. 9129255Mantle of Hate 9129256This foul armor grants the Drain Life ability, and increases the Chaos Lord s health and health regeneration. 9129257Equip armor 9129258Farseer 9129259Captain 9129260Dreadnought 9129261Mekboy 9129266Farseer 9129267Dreadnought 9129268Captain 9129269Mekboy 9129270Farseer 9129271Captain 9129272Dreadnought 9129273Mekboy 9129274I agree, Commander. 9129275We cannot allow him to call us -- and the Emperor -- cowards. 9129276When we strike at this madman, there can be no falling back or tactical withdrawals. 9129277Yes! Scurry away, Blood Ravens! 9129278Discharging it will slow the enemy, but will severely damage the array. 9129279Using this pulse could mean losing the array for good. 9129280If possible, we should recover these items before they are looted by the Orks. 9129281Thank you for your timely intervention, Commander. 9129282I will initiate the repair rites for the items you have recovered. 9129283In particular, I shall restore our Terminator armor. 9129284All the initiates are dead. Only my sergeants remain. 9129285Most notably, the Blood Ravens have erected a monument to those brothers who died fighting the Tyranids. 9129286It stands above the spot where Sergeant Eberros was entombed with his wargear. 9129287There is the tomb of Brother Eberros. 9129288Exercise caution lest we destroy it in battle. 9129289The tomb is destroyed. 9129290We must atone for this. 9129291I shall maintain the defense here, Commander. 9129292The Imperial Palace has taken critical damage, Commander. 9129293Commander -- we have received word from Meridian 9129294The Imperial Palace has fallen to the Black Legion and House Vandis. 9129295Governor Derosa has been captured or killed. 9129296Her death… is ours to atone for… 9129297Secure the tech panel to open the final door, Commander. 9129298Among other matters, it will allow us to more precisely target the Retribution s orbital guns. 9129299Commander - Scans indicate this area is heavily mined. 9129300Proceed with caution. 9129301This is my arena, brothers. You cannot win. 9129302He has mined the battlefield! 9129303I suggest you closely examine the training and combat disciplines of your forces. 9129304Make certain you are ready for the battle ahead. 9129305Much of the wargear you recovered during the Tyranid war was lost with the Armageddon. 9129306You have been issued replacement items where needed. 9129307Commander, part of my duties are to collect items of interest for the chapter Librarium. 9129308When you donate gear to the Librarium, you will be rewarded. 9129309Your wounds are healed, Commander, and your squads restored. 9129310Your troops are now restored, Commander, while the enemy s losses remain telling. 9129311The enemy is weakened, Commander. Another strike will finish them. 9129312You have weakened the enemy, Commander. We are ready to strike again. 9129313Commander, I fear we are stepping away from our true path. 9129314The Emperor expects more of us. 9129315Listen to Tarkus… before it is too late… 9129316Commander, I do not understand your choices. 9129317If we use the tools of the enemy, can we remain true to Chapter and Emperor? 9129318You are losing… the faith of your brothers… 9129319Commander, you flirt with disaster. 9129320Our actions resonate strongly with the dark powers of the Warp. 9129321You must step back… from this path… 9129322Commander - I understand the need to make difficult choices. 9129323But you are losing track of what we are fighting for. 9129324Cyrus speaks the truth… 9129325Commander, let us destroy the enemy -- not become him. 9129326Even Avitus sees… your descent… 9129327Commander… you must step back … from madness … 9129328Do not… make yourself … into my enemy … 9129329Commander… you have become … a tool of Chaos… 9129330I shall slumber forever… rather than serve… your evil agenda… 9129331We have located the store of reductor vials left aboard the Judgment of Carrion. 9129332We have the gene-seed samples, Commander. 9129333%1NUM% waves 9129334Toxic clouds! Avoid them lest we be infected. 9129335Avoid those foul plague clouds! 9129336Beware! Plague mists on the wind! 9129337Farseer 9129338Dreadnought 9129339Captain 9129340Mekboy (Hero) 9129341Cyrus has uncovered an important transmission. 9129342Martellus can play a message from Chaos Lord Araghast. 9129343Governor Derosa is calling for help. 9129344Apothecary Galan 9129345Sgt. Priam 9129346Davian Thule has a comment on the recovery of the gene-seed. 9129348Play the message from Captain Diomedes. 9129349Martellus has uncovered more about Apothecary Galan. 9129350Davian Thule has uncovered another transmission from the traitor. 9129351Armor 9129352Martellus 9129353Artillery Spotter 9129354Thaddeus 9129355Governor Derosa wishes to express her gratitude. 9129356There is word of Governor Derosa s fate. 9129357Corruption 9129358Allowing this mission to expire corrupts all squads. 9129359Play the message from Captain Diomedes. 9129360Davian Thule has a comment about Gabriel Angelos. 9129361Attack Traitors 9129362Martellus has further logs from Apothecary Galan. 9129363Tarkus has a comment about the slain Blood Ravens. 9129364Play the traitor s message. 9129365Open communications with Gabriel Angelos. 9129366"How do we disable the defenses?" 9129367Thaddeus wishes to deploy to this mission. 9129368Homecoming 9129369Thaddeus gains corruption if he does not deploy to this mission. 9129370Attack speed 9129371Range 9129372Heavy infantry 9129373Damage versus 9129374Vehicles 9129375Buildings 9129376Avitus has a comment on this mission. 9129377Cyrus has a comment on this mission. 9129378Davian Thule has a comment on this mission. 9129379Jonah has a comment on this mission. 9129380Tarkus has a comment on this mission. 9129381Thaddeus has a comment on this mission. 9129382Over Dere! 9129383Fling nearby allies through the air without causing them any damage. 9129384Click and choose a direction 9129385Suppressive and area-of-effect weapons will aid you in defending the Array. 9129386"We must destroy this braggart!" 9129387A foul Sorcerer commands a force of Chaos Space Marines and Plague Marines. 9129388"How did this happen?" 9129389Two squads of Imperial Stormtroopers are yours to command. 9129390A strong defensive line is the key to victory. 9129391Avitus wishes to deploy to this mission. 9129392"What do you suggest?" 9129393"What intel do we have on the enemy s forces?" 9129394Inventory Item 9129395Jonah Orion 9129396%1RANGE%m 9129400Flamer of Swift Zeal 9129401Heavy Flamer 9129402Terminatus-pattern heavy flamer modified to use master-crafted stabilizers that allow for improved movement speed. 9129403Area of Effect weapon 9129404Commander Thunder Hammer [Power Fist] 9129405Commander Power Axe [Lightning Claws] 9129406Expendable item 9129407Expendable item 9129408One use only 9129409One use only 9129413Damage 9129417Scatter Damage 9129418Daemonic Summoning 9129419Brand a targeted location with a summoning circle from which Bloodletters will periodically spawn. These daemons will remain so long as they have Energy, which drains over time. 9129420Click and target area 9129421Level 2 Chaos Temple 9129428Dreadnought Assault Cannon 9129431Dreadnought Assault Cannon 9129432No Level Requirement 9129433The Dreadnought assault cannon is a heavy ranged weapon capable of unleashing a devastating barrage of fire. Highly effective against infantry and light armor, the cannon does replace one of the Dreadnought s mighty clawed arms, reducing its close-combat effectiveness. 9129434Improved Heavy Bolter 9129435Heavy Bolter 9129437Astartes MK IVc type Heavy Bolter. Massive weapons with a staggering rate of fire, heavy bolters suppress enemy infantry and cut them down without prejudice. Effective against most targets and light armor. 9129438Suppresses infantry 9129439Scatter Damage, Suppression 9129440Vehicle Stun, Knockback 9129441Dreadnought Claws 9129442Dreadnought Claws 9129444Powerful close-combat claws, Dreadnought fists are also mounted with a heavy flamer, making the walker all the more deadly at close range. No infantry can long stand against the venerated heroes of the chapter. 9129445A strong melee unit capable of teleportation through the warp. 9129446Bloodletters 9129447Bloodletters 9129448Infantry 9129449Fast Attack Melee Infantry 9129450Scatter Damage, Suppression, Requires Setup 9129451Plague of Undeath 9129452Invoke Nurgle s power over death, causing enemy casualties to linger as undead warriors attacking nearby enemies. 9129453Click to activate 9129454Holo-Field 9129455Project a field that conceals all nearby allies and increases their movement speed. The Webway Gate itself is also concealed. 9129456Click to Activate 9129458Holo-Field 9129459Project a field that conceals all nearby allies and increases their movement speed. The Webway Gate itself is also concealed. 9129460Click to Activate 9129462Where other power weapons emit a constant energy field, the thunder hammer is designed to energize the power field only upon impact, enabling it to conserve energy until it is actually needed, and allowing the weapon to deliver a particularly devastating blow. Upon impact, the thunder hammer s blue energy field explodes with a thunderous crack, more often than not smashing through armor, and leaving a smoking hole that crackles with blue sparks. The power unleashed on impact is such that a warrior not in Terminator armor will likely be knocked over. 9129463Level 2 Chaos Temple 9129464Artillery Strike 9129465Call down a barrage from allied Imperial Guard artillery positions. 9129466Call down a barrage from allied Imperial Guard artillery positions. 9129467Click and target area 9129474Scatter Damage 9129475Scatter Damage 9129476Area of Effect, Ignores Cover, Ignores Garrison 9129477Area of Effect, Ignores Cover, Ignores Garrison 9129478Requires Setup 9129479Area of Effect 9129480Area of Effect, Knockback, Accurate vs. Vehicles 9129481Area of Effect, Ignores Cover, Knockback, Setup 9129482Vehicle Stun 9129483Vehicle Stun 9129484Area of Effect, Proximity Boosts Damage, Knockback 9129485Suppression 9129486Scatter Damage 9129487Vehicle Stun, Knockback 9129488Proximity Boosts Damage 9129489Area of Effect, Fires over Walls, Knockback 9129490Carapace of Pain 9129491Power Armor 9129492Reforged from the armors recovered from the Alpha Legion on Tartarus, this power armor still resonates with their foul treasons. 9129493Feeds on melee attackers energy and health. 9129495Scatter Damage 9129496Scatter Damage, Area of Effect 9129497Tarkus has doubts about your leadership. 9129498Thaddeus has doubts about your leadership. 9129499Jonah has doubts about your leadership. 9129500Cyrus has doubts about your leadership. 9129501Avitus has doubts about your leadership. 9129502Davian Thule has doubts about your leadership. 9129503"How do we know the logic engine has not been destroyed?" 9129504"What dangers do we face?" 9129505"What of the dangers from Warp energies?" 9129506"How will we crack the Black Legion defenses?" 9129507"Can we coordinate the Predator s activities?" 9129508Tarkus 9129509Tyranid War 9129510Staff of Tireless Leadership 9129511Force Staff 9129512This ancient force staff projects the Librarian s psychic might in a passive aura that enhances the minds of nearby allies, allowing them to tap additional reserves of vigor. 9129513Staff of Fearless Leadership 9129514Force Staff 9129515Staff of the Adamantine War Leader 9129516Force Staff 9129517Force Staff 9129518DEFAULT Weapon 9129519Can Only be Replaced, Not Removed 9129520Designed to channel a Librarian s psychic might, the force staff allows its user to fire psychic bolts at range without the expenditures of Smite or other psychic powers. 9129522Force Weapon 91295235% chance of catching athlete s foot 9129525Force Sword 9129526Force Weapon 9129529Force swords are master-crafted psychic blades which channel the Librarian s psyker powers into deadly close combat strikes. 9129530Pulse of Jonas 9129531Force Sword 9129532+2 to Strength Combat Discipline 9129535Once wielded by the revered Blood Ravens Librarian Jonas Urelie, this blade is said to pulse with the heartbeat of the psyker using it. 9129536Tireless Force Sword 9129537Force Sword 9129538Force sword featuring additional psychic resonance chambers allowing the wielder to regain his strength in battle with inhuman speed. 9129539Force Sword of Vigor 9129540Force Sword 9129541Force sword fitted with warp-reactive reservoirs from which the Librarian can tap additional psychic power. 9129542Capture strategic assets for bonuses and reinforcements. 9129543Force Blade of Endurance 9129544Force Sword 9129545Specially attuned force sword with bio-resonant blade that enhances the wielder s stamina in combat. 9129546Pitiless Force Sword 9129547Force Sword 9129548Blade fitted with additional psychic resonance reservoirs which occasionally discharge an even more devastating psychic attack on impact. 9129549Warrior Force Sword 9129550Force Sword 9129551Not only discharging the Librarian s psychic power in deadly energy, this master-crafted force sword is guided as much by the wielder s mind as his arm, making him a master swordsman. 9129552Tarkus gains corruption if he does not deploy to this mission. 9129557Cyrus gains corruption if he does not deploy to this mission. 9129562Issuing a Fall Back command will cause corruption. 9129563Jonah gains corruption if he does not deploy to this mission 9129564Taking too long to complete this mission corrupts all deployed squads. 9129565For the Librarium 9129566Avitus gains corruption if he does not deploy on this mission. 9129567Instructor s Burden 9129568Cyrus gains corruption if he does not deploy to this mission. 9129569Destroying the Blood Ravens monument will corrupt deployed squads. 9129570Vengeance 9129571Permanent damage to the array corrupts deployed squads. 9129572Allowing the Imperial Guard base to be destroyed will corrupt deployed squads. 9129573Angel of Death 9129574Allowing too many Scouts to die corrupts all squads. 9129575Stance Toggle 9129576Toggles unit s combat stance between ranged and melee, forcing all attack orders to be issued for that type of attack only. 9129577Drop Pod 9129578Drop Pod 9129579Endymion 9129591Carnifex 9129592Genestealer 9129593Tyrant Guard 9129594Araghast the Pillager 9129595Chaos Dreadnought 9129596Ulkair 9129597Plague Champion 9129598Plague Champion 9129599Sorcerer of Tzeentch 9129600Avitus 9129601Cyrus 9129602Jonah Orion 9129603Techmarine Martellus 9129604Tarkus 9129605Thaddeus 9129606Eliphas the Inheritor 9129607Eliphas the Inheritor 9129609Field Generator 9129610Heavy Bolter Turret 9129611Heavy Bolter Turret 9129612Lascannon Turret 9129613Missile Turret 9129614Shrine to Chaos 9129615Shrine to Chaos 9129616Aspiring Champion of Chaos 9129617Aspiring Champion of Chaos 9129618Bloodletter 9129619Chaos Space Marine 9129620Chaos Heretic 9129621Chaos Heretic 9129622Chaos Heretic 9129623Chaos Dreadnought 9129624Chaos Dreadnought 9129625Chaos Dreadnought 9129626Chaos Havoc 9129627Bloodcrusher 9129628Plague Marine 9129629Plague Champion 9129630Chaos Predator 9129631Sorcerer of Tzeentch 9129633[dev] Warlock Boss 9129634[dev] Warlock Boss 9129635Storm Trooper 9129636Storm Trooper Assault 9129637Storm Trooper Sergeant 9129638Sergeant 9129639Imperial Guardsman 9129640Imperial Guardsman 9129641Imperial Guardsman 9129642Imperial Guardsman 9129643Imperial Guardsman 9129644Imperial Guardsman 9129645Imperial Guardsman 9129646Sergeant 9129647Storm Trooper 9129648Storm Trooper 9129649Storm Trooper Sergeant 9129650Imperial Guardsman 9129651Imperial Guardsman 9129652Imperial Guardsman 9129653Imperial Guardsman 9129654Imperial Guardsman 9129655Grenade Launcher Trooper 9129656[dev] Weirdboy Boss 9129657Warboss 9129658Weirdboy 9129659Carnifex Boss 9129660Bloodletter 9129662Banshee 9129663Falcon 9129664Farseer 9129665Fire Prism 9129666Grav Platform 9129667Brightlance Platform 9129668D-Cannon Platform 9129669Guardian 9129670Ranger 9129671Warlock 9129672Warp Spider 9129673Wraithlord 9129675IG Trooper 9129678Apothecary 9129679Assault Marine 9129680Devastator Marine 9129681Devastator Marine Leader 9129682Dreadnought 9129683Force Commander 9129684Predator 9129685Rhino 9129686Scout Marine 9129687Tactical Marine 9129688Tactical Marine Leader 9129690Ork Boy 9129691Deff Dread 9129692Looted Tank 9129693Nob 9129694Wartrukk 9129695Lictor (Hero) 9129696Carnifex 9129697Hive Tyrant 9129698Hormagaunt 9129699Lictor 9129700Ravener 9129701Ripper 9129702Spore Mine 9129703Termagant 9129704Warrior 9129705Zoenthrope 9129706Chaos Portal 9129707Chaos Rift 9129708Chaos Shrine 9129710Chaos Small Marker 9129712Plague Champion (Hero) 9129713Chaos Sorcerer (Hero) 9129714Aspiring Champion 9129715Plague Champion 9129716Bloodletter 9129717Bloodletter (Temporary) 9129718Bloodletter (Temporary Icon) 9129719Chaos Heretic Aspiring Champion 9129720Chaos Heretic 9129721Great Unclean One 9129722Chaos Havoc 9129723Chaos Havoc 9129724Bloodcrusher 9129725Plague Marine 9129726Chaos Space Marine 9129728Chaos Dreadnought 9129729Chaos Predator 9129730Wraithguard 9129731Librarian 9129732Weirdboy 9129733Ork Looted Tank 9129735Carnifex 9129736Genestealer 9129737Tyrant Guard 9129744Tyrant Guard Nest 9129745Grants Ability Call Tyrant Guard 9129746Allows the Hive Tyrant to call a highly resilient Tyrant Guard minion creature capable of taunting enemies. 9129747Grants Trait Searing 9129748Biomorph that makes all attacks from the Hive Tyrant and his minion creatures cause additional damage over time. 9129751Warrior Nest 9129752Grants Ability Call Warrior 9129753Allows the Hive Tyrant to call a Tyranid Warrior minion creature. Warriors are deadly close-combatants. 9129757Warp Field 9129758Grants Ability Warp Field 9129759Hive Mind psychic power allowing the Tyrant to raise a psychic shield which reduces damage. 9129760Implant Attacks 9129761Grants Trait Combat Master 9129762Biomorph that increases the damage done by the Hive Tyrant and all its minion creatures. 9129765Psychic Scream 9129766Grants Ability Psychic Scream 9129767Psychic power allowing the Hive Tyrant to temporarily reduce enemy damage output and defense. 9129768Grants Trait Feedback Invulnerability 9129769Bio-Feedback 9129770Feedback Invulnerability 9129771The death of any minion creature briefly makes the Hive Tyrant invulnerable. 9129775Explosive Decomposition 9129776Grants Minion Trait Death Throes 9129779Biomorph that causes minion creatures to emit a powerful poisonous explosion when killed. 9129780Ravener Nest 9129781Grants Ability Call Ravener 9129782Allows the Hive Tyrant to call a Ravener minion creature. Raveners are very rapid and fire powerful ranged devourers. They may also burrow. 9129783Relics of Space 9129784Recover additional Blood Ravens relics and gene-seed. 9129785Evolution 9129786A host of biomorphs that greatly increase the effectiveness of all minion creatures. 9129787Grants Minion Trait Resilient 9129790Enlarged Scything Talons 9129791These enlarged talons do increased damage and trigger biomorphs in all minion creatures, making their attacks more powerful and able to pierce armor. 9129792Grants Minion Trait Armor Piercing 9129800Armor Piercing 9129802Grants Trait Knockdown 9129803Grants Minion Trait Unshakable 9129805Combat Master 9129806+30% Melee and Ranged Damage 9129808Searing 9129809The Hive Tyrant s Melee and Ranged attacks deal additional damage over time. Damage scales with the Hive Tyrant s maximum Health. Multiple searing attacks stack. 9129810Knockdown 9129811Standard attacks knock down and knock back enemy infantry. 9129814Heavy talons evolved for disrupting the hive s enemies. Triggers a hive evolution that makes minions immune to knockback. 9129815Doing less single-strike damage, these talons are a sign of a powerful evolution in the hive, causing all minion creatures to heal the Hive Tyrant every time they attack. 9129816Grants Trait Feedback Zeal 9129817+1 Minion Creature Health Regeneration 9129818Feedback Zeal 9129819The Hive Tyrant regains 3 Health every time one of his minion creatures attacks. 9129822Heretic 9129823High-Toxin Venom Cannon 9129824Grants Trait Zealous Leadership 9129825Weapon symbiote firing especially toxic venom shards. Triggers a hive evolution causing all minion creatures to heal when an enemy is struck by this weapon. 9129826Zealous Leadership 9129827Attacks with the Hive Tyrant s venom cannon heal all his minions for 5% of their maximum Health. 9129828Heavily thickened carapace which signals a hive evolution that makes all minion creatures more resilient. 9129829+50 Minion Creature Health 9129830+2 Minion Creature Health Regeneration 9129835Poison Cysts 9129836Carapace riddled with small poison cysts used to excrete clouds of toxic miasma. 9129837Grants Ability Toxic Miasma 9129838Articulated Carapace 9129839Sacrificing durability for speed, this carapace also signals a hive evolution that grants minion creatures a similar speed increase. 9129840Grants Ability The Horror 9129841Grants Trait Swift 9129842Grants Trait Fearless 9129843Fearless 9129844Swift 9129845Unit is immune to suppression 9129846+15% Movement Speed 9129847Extended Carapace 9129848Enlarged chitin carapace allowing for the emission of deadly bio-plasma from the Hive Tyrant s innards. 9129849Reinforced Chitin 9129850Each attack on this chitin triggers a hardening of resinous mucus, increasing its armor value. 9129851Grants Trait Reactive Armor 9129852+80 Minion Creature Armor 9129853Reactive Armor 9129854Hive Tyrant temporarily gains +10 Armor each time he is attacked, up to a maximum of +300 Armor. 9129857Import 9129858Import Saved Campaign 9129859Armored chitin covers the Hive Tyrant, making him resistant to harm. 9129860Can Only be Replaced, Not Removed 9129861Can Only be Replaced, Not Removed 9129862Hive Tyrant 9129863Hive Tyrant 9129864Hive Tyrant (Hero) 9129865Hive Tyrant 9129866Hive Tyrant 9129867Thule Rescued 9129868Tyrant Guard 9129869Seismic Roar 9129870Area effect attack that knocks back enemies and poisons the immediate area. 9129871Area effect attack that knocks back enemies and poisons the immediate area. 9129872Trait Lost 9129874Toxic Miasma 9129875Emit a toxic cloud that poisons a large area. Enemies in the area suffer damage over time equal to half of the Hive Tyrant s maximum Health over 20 seconds. 9129876Emit a toxic cloud that poisons a large area. Enemies in the area suffer damage over time equal to half of the Hive Tyrant s maximum Health over 20 seconds. 9129887Call a Tyrant Guard minion creature. Highly resilient, the Guard can also taunt enemies. 9129888Call Tyrant Guard 9129892Tyrant Guard 9129893Commander, the Eldar continue to undermine our defense of the sector. 9129894We have located another alien war host. They may be linked to a series of breakdowns in the local communications infrastructure. 9129895Deploy and eliminate these Eldar before they slip away. 9129896Commander, the Greenskins continue to take advantage of the chaos in the sector. 9129897Whether they are receiving support from the Eldar or simply following an especially dangerous Warboss, they excel at striking at vulnerable targets. 9129898Our supply lines are being crippled by these raiders, and that puts the whole sector at risk. 9129899Eliminate this Ork band with extreme prejudice, Commander. 9129900Another infestation on the planet s surface, Commander. 9129901The infesting force is centered on a large and dangerous creature, but it would be best to eradicate every Tyranid in the immediate area. 9129902If we allow some to escape, they will only return stronger and more deadly. 9129904Smoke Grenade Pack 9129905Thrown Weapon 9129906Forces enemies to fall back 9129907Area of Effect 9129908Reduces ranged firepower of those in cloud 9129909Smoke grenades which force enemy units to fall back and grant a defensive bonus to allies. 9129910Smoke Grenade 9129911Throw a smoke grenade, forcing enemy units to fall back, and granting a defensive bonus to allies. 9129912Throw a smoke grenade, forcing enemy units to fall back, and granting a defensive bonus to allies. 9129913Click and target area 9129914Deploy Tarantula Turrets 9129915Call Warrior 9129916Call a Tyranid Warrior minion creature armed with powerful Scything Talons and able to knock back enemy infantry. 9129917Call a Tyranid Warrior minion creature armed with powerful Scything Talons and able to knock back enemy infantry. 9129921Warpath 9129922Delays the Weirdboy s death explosion and grants the Warpath ability. 9129923Call Ravener 9129924Call a Ravener minion creature. Highly mobile and armed with a deadly Devourer ranged weapon, the Ravener can also disrupt enemies with its Burrow Strikes. 9129925Call a Ravener minion creature. Highly mobile and armed with a deadly Devourer ranged weapon, the Ravener can also disrupt enemies with its Burrow Strikes. 9129928Click and target area 9129930Capillary Tower (Small) 9129931Capillary Towers terraform the area, providing bonsues for nearby Tyranids. 9129932Capillary Tower 9129933Grants cover bonus to those in smoke cloud 9129934Causes no damage 9129937Charge 9129938Charge at targeted location, knocking over everything in the charge path. 9129939Click and target area 9129940Smoke Grenade Launcher
https://w.atwiki.jp/poweredge/pages/10.html
メモリのSPD書き換え方法(DDR2-400ECC付をDDR2-533ECC付へ) 但し、超初心者がサムスン「M391T3253FZ0-CCC」でやった場合の為過信禁止。 1 メモリの現物を見て型番と会社名を確認し、 7のリンクからSPDEditorを手に入れる。 2 「スタート→全てのプログラム→アクセサリ」でコマンドプロンプトを開き、 文字列で指定しているフォルダにSPDEditorをコピーし、コマンドプロンプトのウインドウに SPDEditorをドラッグして文字が追加されたらEnterキーを押す。すると、長々と文字が出る。 3 コマンドプロンプトの一番下で「SPDEditor -r DIMM1 file.dat」を入力(コピー)し、Enter。 同じフォルダ内に新しく「file.dat」が出来る。これが、現在使用中のメモリの数値である。 4 メモリの会社HPへ行って、自分の型番と同じSPDデータを探す。 CC(400)とD5(533)のデータをダウンロード。まあ、多分一緒のものだと思うけど。 サムスンなら、ココ。自分の型番をクリックした先のページ一番下にある。 ttp //www.samsung.com/Products/Semiconductor/common/product_list.aspx?family_cd=DDR020202 マイクロンならココだと思うが、SPDデータの場所は分からんですたい。 ttp //www.micron.com/products/dram/ddr2sdram/partlist.aspx?density=256Mb#x8 5 抜き出したSPDデータ(file.dat)をフリーで落ちてる「バイナリエディタ」で開き、 ダウンロードしたデータを基に間違えないようCCとD5で数値が異なっている部分を書き換える。 「アクセサリ」にある電卓を使えば、10進法→16進法への変換が簡単に分かる。 これを63(3F)番目まで頑張っていく。それ以降の違いは無視して構わない(多分)。 なお、63番目は0~62番目までの総合計下2桁なので、念のため電卓で計算しておいた方が良い。 また、ECCを切りたい場合は、説明にECCとある11番目の数値を「02」から「00」とすればいい。 但し、型番により何番目か違うかもしれないし、やる場合は必ず63番目の数値を-2すること。 6 勇気を出して書き込み。「SPDEditor -w DIMM1 file.dat」を入力してEnter。 メモリが2枚あって同じ種類の場合は、忘れず「SPDEditor -w DIMM2 file.dat」も入力する。 7 再起動し、F2を押してメモリの確認。「533」という数字が見えたら勝ち組ゾナ。 【サーバ】DELL PowerEdgeシリーズ【鯖】Part25 http //pc8.2ch.net/test/read.cgi/hard/1143692280/515 515 名前:不明なデバイスさん[sage] 投稿日:2006/04/05(水) 21 12 14 ID XdTeEa3j SC420のSAMSUNG256MをSPD書換えてみた。 SC430の純正256とDualで使う目的。 SAMSUNG M391T3253FG0-CCC SC420の純正256 改造前 SPD 200MHz 3.0-3-3-8 改造後 SPD 266MHz 4.0-4-4-11 Micron 9THF3272AY-53EB3 SC430の純正256 SPD 200Mhz 3.0-3-3-9 SPD 266MHz 4.0-4-4-12 SC420/430共にP4-2.8モデルでベンチ SC420にて 並びは MEMTEST/EVEREST R/W/T SAM400Single 1283/2608/1071/123.0 SAM533改Single 1558/3674/1398/109.6 SAM400Dual 2321/5004/1785/104.6 SAM533改Dual 2597/5178/1986/103.1 SC430-A00にて 並びは EVEREST R/W/T SAM400Single 3075/1254/106.1 SAM533改Single 4091/1603/99.3 SAM400Dual 5486/1658/97.6 SAM533改Dual 5737/1854/97.6 書換後Memtest10周回して見たけどエラーは無い様子。 ECCもある事だし、SC430で常用してみる予定。
https://w.atwiki.jp/novo/pages/66.html
モデル名 Onda Vi10精英版 CPU Allwinner A10 GPU Mali-400 OS Android 4.0 RAM 1GB, DDR3 NAND 16GB シェル素材 - 液晶 7インチ 1024x600静電式最大5点マルチタッチ カメラ 前面30万画素 GPS なし Bluetooth なし 3G なし Wifi 802.11 b/g/n バッテリ 3550mAh サイズ 186 x 120 x 11.9 mm 重量 約333g 外部端子 Micro USB x1MINI HDMI x13.5mmイヤホン x1 端末情報 ファームウェアAndroid4.0.3 1.0 外部リンクブログ コメント 端末情報 簡単な端末紹介。 ファームウェア Android4.0.3 1.0 ソース http //www.onda.cn/Tablet/ProductInfo.aspx?ProductId=184 d=down 外部リンク 公式製品紹介 (中国語) ONDA Vi10 精英版 (Impress) ブログ windowsとandroidのメモ 【中華パッド】"ONDA Vi10精英版" 届いた【レビュー】 コメント 該当機種の簡単なレビューやクチコミ掲示板です。 トラブルの相談はなるべく詳細に症状を伝えれば回答が得られやすいかもしれません。 最新投稿20件が表示されます。過去ログは こちら から。 名前 /system/build.propいじって、アプリの初期メモリを64MBにしたら劇的に安定した。densityを130にしたらフリックの反応もよくなった。 - tw 2012-11-09 12 30 29 1 - 1 2013-12-25 12 10 12 1 - 1 2013-12-25 12 10 18 1 - 1 2013-12-25 12 10 22 1 - 1 2013-12-25 12 12 19 1 - 1 2013-12-25 12 13 08 1 - 1 2013-12-25 12 13 52 1 - -1 2013-12-25 12 14 00 1 - 1 2013-12-25 12 14 06 最終更新 2012/08/10 08 00 25 タグ 1024x600 2012Q1 7インチ Allwinner A10 Android 4.0 TFT onda シングルコア メモリ1GB 端末
https://w.atwiki.jp/jikkyosha_ust/pages/401.html
Logical positivism and logical empiricism, which together formed neopositivism, was a movement in Western philosophy that embraced verificationism, an approach that sought to legitimize philosophical discourse on a basis shared with the best examples of empirical sciences. In this theory of knowledge, only statements verifiable either logically or empirically would be cognitively meaningful. Seeking to convert philosophy to this new scientific philosophy was aimed to prevent confusion rooted in unclear language and unverifiable claims.[1] The Berlin Circle and the Vienna Circle propounded logical positivism starting in the late 1920s. Interpreting Ludwig Wittgenstein s philosophy of language, logical positivists identified a verifiability principle or criterion of cognitive meaningfulness. From Bertrand Russell s logicism they sought reduction of mathematics to logic as well as Russell s logical atomism, Ernst Mach s phenomenalism—whereby the mind knows only actual or potential sensory experience, which is the content of all sciences, whether physics or psychology—and Percy Bridgman s musings that others proclaimed as operationalism. Thereby, only the verifiable was scientific and cognitively meaningful, whereas the unverifiable was unscientific, cognitively meaningless "pseudostatements"—metaphysic, emotive, or such—not candidate to further review by philosophers, newly tasked to organize knowledge, not develop new knowledge. Logical positivism became famed for vigorous scientific antirealism to purge science of talk about nature s unobservable aspects—including causality, mechanism, and principles—although that goal has been exaggerated[who said this?]. Still, talk of such unobservables would be metaphorical—direct observations viewed in the abstract—or at worst metaphysical or emotional. Theoretical laws would be reduced to empirical laws, while theoretical terms would garner meaning from observational terms via correspondence rules. Mathematics of physics would reduce to symbolic logic via logicism, while rational reconstruction would convert ordinary language into standardized equivalents, all networked and united by a logical syntax. A scientific theory would be stated with its method of verification, whereby a logical calculus or empirical operation could verify its falsity or truth. In the late 1930s, logical positivists fled Germany and Austria for Britain and United States. By then, many had replaced Mach s phenomenalism with Neurath s physicalism, and Carnap had sought to replace verification with simply confirmation. With World War II s close in 1945, logical positivism became milder, logical empiricism, led largely by Carl Hempel, in America, who expounded the covering law model of scientific explanation. The logical positivist movement became a major underpinning of analytic philosophy,[2] and dominated Anglosphere philosophy, including philosophy of science, while influencing sciences, into the 1960s. Yet the movement failed to resolve its central problems,[3][4][5] and its doctrines were increasingly assaulted, most trenchantly by W V O Quine, Norwood Hanson, Karl Popper, Thomas Kuhn, and Carl Hempel. Contents [hide] 1 Roots 1.1 Language 1.2 Logicism 1.3 Empiricism 2 Origins 2.1 Vienna 2.2 Berlin 2.3 Rivals 2.4 Export 3 Principles 3.1 Analytic/synthetic gap 3.2 Observation/theory gap 3.3 Cognitive meaningfulness 3.3.1 Verification 3.3.2 Confirmation 3.3.3 Weak verification 4 Philosophy of science 4.1 Explanation 4.2 Unity of science 4.3 Theory reduction 5 Critics 5.1 Quine 5.2 Hanson 5.3 Popper 5.4 Kuhn 5.5 Putnam 6 Retrospect 7 Footnotes 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Roots[edit] Language[edit] Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, by the young Ludwig Wittgenstein, introduced the view of philosophy as "critique of language", offering the possibility of a theoretically principled distinction of intelligible versus nonsensical discourse. Tractatus adhered to a correspondence theory of truth (versus a coherence theory of truth). Wittgenstein s influence also shows in some versions of the verifiability principle.[6][7] In tractarian doctrine, truths of logic are tautologies, a view widely accepted by logical positivists who were also influenced by Wittgenstein s interpretation of probability although, according to Neurath, some logical positivists found Tractatus to contain much metaphysics.[8] Logicism[edit] Gottlob Frege began the program of reducing mathematics to logic, continued it with Bertrand Russell, but lost interest in this logicism, and Russell continued it with Alfred North Whitehead in their monumental Principia Mathematica, inspiring some of the more mathematical logical posivists, such as Hans Hahn and Rudolf Carnap.[9] (Carnap s early anti-metaphysical works employed Russell s theory of types.)[10] Carnap envisioned a universal language that could reconstruct mathematics and thereby encode physics.[9] Yet Kurt Gödel s incompleteness theorem showed this impossible except in trivial cases, and Alfred Tarski s undefinability theorem shattered all hopes of reducing mathematics to logic.[9] Thus, a universal language failed to stem from Carnap s 1934 work Logische Syntax der Sprache (Logical Syntax of Language).[9] Still, some logical positivists, including Carl Hempel, continued support of logicism.[9] Empiricism[edit] In Germany, Hegelian metaphysics was a dominant movement, and Hegelian successors such as F H Bradley explained reality by postulating metaphysical entities lacking empirical basis, drawing reaction in the form of positivism.[11] Starting in the late 19th century, there was "back to Kant" movement. Ernst Mach s positivism and phenomenalism were a major influence. Origins[edit] Vienna[edit] The Vienna Circle, gathering around University of Vienna and Café Central, was led principally by Moritz Schlick. Schlick had held a neo-Kantian position, but later converted, via Carnap s 1928 book Der logische Aufbau der Welt—that is, The Logical Structure of the World—which became Vienna Circle s "bible", Aufbau. A 1929 pamphlet written by Otto Neurath, Hans Hahn, and Rudolf Carnap summarized the Vienna Circle s positions. Another member of Vienna Circle to later prove very influential was Carl Hempel. A friendly but tenacious critic of the Circle was Karl Popper, whom Neurath nicknamed the "Official Opposition". Carnap and other Vienna Circle members, including Hahn and Neurath, saw need for a weaker criterion of meaningfulness than verifiability.[12] A radical "left" wing—led by Neurath and Carnap—began the program of "liberalization of empiricism", and they also emphasized fallibilism and pragmatics, which latter Carnap even suggested as empiricism s basis.[12] A conservative "right" wing—led by Schlick and Waismann—rejected both the liberalization of empiricism and the epistemological nonfoundationalism of a move from phenomenalism to physicalism.[12] As Neurath and somewhat Carnap posed science toward social reform, the split in Vienna Circle also reflected political views.[12] Berlin[edit] The Berlin Circle was led principally by Hans Reichenbach. Rivals[edit] Both Moritz Schlick and Rudolf Carnap had been influenced by and sought to define logical positivism versus the neo-Kantianism of Ernst Cassirer—the then leading figure of Marburg school, so called—and against Edmund Husserl s phenomenology. Logical positivists especially opposed Martin Heidegger s obscure metaphysics, the epitome of what logical positivism rejected. In the early 1930s, Carnap debated Heidegger over "metaphysical pseudosentences".[13] Despite its revolutionary aims, logical positivism was but one view among many vying within Europe, and logical positivists initially spoke their language.[13] Export[edit] As the movement s first emissary to the New World, Moritz Schlick visited Stanford University in 1929, yet otherwise remained in Vienna and was murdered at the University, reportedly by a deranged student, in 1936.[13] That year, a British attendee at some Vienna Circle meetings since 1933, A J Ayer saw his Language, Truth and Logic, written in English, import logical positivism to the Anglosphere. By then, Nazi political party s 1933 rise to power in Germany had triggered flight of intellectuals.[13] In exile in England, Otto Neurath died in 1945.[13] Rudolf Carnap, Hans Reichenbach, and Carl Hempel—Carnap s protégé who had studied in Berlin with Reichenbach—settled permanently in America.[13] Upon Germany s annexation of Austria in 1939, remaining logical positivists, many of whom were also Jewish, were targeted and continued flight. Logical positivism thus became dominant in the Anglosphere. Principles[edit] Analytic/synthetic gap[edit] Concerning reality, the necessary is a state true in all possible worlds—mere logical validity—whereas the contingent hinges on the way the particular world is. Concerning knowledge, the a priori is knowable before or without, whereas the a posteriori is knowable only after or through, relevant experience. Concerning statements, the analytic is true via terms arrangement and meanings, thus a tautology—true by logical necessity but uninformative about the world—whereas the synthetic adds reference to a state of facts, a contingency. In 1739, Hume cast a fork aggressively dividing "relations of ideas" from "matters of fact and real existence", such that all truths are of one type or the other.[14][15] By Hume s fork, truths by relations among ideas (abstract) all align on one side (analytic, necessary, a priori), whereas truths by states of actualities (concrete) always align on the other side (synthetic, contingent, a posteriori).[14] At any treatises containing neither, Hume orders, "Commit it then to the flames, for it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion".[14] Thus awakened from "dogmatic slumber", Kant quested to answer Hume s challenge—but by explaining how metaphysics is possible. Eventually, in his 1781 work, Kant crossed the tines of Hume s fork to identify another range of truths by necessity—synthetic a priori, statements claiming states of facts but known true before experience—by arriving at transcendental idealism, attributing the mind a constructive role in phenomena by arranging sense data into the very experience space, time, and substance. Thus, Kant saved Newton s law of universal gravitation from Hume s problem of induction by finding uniformity of nature to be a priori knowledge. Logical positivists rejected Kant s synthethic a priori, and staked Hume s fork, whereby a statement is either analytic and a priori (thus necessary and verifiable logically) or synthetic and a posteriori (thus contingent and verifiable empirically).[14] Observation/theory gap[edit] Early, most logical positivists proposed that all knowledge is based on logical inference from simple "protocol sentences" grounded in observable facts. In the 1936 and 1937 papers "Testability and meaning", individual terms replace sentences as the units of meaning.[12] Further, theoretical terms no longer need to acquire meaning by explicit definition from observational terms the connection may be indirect, through a system of implicit definitions.[12] (Carnap also provides an important, pioneering discussion of disposition predicates.)[12] Cognitive meaningfulness[edit] Verification[edit] The logical positivists initial stance was that a statement is "cognitively meaningful" only if some finite procedure conclusively determines its truth.[16] By this verifiability principle, only statements verifiable either by their analyticity or by empiricism were cognitively meaningful. Metaphysics, ontology, as well as much of ethics failed this criterion, and so were found cognitively meaningless. Moritz Schlick, however, did not view ethical or aesthetic statements as cognitively meaningless.[17] Cognitive meaningfulness was variously defined having a truth value; corresponding to a possible state of affairs; naming a proposition; intelligible or understandable as are scientific statements.[18] Ethics and aesthetics were subjective preferences, while theology and other metaphysics contained "pseudostatements", neither true nor false. This meaningfulness was cognitive, although other types of meaningfulness—for instance, emotive, expressive, or figurative—occurred in metaphysical discourse, dismissed from further review. Thus, logical positivism indirectly asserted Hume s law, the principle that is statements cannot justify ought statements, but are separated by an unbridgeable gap. A J Ayer s 1936 book asserted an extreme variant—the boo/hooray doctrine—whereby all evaluative judgments are but emotional reactions. Confirmation[edit] In an important pair of papers in 1936 and 1937, "Testability and meaning", Carnap replaced verification with confirmation, on the view that although universal laws cannot be verified they can be confirmed.[12] Later, Carnap employed abundant logical and mathematical methods in researching inductive logic while seeking to provide and account of probability as "degree of confirmation", but was never able to formulate a model.[19] In Carnap s inductive logic, every universal law s degree of confirmation is always zero.[19] In any event, the precise formulation of what came to be called the "criterion of cognitive significance" took three decades (Hempel 1950, Carnap 1956, Carnap 1961).[12] Carl Hempel became a major critic within the logical positivism movement.[20] Hempel elucidated the paradox of confirmation. Weak verification[edit] The second edition of A J Ayer s book arrived in 1946, and discerned strong versus weak forms of verification. Ayer concluded, "A proposition is said to be verifiable, in the strong sense of the term, if, and only if, its truth could be conclusively established by experience", but is verifiable in the weak sense "if it is possible for experience to render it probable".[21] And yet, "no proposition, other than a tautology, can possibly be anything more than a probable hypothesis".[21] Thus, all are open to weak verification. Philosophy of science[edit] Upon the global defeat of Nazism, and removed from philosophy rivials for radical reform—Marburg neo-Kantianism, Husserlian phenomenology, Heidegger s "existential hermeneutics"—while hosted in the climate of American pragmatism and commonsense empiricism, the neopositivists shed much of their earlier, revolutionary zeal.[1] No longer crusading to revise traditional philosophy into a new scientific philosophy, they became respectable members of a new philosophy subdiscipline, philosophy of science.[1] Receiving support from Ernest Nagel, logical empiricists were especially influential in the social sciences.[22] Explanation[edit] Comtean positivism had viewed science as description, whereas the logical positivists posed science as explanation, perhaps to better realize the envisioned unity of science by covering not only fundamental science—that is, fundamental physics—but the special sciences, too, for instance biology, anthropology, psychology, sociology, and economics.[23] The most widely accepted concept of scientific explanation, held even by neopositivist critic Karl Popper, was the deductive-nomological model (DN model).[24] Yet DN model received its greatest explication by Carl Hempel, first in his 1942 article "The function of general laws in history", and more explicitly with Paul Oppenheim in their 1948 article "Studies in the logic of explanation".[24] In DN model, the stated phenomenon to be explained is the explanandum—which can be an event, law, or theory—whereas premises stated to explain it are the explanans.[25] Explanans must be true or highly confirmed, contain at least one law, and entail the explanandum.[25] Thus, given initial conditions C1, C2 . . . Cn plus general laws L1, L2 . . . Ln, event E is a deductive consequence and scientifically explained.[25] In DN model, a law is an unrestricted generalization by conditional proposition—If A, then B—and has empirical content testable.[26] (Differing from a merely true regularity—for instance, George always carries only $1 bills in his wallet—a law suggests what must be true,[27] and is consequent of a scientific theory s axiomatic structure.[28]) By the Humean empiricist view that humans observe sequence of events, not cause and effect—as causality and causal mechanisms are unobservable—DN model neglects causality beyond mere constant conjunction, first event A and then always event B.[23] Hempel s explication of DN model held natural laws—empirically confirmed regularities—as satisfactory and, if formulated realistically, approximating causal explanation.[25] In later articles, Hempel defended DN model and proposed a probabilistic explanation, inductive-statistical model (IS model).[25] DN model and IS model together form covering law model,[25] as named by a critic, William Dray.[29] (Derivation of statistical laws from other statistical laws goes to deductive-statistical model (DS model).)[30] Georg Hendrik von Wright, another critic, named it subsumption theory,[31] fitting the ambition of theory reduction. Unity of science[edit] Logical positivists were generally committed to "Unified Science", and sought a common language or, in Neurath s phrase, a "universal slang" whereby which all scientific propositions could be expressed.[32] The adequacy of proposals or fragments of proposals for such a language was often asserted on the basis of various "reductions" or "explications" of the terms of one special science to the terms of another, putatively more fundamental. Sometimes these reductions consisted of set-theoretic manipulations of a few logically primitive concepts (as in Carnap s Logical Structure of the World (1928)). Sometimes, these reductions consisted of allegedly analytic or a priori deductive relationships (as in Carnap s "Testability and meaning"). A number of publications over a period of thirty years would attempt to elucidate this concept. Theory reduction[edit] As in Comptean positivism s envisioned unity of science, neopositivists aimed to network all special sciences through the covering law model of scientific explanation. And ultimately, by supplying boundary conditions and supplying bridge laws within the covering law model, all the special sciences laws would reduce to fundamental physics, the fundamental science. Critics[edit] After the Second World War s close in 1945, key tenets of logical positivism, including its atomistic philosophy of science, the verifiability principle, and the fact/value gap, drew escalated criticism. It was clear that empirical claims cannot be verified to be universally true.[12] Thus, as initially stated, the verifiability criterion made universal statements meaningless, and even made statements beyond empiricism for technological but not conceptual reasons meaningless, which would pose significant problems for science.[20][33][34] These problems were recognized within the movement, which hosted attempted solutions—Carnap s move to confirmation, Ayer s acceptance of weak verification—but the program drew sustained criticism from a number of directions by the 1950s. Even philosophers disagreeing among themselves on which direction general epistemology ought to take, as well as on philosophy of science, agreed that the logical empiricist program was untenable, and it became viewed as selfcontradictory.[35] The verifiability criterion of meaning was itself unverified.[35] Notable critics were Nelson Goodman, Willard Van Orman Quine, Norwood Hanson, Karl Popper, Thomas Kuhn, J L Austin, Peter Strawson, Hilary Putnam, Ludwig von Mises, and Richard Rorty. Quine[edit] Although quite empiricist, American logician Willard Van Orman Quine published the 1951 paper "Two dogmas of empiricism",[36] which challenged conventional empiricist presumptions. Quine attacked the analytic/synthetic division, which the verificationist program had been hinged upon in order to entail, by consequence of Hume s fork, both necessity and apriocity. Quine s ontological relativity explained that every term in any statement has its meaning contingent on a vast network of knowledge and belief, the speaker s conception of the entire world. Quine later proposed naturalized epistemology. Hanson[edit] In 1958, Norwood Hanson s Patterns of Discovery undermined the division of observation versus theory,[37] as one can predict, collect, prioritize, and assess data only via some horizon of expectation set by a theory. Thus, any dataset—the direct observations, the scientific facts—is laden with theory. Popper[edit] An early, tenacious critic was Karl Popper whose 1934 book Logik der Forschung, arriving in English in 1959 as The Logic of Scientific Discovery, directly answered verificationism. Popper heeded the problem of induction as rendering empirical verification logically impossible.[38] And the deductive fallacy of affirming the consequent reveals any phenomenon s capacity to host over one logically possible explanation. Accepting scientific method as hypotheticodeduction, whose inference form is denying the consequent, Popper finds scientific method unable to proceed without falsifiable predictions. Popper thus identifies falsifiability to demarcate not meaningful from meaningless but simply scientific from unscientific—a label not in itself unfavorable. Popper finds virtue in metaphysics, required to develop new scientific theories. And an unfalsifiable—thus unscientific, perhaps metaphysical—concept in one era can later, through evolving knowledge or technology, become falsifiable, thus scientific. Popper also found science s quest for truth to rest on values. Popper disparages the pseudoscientific, which occurs when an unscientific theory is proclaimed true and coupled with seemingly scientific method by "testing" the unfalsifiable theory—whose predictions are confirmed by necessity—or when a scientific theory s falsifiable predictions are strongly falsified but the theory is persistently protected by "immunizing stratagems", such as the appendage of ad hoc clauses saving the theory or the recourse to increasingly speculative hypotheses shielding the theory. Popper s scientific epistemology is falsificationism, which finds that no number, degree, and variety of empirical successes can either verify or confirm scientific theory. Falsificationism finds science s aim as corroboration of scientific theory, which strives for scientific realism but accepts the maximal status of strongly corroborated verisimilitude ("truthlikeness"). Explicitly denying the positivist view that all knowledge is scientific, Popper developed the general epistemology critical rationalism, which finds human knowledge to evolve by conjectures and refutations. Popper thus acknowledged the value of the positivist movement, driving evolution of human understanding, but claimed that he had "killed positivism". Kuhn[edit] With his landmark, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas Kuhn critically destabilized the verificationist program, which was presumed to call for foundationalism. (Actually, even in the 1930s, Otto Neurath had argued for nonfoundationalism via coherentism by likening science to a boat that scientists must rebuild at sea[citation needed].) Although Kuhn s thesis itself was attacked even by opponents of neopositivism, in the 1970 postscript to Structure, Kuhn asserted, at least, that there was no algorithm to science—and, on that, even most of Kuhn s critics agreed. Powerful and persuasive, Kuhn s book, unlike the vocabulary and symbols of logic s formal language, was written in natural language open to the laypersons.[39] Ironically, Kuhn s book was first published in a volume of Encyclopedia of Unified Science—a project begun by logical positivists—and some sense unified science, indeed, but by bringing it into the realm of historical and social assessment, rather than fitting it to the model of physics.[39] Kuhn s ideas were rapidly adopted by scholars in disciplines well outside natural sciences,[39] and, as logical empiricists were extremely influential in the social sciences,[22] ushered academia into postpositivism or postempiricism.[39] Putnam[edit] The "received view" operates on the correspondence rule that states, "The observational terms are taken as referring to specified phenomena or phenomenal properties, and the only interpretation given to the theoretical terms is their explicit definition provided by the correspondence rules".[11] According to Hilary Putnam, a former student of Reichenbach and of Carnap, the dichotomy of observational terms versus theoretical terms introduced a problem within scientific discussion that was nonexistent until this dichotomy was stated by logical positivists.[40] Putnam s four objections Something is referred to as "observational" if it is observable directly with our senses. Then an observation term cannot be applied to something unobservable. If this is the case, there are no observation terms. With Carnap s classification, some unobservable terms are not even theoretical and belong to neither observation terms nor theoretical terms. Some theoretical terms refer primarily to observation terms. Reports of observation terms frequently contain theoretical terms. A scientific theory may not contain any theoretical terms (an example of this is Darwin s original theory of evolution). Putman also alleged that positivism was actually a form of metaphysical idealism by its rejecting scientific theory s ability to garner knowledge about nature s unobservable aspects. With his "no miracles" argument, posed in 1974, Putnam asserted scientific realism, the stance that science achieves true—or approximately true—knowledge of the world as it exists independently of humans sensory experience. In this, Putnam opposed not only the positivism but other instrumentalism—whereby scientific theory as but a human tool to predict human observations—filling the void left by positivism s decline. Retrospect[edit] By the late 1960s, the neopositivist movement had clearly run its course.[41] Interviewed in the late 1970s, A J Ayer supposed that "the most important" defect "was that nearly all of it was false".[42][43] Although logical positivism tends to be recalled as a pillar of scientism,[44] Carl Hempel was key in establishing the philosophy subdiscipline philosophy of science[13] where Thomas Kuhn and Karl Popper brought in the era postpositivism.[39] John Passmore found logical positivism to be "dead, or as dead as a philosophical movement ever becomes".[42] Logical positivism s fall reopened debate over the metaphysical merit of scientific theory, whether it can offer knowledge of the world beyond human experience (scientific realism) versus whether it is but a human tool to predict human experience (instrumentalism).[45][46] Meanwhile, it became popular among philosophers to rehash the faults and failures of logical positivism without investigation of it.[47] Thereby, logical positivism has been generally misrepresented, sometimes severely.[48] Arguing for their own views, often framed versus logical positivism, many philosophers have reduced logical positivism to simplisms and stereotypes, especially the notion of logical positivism as a type of foundationalism.[48] In any event, the movement helped anchor analytic philosophy in the Anglosphere, and returned Britain to empiricism. Minus logical positivists, tremendously influential outside philosophy, especially in psychology and social sciences, intellectual life of the 20th century would be unrecognizable.[13] Footnotes[edit] ^ Jump up to a b c Michael Friedman, Reconsidering Logical Positivism (New York Cambridge University Press, 1999), p xiv. Jump up ^ See "Vienna Circle" in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Jump up ^ Smith, L.D. (1986). Behaviorism and Logical Positivism A Reassessment of the Alliance. Stanford University Press. p. 314. ISBN 9780804713016. LCCN 85030366. The secondary and historical literature on logical positivism affords substantial grounds for concluding that logical positivism failed to solve many of the central problems it generated for itself. Prominent among the unsolved problems was the failure to find an acceptable statement of the verifiability (later confirmability) criterion of meaningfulness. Until a competing tradition emerged (about the late 1950 s), the problems of logical positivism continued to be attacked from within that tradition. But as the new tradition in the philosophy of science began to demonstrate its effectiveness—by dissolving and rephrasing old problems as well as by generating new ones—philosophers began to shift allegiances to the new tradition, even though that tradition has yet to receive a canonical formulation. Jump up ^ Bunge, M.A. (1996). Finding Philosophy in Social Science. Yale University Press. p. 317. ISBN 9780300066067. LCCN lc96004399. To conclude, logical positivism was progressive compared with the classical positivism of Ptolemy, Hume, d Alembert, Compte, John Stuart Mill, and Ernst Mach. It was even more so by comparison with its contemporary rivals—neo-Thomisism, neo-Kantianism, intuitionism, dialectical materialism, phenomenology, and existentialism. However, neo-positivism failed dismally to give a faithful account of science, whether natural or social. It failed because it remained anchored to sense-data and to a phenomenalist metaphysics, overrated the power of induction and underrated that of hypothesis, and denounced realism and materialism as metaphysical nonsense. Although it has never been practiced consistently in the advanced natural sciences and has been criticized by many philosophers, notably Popper (1959 [1935], 1963), logical positivism remains the tacit philosophy of many scientists. Regrettably, the anti-positivism fashionable in the metatheory of social science is often nothing but an excuse for sloppiness and wild speculation. Jump up ^ "Popper, Falsifiability, and the Failure of Positivism". 7 August 2000. Retrieved 30 June 2012. The upshot is that the positivists seem caught between insisting on the V.C. [Verifiability Criterion]—but for no defensible reason—or admitting that the V.C. requires a background language, etc., which opens the door to relativism, etc. In light of this dilemma, many folk—especially following Popper s "last-ditch" effort to "save" empiricism/positivism/realism with the falsifiability criterion—have agreed that positivism is a dead-end. Jump up ^ For example, compare "Proposition 4.024" of Tractatus, asserting that we understand a proposition when we know the outcome if it is true, with Schlick s asserting, "To state the circumstances under which a proposition is true is the same as stating its meaning". Jump up ^ "Positivismus und realismus", Erkenntnis 3 1–31, English trans in Sarkar, Sahotra, ed, Logical Empiricism at its Peak Schlick, Carnap, and Neurath (New York Garland Publishing, 1996), p 38. Jump up ^ For summary of the effect of Tractatus on logical positivists, see the Entwicklung der Thesen des "Wiener Kreises". ^ Jump up to a b c d e Jaako Hintikka, "Logicism", in Andrew D Irvine, ed, Philosophy of Mathematics (Burlington MA North Holland, 2009), pp 283–84. Jump up ^ See Rudolf Carnap, "The elimination Of metaphysics through logical analysis of language", Erkenntnis, 1932;2, reprinted in Logical Positivism, Alfred Jules Ayer, ed, (New York Free Press, 1959), pp 60–81. ^ Jump up to a b Frederick Suppe, "The positivist model of scientific theories", in Scientific Inquiry, Robert Klee, ed, (New York Oxford University Press, 1999), pp 16-24. ^ Jump up to a b c d e f g h i j Sarkar, S; Pfeifer, J (2005). The Philosophy of Science An Encyclopedia 1. Taylor Francis. p. 83. ISBN 9780415939270. ^ Jump up to a b c d e f g h Friedman, Reconsidering Logical Positivism (Cambridge U P, 1999), p xii. ^ Jump up to a b c d Antony G Flew, A Dictionary of Philosophy, rev 2nd edn (New York St Martin s Press, 1984), "Hume s fork", p 156. Jump up ^ Helen B Mitchell, Roots of Wisdom A Tapestry of Philosophical Traditions A Tapestry of Philosophical Traditions, 6th edn (Boston Wadsworth, 2011), "Hume s fork and logical positivism", pp 249-50. Jump up ^ For a classic survey of other versions of verificationism, see Carl G Hempel, "Problems and changes in the empiricist criterion of meaning", Revue Internationale de Philosophie, 1950;41 41-63. Jump up ^ See Moritz Schlick, "The future Of philosophy", in The Linguistic Turn, Richard Rorty, ed, (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1992), pp 43-53. Jump up ^ Examples of these different views can be found in Scheffler s Anatomy of Inquiry, Ayer s Language, Truth, and Logic, Schlick s "Positivism and realism" (reprinted in Sarkar 1996 and Ayer 1959), and Carnap s Philosophy and Logical Syntax. ^ Jump up to a b Mauro Murzi "Rudolf Carnap (1891—1970)", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 12 Apr 2001. ^ Jump up to a b Fetzer, James (2012). Edward N. Zalta, ed. "Carl Hempel". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2012 ed.). It would fall to Hempel to become perhaps the most astute critic of that movement and to contribute to its refinement as logical empiricism... Hempel himself attained a certain degree of prominence as a critic of this movement... The analytic/synthetic distinction and the observational/theoretical distinction were tied together by the verifiability criterion of meaningfulness... By this standard, sentences that are non-analytic but also non-verifiable, including various theological or metaphysical assertions concerning God or The Absolute, qualify as cognitively meaningless. This was viewed as a desirable result. But, as Hempel would demonstrate, its scope was far too sweeping, since it also rendered meaningless the distinctively scientific assertions made by laws and theories... The analytic/synthetic distinction took a decided hit when the noted logician, Willard van Orman Quine, published "Two dogmas of empiricism" (1953), challenging its adequacy... While the analytic/synthetic distinction appears to be justifiable in modeling important properties of languages, the observational/theoretical distinction does not fare equally well. Within logical positivism, observation language was assumed to consist of names and predicates whose applicability or not can be ascertained, under suitable conditions, by means of direct observation... Karl Popper (1965, 1968), however, would carry the argument in a different direction by looking at the ontic nature of properties... Hempel (1950, 1951), meanwhile, demonstrated that the verifiability criterion could not be sustained. Since it restricts empirical knowledge to observation sentences and their deductive consequences, scientific theories are reduced to logical constructions from observables. In a series of studies about cognitive significance and empirical testability, he demonstrated that the verifiability criterion implies that existential generalizations are meaningful, but that universal generalizations are not, even though they include general laws, the principal objects of scientific discovery. Hypotheses about relative frequencies in finite sequences are meaningful, but hypotheses concerning limits in infinite sequences are not. The verifiability criterion thus imposed a standard that was too strong to accommodate the characteristic claims of science and was not justifiable... Both theoretical and dispositional predicates, which refer to non-observables, posed serious problems for the positivist position, since the verifiability criterion implies they must be reducible to observables or are empirically meaningless... The need to dismantle the verifiability criterion of meaningfulness together with the demise of the observational/theoretical distinction meant that logical positivism no longer represented a rationally defensible position. At least two of its defining tenets had been shown to be without merit. Since most philosophers believed that Quine had shown the analytic/synthetic distinction was also untenable, moreover, many concluded that the enterprise had been a total failure. Among the important benefits of Hempel s critique, however, was the production of more general and flexible criteria of cognitive significance... Hempel suggested multiple criteria for assessing the cognitive significance of different theoretical systems, where significance is not categorical but rather a matter of degree... The elegance of Hempel s study laid to rest any lingering aspirations for simple criteria of cognitive significance and signaled the demise of logical positivism as a philosophical movement. Precisely what remained, however, was in doubt. Presumably, anyone who rejected one or more of the three principles defining positivism—the analytic/synthetic distinction, the observational/theoretical distinction, and the verifiability criterion of significance—was not a logical positivist. The precise outlines of its philosophical successor, which would be known as "logical empiricism", were not entirely evident. Perhaps this study came the closest to defining its intellectual core. Those who accepted Hempel s four criteria and viewed cognitive significance as a matter of degree were members, at least in spirit. But some new problems were beginning to surface with respect to Hempel s covering-law explication of explanation and old problems remained from his studies of induction, the most remarkable of which was known as "the paradox of confirmation". ^ Jump up to a b Ayer, Language, Truth and Logic, 1946, p 50–51. ^ Jump up to a b Novick, That Noble Dream (Cambridge U P, 1988), p 546. ^ Jump up to a b James Woodward, "Scientific explanation"—sec 1 "Background and introduction", in Zalta EN, ed,The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2011 edn ^ Jump up to a b James Woodward, "Scientific explanation"—Article overview, Zalta EN, ed, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2011 edn ^ Jump up to a b c d e f Suppe, Structure of Scientific Theories (U Illinois P, 1977), pp 619–21. Jump up ^ Eleonora Montuschi, Objects in Social Science (London New York Continuum, 2003), pp 61–62. Jump up ^ Bechtel, Philosophy of Science (Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988), p 25. Jump up ^ Bechtel, Philosophy of Science (Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988), pp 27–28. Jump up ^ Georg Hendrik von Wright, Explanation and Understanding (Ithaca NY Cornell University Press, 1971), p 11. Jump up ^ Stuart Glennan, p 276, in Sarkar S Pfeifer J, eds, The Philosophy of Science An Encyclopedia, Volume 1 A–M (New York Routledge, 2006). Jump up ^ Manfred Riedel, pp 3–4, in Manninen J Tuomela R, eds, Essays on Explanation and Understanding Studies in the Foundation of Humanities and Social Sciences (Dordrecht D Reidel Publishing, 1976). Jump up ^ For a review of "unity of science" to, see Gregory Frost-Arnold, "The large-scale structure of logical empiricism Unity of science and the rejection of metaphysics". Jump up ^ John Vicker (2011). Edward N Zalta, ed. "The problem of induction". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2011 ed.). This initial formulation of the criterion was soon seen to be too strong; it counted as meaningless not only metaphysical statements but also statements that are clearly empirically meaningful, such as that all copper conducts electricity and, indeed, any universally quantified statement of infinite scope, as well as statements that were at the time beyond the reach of experience for technical, and not conceptual, reasons, such as that there are mountains on the back side of the moon. These difficulties led to modification of the criterion The latter to allow empirical verification if not in fact then at least in principle, the former to soften verification to empirical confirmation. Jump up ^ Uebel, Thomas (2008). Edward N. Zalta, ed. "Vienna Circle". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 ed.). What Carnap later called the "liberalization of empiricism" was underway and different camps became discernible within the Circle... In the first place, this liberalization meant the accommodation of universally quantified statements and the return, as it were, to salient aspects of Carnap s 1928 conception. Everybody had noted that the Wittgensteinian verificationist criterion rendered universally quantified statements meaningless. Schlick (1931) thus followed Wittgenstein s own suggestion to treat them instead as representing rules for the formation of verifiable singular statements. (His abandonment of conclusive verifiability is indicated only in Schlick 1936a.) A second element that began to do so soon was the recognition of the problem of the irreducibility of disposition terms to observation terms... A third element was that disagreement arose as to whether the in-principle verifiability or support turned on what was merely logically possible or on what was nomologically possible, as a matter of physical law etc. A fourth element, finally, was that differences emerged as to whether the criterion of significance was to apply to all languages or whether it was to apply primarily to constructed, formal languages. Schlick retained the focus on logical possibility and natural languages throughout, but Carnap had firmly settled his focus on nomological possibility and constructed languages by the mid-thirties. Concerned with natural language, Schlick (1932, 1936a) deemed all statements meaningful for which it was logically possible to conceive of a procedure of verification; concerned with constructed languages only, Carnap (1936-37) deemed meaningful only statements for whom it was nomologically possible to conceive of a procedure of confirmation of disconfirmation. Many of these issues were openly discussed at the Paris congress in 1935. Already in 1932 Carnap had sought to sharpen his previous criterion by stipulating that those statements were meaningful that were syntactically well-formed and whose non-logical terms were reducible to terms occurring in the basic observational evidence statements of science. While Carnap s focus on the reduction of descriptive terms allows for the conclusive verification of some statements, his criterion also allowed universally quantified statements to be meaningful, provided they were syntactically and terminologically correct (1932a, §2). It was not until one of his Paris addresses, however, that Carnap officially declared the meaning criterion to be mere confirmability. Carnap s new criterion required neither verification nor falsification but only partial testability so as now to include not only universal statements but also the disposition statements of science... Though plausible initially, the device of introducing non-observational terms in this way gave rise to a number of difficulties which impugned the supposedly clear distinctions between logical and empirical matters and analytic and synthetic statements (Hempel 1951). Independently, Carnap himself (1939) soon gave up the hope that all theoretical terms of science could be related to an observational base by such reduction chains. This admission raised a serious problem for the formulation of a meaning criterion how was one to rule out unwanted metaphysical claims while admitting as significant highly abstract scientific claims? ^ Jump up to a b Hilary Putnam (1985). Philosophical Papers Volume 3, Realism and Reason. Philosophical Papers. Cambridge University Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780521313940. LCCN lc82012903. Jump up ^ W V O Quine, "Two dogmas of empiricism", Philosophical Review 1951;60 20-43, collected in Quine, From a Logical Point of View (Cambridge MA Harvard University Press, 1953). Jump up ^ Novick, That Noble Dream (Cambridge U P, 1988), p 527. Jump up ^ Popper then denies that science requires inductive inference or that it actually exists, although most philosophers believe it exists and that science requires it [Samir Okasha, The Philosophy of Science A Very Short Introduction (NY OUP, 2002), p 23]. ^ Jump up to a b c d e Novick, That Noble Dream (Cambridge U P, 1988), pp 526-27. Jump up ^ Hilary Putnam, "Problems with the observational/theoretical distinction", in Scientific Inquiry, Robert Klee, ed (New York, USA Oxford University Press, 1999), pp 25-29. Jump up ^ Nicholas G Fotion (1995). Ted Honderich, ed. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford Oxford University Press. p. 508. ISBN 0-19-866132-0. ^ Jump up to a b Hanfling, Oswald (2003). "Logical Positivism". Routledge History of Philosophy. Routledge. pp. 193f. Jump up ^ "Ayer on Logical Positivism Section 4". 6 30. Jump up ^ Stahl et al, Webs of Reality (Rutgers U P, 2002), p 180. Jump up ^ Hilary Putnam, "What is realism?", in Jarrett Leplin, ed, Scientific Realism (Berkeley, Los Angeles, London University of California Press, 1984), p 140. Jump up ^ Ruth Lane, "Positivism, scientific realism and political science Recent developments in the philosophy of science", Journal of Theoretical Politics, 1996 Jul8(3) 361-82, abstract. Jump up ^ Friedman, Reconsidering Logical Positivism (Cambridge, 1999), p 1. ^ Jump up to a b Friedman, Reconsidering Logical Positivism (Cambridge, 1999), p 2.
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【登録タグ L miko イオシス クリスタライズシルバー 曲 東方アゲハ】 【注意】 現在、このページはJavaScriptの利用が一時制限されています。この表示状態ではトラック情報が正しく表示されません。 この問題は、以下のいずれかが原因となっています。 ページがAMP表示となっている ウィキ内検索からページを表示している これを解決するには、こちらをクリックし、ページを通常表示にしてください。 /** General styling **/ @font-face { font-family Noto Sans JP ; font-display swap; font-style normal; font-weight 350; src url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2972/10/NotoSansCJKjp-DemiLight.woff2) format( woff2 ), url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2972/9/NotoSansCJKjp-DemiLight.woff) format( woff ), url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2972/8/NotoSansCJKjp-DemiLight.ttf) format( truetype ); } @font-face { font-family Noto Sans JP ; font-display swap; font-style normal; font-weight bold; src url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2972/13/NotoSansCJKjp-Medium.woff2) format( woff2 ), url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2972/12/NotoSansCJKjp-Medium.woff) format( woff ), url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2972/11/NotoSansCJKjp-Medium.ttf) format( truetype ); 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} /** Infomation styling **/ #trackinfo .info_header th { padding .3em .5em; background-color #D8D8D8; font-size 95%; } #trackinfo .infomation_show_btn_wrapper { float right; font-size 12px; user-select none; } #trackinfo .infomation_show_btn { cursor pointer; } #trackinfo .info_content td { padding 0 0 0 5px; height 0; transition .3s; } #trackinfo .info_content ul { padding 0; margin 0; max-height 0; list-style initial; transition .3s; } #trackinfo .info_content li { opacity 0; visibility hidden; margin 0 0 0 1.5em; transition .3s, opacity .2s; } #trackinfo .info_content.infomation_show td { padding 5px; height 100%; } #trackinfo .info_content.infomation_show ul { padding 5px 0; max-height 50em; } #trackinfo .info_content.infomation_show li { opacity 1; visibility visible; } #trackinfo .info_content.infomation_show li nth-of-type(n+2) { margin-top 10px; } /** Lyrics styling **/ #lyrics { font-size 1.06em; line-height 1.6em; } .not_in_card, .inaudible { display inline; position relative; } .not_in_card { border-bottom dashed 1px #D0D0D0; } .tooltip { display flex; visibility hidden; position absolute; top -42.5px; left 0; width 275px; min-height 20px; max-height 100px; padding 10px; border-radius 5px; background-color #555; align-items center; color #FFF; font-size 85%; line-height 20px; text-align center; white-space nowrap; opacity 0; transition 0.7s; -webkit-user-select none; -moz-user-select none; -ms-user-select none; user-select none; } .inaudible .tooltip { top -68.5px; } span hover + .tooltip { visibility visible; top -47.5px; opacity 0.8; transition 0.3s; } .inaudible span hover + .tooltip { top -73.5px; } .not_in_card span.hide { top -42.5px; opacity 0; transition 0.7s; } .inaudible .img { display inline-block; width 3.45em; height 1.25em; margin-right 4px; margin-bottom -3.5px; margin-left 4px; background-image url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2971/7/Inaudible.png); background-size contain; background-repeat no-repeat; } .not_in_card after, .inaudible .img after { content ; 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const rPagename = /(?=^|.*
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編集マップ選択画面タイトル画面よりWorkshop - Editor エディタTerrain(地形編集) Environment(環境編集) Spawns(設置編集) Objects(物体編集) Editor Demo (3.1.6.2 2014/11/2現在のエディタでの説明) 編集マップ選択画面 タイトル画面よりWorkshop - Editor 画面左上のボックスにマップ名を入力し、マップサイズ(512m四方から8192m四方)を選択 Addボタンで設定したマップ名、サイズでマップが追加される 右側マップ一覧で選択しているマップ(Selectionボックスに表示される)を Editボタンで編集 Subボタンで削除(Yes/No確認有り) エディタ Terrain(地形編集) Heights - 地面の凹凸の編集 Size…地形編集ブラシのサイズ調節 Strength…強弱の調節 Height…Flattenでの高さの調節 Raise…地形を盛る Lower…地形を下げる Smooth…地形を滑らかにする Flatten…地形を設定した高さで平らにする [キーボードでの操作] Q…Raise/Lower切り替え W…Smooth E…Flatten(カーソルを当てている場所の高さを取得する) Materials - 地面のテクスチャ(模様)の設定 テクスチャの種類 - Dirt/Farm/Grass/Gravel/Road/Sand/Stone/Trail 編集項目 - Size…テクスチャブラシのサイズ調節 Overgrowth…Detailsでの草花の茂る量の調節/左で少量、右で大量 Chance…未確認 Steepness…テクスチャを適用する勾配/左で平面のみ適用?、右で急勾配も適用? Height…テクスチャを適用する高さ/左で低地、右で高地に適用 Grassy#1…Detailsで解説 Grassy#2…Detailsで解説 Flowery…Detailsで解説 Rocky…Detailsで解説 Foundation…未確認(2.xにあった建築物の基礎の設置可否?) Generated…未確認 Bake Materialsボタン - 設定に応じたテクスチャの自動適用 Details - 地面の植物、小石の設定 種類 - Flowers0-3/Grass0-1/Wheat/Pebbles0-2 編集項目 - Density…自動生成する際の密度の調節 Chance…未確認 Grass #1…チェック状態にすると、Materialsのテクスチャ設定と対応する場合に自動生成する Grass #2…同上 Flower…同上(Flowery?) Rock…同上(Rocky?) Bake Detailsボタン - 設定に応じた草花の自動生成 Resources - 樹木の設定 種類 - Maple1-2/Pine1-2/Birch1-2/Bush1-2 編集項目 - Density…自動生成する際の密度の調節 Chance…未確認 Tree #1…チェック状態にすると、Materialsのテクスチャ設定と対応する場合に自動生成する(おそらくGrass #1?) Tree #2…同上 Flower…同上(Flowery?) Rock…同上(Rocky?) Bake Resourcesボタン - 設定に応じた樹木の自動生成 Environment(環境編集) Spawns(設置編集) Objects(物体編集) 操作方法 - Snap Transform…Ctrlキーを押しながらの操作での基準値(デフォルト1ユニットずつ移動)(参考までにRoad Line一つは24ユニット四方) Snap Rotation…Ctrlキーを押しながらの操作での基準値(デフォルト15度ずつ回転) Transform…オブジェクトの移動操作に切り替え(拡大縮小にもいずれ対応?) Rotation…オブジェクトの回転操作に切り替え Global/Local…座標系をグローバル(マップ全体で同じ軸移動)/ローカル(オブジェクトごとの軸移動)で切り替え [キーボードでの操作] Q…Transformに切り替え W…Rotationに切り替え E…カーソルでクリックした位置にオブジェクト設置 F…選択したオブジェクトへカメラを移動 Ctrl…押しながら移動/回転でSnap値に応じて移動/回転 Small一覧 - Medium一覧 - Large一覧 - Visibility - エディタ上での表示設定 Roads…道路の点と線(ただし道路自体は表示される)の表示の有無 Navigation…Navmeshの表示の有無 Nodes…未確認 Items…アイテムの表示の有無 Players…プレイヤーの表示の有無 Zombies…ゾンビの表示の有無 Vehicles…車両の表示の有無 Editor Demo