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状態における振る舞いをそれぞれのクラスとして分割し、局所化する 頻繁に状態が変わるような場合には、オブジェクトの生成処理のオーバーヘッドが大きくなる 最初に全ての状態オブジェクトを生成して、オブジェクトの切り替えを行う http //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_pattern のJavaコードをC++にした #include iostream #include string #include ctype.h using namespace std; // prototypeclass StateContext; // State Classclass State {public virtual void writeName(StateContext *stateContext, string name) = 0;}; // ConcreteState Classclass StateA public State {public virtual void writeName(StateContext *stateContext, string name);}; // ConcreteState Classclass StateB public State {public StateB() { count = 0; } virtual void writeName(StateContext *stateContext, string name);private int count;}; // Context Classclass StateContext {public StateContext() { myState = NULL; setState(new StateA()); } void setState(State *newState) { if (myState != NULL) delete myState; myState = newState; } void writeName(const string name) { myState- writeName(this, name); }private State *myState;}; // StateA writeNamevoid StateA writeName(StateContext *stateContext, string name) { string iterator it = name.begin(); while (it != name.end()) { *it = tolower(*it); ++it; } cout name endl; stateContext- setState(new StateB());} // StateB writeNamevoid StateB writeName(StateContext *stateContext, string name) { string iterator it = name.begin(); while (it != name.end()) { *it = toupper(*it); ++it; } cout name endl; if (++count 1) { stateContext- setState(new StateA()); }} // clientint main() { StateContext *sc = new StateContext(); sc- writeName("Monday"); sc- writeName("Tuesday"); sc- writeName("Wednesday"); sc- writeName("Thursday"); sc- writeName("Saturday"); sc- writeName("Sunday"); delete sc; return 0;} 出力 monday TUESDAY WEDNESDAY thursday SATURDAY SUNDAY http //www.dofactory.com/Patterns/PatternState.aspx のC#コードをC++にした Structural example #include iostream #include typeinfo using namespace std; // prototypeclass Context; // The State abstract classclass State {public virtual void Handle(Context *context) = 0;}; // The Context classclass Context {public // constructor Context(State *state) { _state = NULL; SetState(state); } virtual ~Context() { delete _state; } // Get or Set the state State* GetState() { return _state; } void SetState(State *state) { if (_state != NULL) delete _state; _state = state; cout "State " typeid(*state).name() endl; } // Request void Request() { _state- Handle(this); }private State *_state;}; // A ConcreteState classclass ConcreteStateA public State {public virtual void Handle(Context *context);}; // A ConcreteState classclass ConcreteStateB public State {public virtual void Handle(Context *context);}; // ConcreteStateA Handlevoid ConcreteStateA Handle(Context *context) { context- SetState(new ConcreteStateB());} // ConcreteStateB Handlevoid ConcreteStateB Handle(Context *context) { context- SetState(new ConcreteStateA());} // clientint main() { // Setup context in a state Context *c = new Context(new ConcreteStateA()); // Issue requests, which toggles state c- Request(); c- Request(); c- Request(); c- Request(); delete c; return 0;} 出力（g++の場合) State 14ConcreteStateA State 14ConcreteStateB State 14ConcreteStateA State 14ConcreteStateB State 14ConcreteStateA Real World example #include iostream #include string using namespace std; class Account; // The State abstract classclass State {protected Account *account; double balance; // 残高 double interest; double lowerLimit; double upperLimit; string state_name;public // Properties Account* getAccount(); void setAccount(Account *value); double getBalance() { return balance; } void setBalance(double value) { balance = value; } virtual void Deposit(double amount) = 0; virtual void Withdraw(double amount) = 0; virtual void PayInterest() = 0; string GetName() { return state_name; }}; // The Context classclass Account {private State *_state; string _owner;public // Constructor Account(const string owner); // Destructor virtual ~Account() { delete _state; } // Properties double getBalance() { return _state- getBalance(); } State* getState() { return _state; } void setState(State *state) { delete _state; _state = state; } void Deposit(double amount) { _state- Deposit(amount); cout "Deposited $" amount " ---" endl; cout " Balance = $" getBalance() endl; cout " Status = " getState()- GetName() endl; cout endl; } void Withdraw(double amount) { _state- Withdraw(amount); cout "Withdraw $" amount " ---" endl; cout " Balance = $" getBalance() endl; cout " Status = " getState()- GetName() endl; cout endl; } void PayInterest() { _state- PayInterest(); cout "Interest Paid ---" endl; cout " Balance = $" getBalance() endl; cout " Status = " getState()- GetName() endl; cout endl; }}; // A ConcreteState class// Red indicates that account is overdrawnclass RedState public State {private double _serviceFee;public // Constructor RedState(State *state) { balance = state- getBalance(); account = state- getAccount(); Initialize(); }private void Initialize() { // Should come from a datasource interest = 0.0; lowerLimit = -100.0; upperLimit = 0.0; _serviceFee = 15.00; state_name = "RedState"; }public virtual void Deposit(double amount) { balance += amount; StateChangeCheck(); } virtual void Withdraw(double amount) { amount -= _serviceFee; cout "No funds available for withdrawal!" endl; } virtual void PayInterest() { // No interest is paid }private void StateChangeCheck();}; // A ConcreteState class// Silver indicates a non-interest bearing stateclass SilverState public State {public // Overloaded constructors SilverState(State *state) { balance = state- getBalance(); account = state- getAccount(); Initialize(); } SilverState(double balance, Account *account) { this- balance = balance; this- account = account; Initialize(); }private void Initialize() { // Should come from a datasource interest = 0.0; lowerLimit = 0.0; upperLimit = 1000.0; state_name = "SilverState"; }public virtual void Deposit(double amount) { balance += amount; StateChangeCheck(); } virtual void Withdraw(double amount) { balance -= amount; StateChangeCheck(); } virtual void PayInterest() { balance += interest * balance; StateChangeCheck(); }private void StateChangeCheck();}; // A ConcreteState class// Gold indicates an interest bearing stateclass GoldState public State {public // Overloaded constructors GoldState(State *state) { balance = state- getBalance(); account = state- getAccount(); Initialize(); } GoldState(double balance, Account *account) { this- balance = balance; this- account = account; Initialize(); }private void Initialize() { // Should come from a database interest = 0.05; lowerLimit = 1000.0; upperLimit = 10000000.0; state_name = "GoldState"; }public virtual void Deposit(double amount) { balance += amount; StateChangeCheck(); } virtual void Withdraw(double amount) { balance -= amount; StateChangeCheck(); } void PayInterest() { balance += interest * balance; StateChangeCheck(); }private void StateChangeCheck();}; //// State ////Account* State getAccount() { return account;} void State setAccount(Account *value) { account = value;} //// Account ////Account Account(const string owner) { // New accounts are Silver by default _owner = owner; _state = new SilverState(0.0, this);} //// RedState ////void RedState StateChangeCheck() { if (balance upperLimit) { account- setState(new SilverState(this)); }} //// SilverState ////void SilverState StateChangeCheck() { if (balance lowerLimit) { account- setState(new RedState(this)); } else if (balance upperLimit) { account- setState(new GoldState(this)); }} //// GoldState ////void GoldState StateChangeCheck() { if (balance 0.0) { account- setState(new RedState(this)); } else if (balance lowerLimit) { account- setState(new SilverState(this)); }} ///////////// Entry point into console application.int main() { // Open a new account Account *account = new Account("Jim Johnson"); // Apply financial transactions account- Deposit(500.0); // deposit 預け入れ account- Deposit(300.0); account- Deposit(550.0); account- PayInterest(); // interest 利子 account- Withdraw(2000.00); // withdraw 引き落とし account- Withdraw(1100.00); delete account; return 0;} 出力 Deposited $500 --- Balance = $500 Status = SilverState Deposited $300 --- Balance = $800 Status = SilverState Deposited $550 --- Balance = $1350 Status = GoldState Interest Paid --- Balance = $1417.5 Status = GoldState Withdraw $2000 --- Balance = $-582.5 Status = RedState No funds available for withdrawal! Withdraw $1100 --- Balance = $-582.5 Status = RedState 参考サイト デザインパターンを“喩え話”で分かり易く理解する http //www.netlaputa.ne.jp/~hijk/study/oo/designpattern.html TECHSCORE http //www.techscore.com/tech/DesignPattern/index.html/ Programing Place http //www.geocities.jp/ky_webid/index_old.html デザインパターンの骸骨たち http //www002.upp.so-net.ne.jp/ys_oota/mdp/ デザインパターンの使い方 State http //japan.internet.com/developer/20081224/26.html
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