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https://w.atwiki.jp/fallout_jp/pages/516.html
# (249) the chemist of Adytum {1099}{}{?} {1199}{}{ [この人が教えられることはない]} #{100}{}{You see Miles, the chemist of Adytum.} #{101}{}{You see a thin man in a white smock.} {100}{}{ Adytum の 化 学 者 、 Miles だ} {101}{}{ 白 い 作 業 着 を 着 た 痩 せ た 男 だ} #{102}{}{I don t believe we ve met. I m Miles. What can I do for you?} #{103}{}{I m just looking around, thanks.} #{104}{}{That smock makes you look like a scientist. What are you studying?} #{105}{}{Huh?} {102}{}{ 会うのは初めてかな。Milesだ。どういう用件かね。} {103}{}{ 見学しているだけです、どうも。} {104}{}{ 科学者みたいな服装ですね。何が専門で?} {105}{}{ ほへ?} #{106}{}{Well, enjoy your stay in our little town.} {106}{}{ そうか、何もないところだがゆっくりしていきたまえ。} #{107}{}{I m a chemist. Mostly, I make primer and powder so that we can re-use # the brass casings from bullets. But I also dabble with some other chemicals.} #{108}{}{So you make bullets for Adytum.} #{109}{}{Where do you get the sulfur, potassium nitrate, and other chemicals?} #{110}{}{What other chemicals do you work with?} #{111}{}{Thanks for the information.} {107}{}{ 化学だよ。主に信管と火薬を作っておる。弾丸の真鍮ケーシングを再 利用できるようにね。だがそれ以外の化学薬品にも手を出しとるよ。} {108}{}{ あなたがAdytumの銃弾を製造していると?} {109}{}{ 硫黄、硝酸カリウム、その他の化学物質をどこから入手しているん ですか。} {110}{}{ 他にどういう物質を扱っているのですか。} {111}{}{ 情報ありがとうございます。} #{112}{}{Yes, although Smitty is the one who actually casts the bullets. # I just refill the brass casings.} #{113}{}{But the Hub merchants make a profit off of you and the town.} {112}{}{ うむ、まあ実際に弾丸の形を作るのはSmittyなんだが。わしは ケーシングに充填し直すにすぎん。} {113}{}{ ですがHubの商人はあなたとこの町のおかげで潤っていますね。} #{114}{}{It s unusual to find someone who can appreciate chemistry! # But to answer your question, some of the materials we get from Hub merchants; # others I manufacture or just find in the area. For instance, the dung heaps # from the Brahmin are a good source, as well as some of the strains of fungus # that I cultivate.} {114}{}{ 化学に造詣の深い人間に出会えるとは実に珍しい!君の質問に答えよ う。Hubの商人から入手する材料もあれば、この辺りでわしが製造 ないし見つけてくる材料もある。例えばブラーミンのクソ山はなかな かの供給源だぞ。わしが育てている菌類の一部なんかもそうだ。} #{115}{}{Well, I ve been trying to get some strong acids so that Smitty can use # them for etching. I also have been trying to make some permanent dyes and inks. # But without access to natural inks, it s difficult.} {115}{}{ うむ、強力な酸をずっと探しておる。Smittyがエッチング加工 に利用できるようにな。色落ちしない染料やインクを作ろうともして おる。だが天然のインクがないと厳しい。} #{116}{}{Any time.} {116}{}{ いつでも。} #{117}{}{Oh dear. I m afraid I can t help you.} {117}{}{ やれやれ。残念ながら力になれんな。} #{118}{}{Hello again. Can I help you?} {118}{}{ やあ、君か。どうしたのかね。} #{119}{}{Yes, well, we have to make a living. Since the hydroponic farms aren t # functioning, we have to buy food from the merchants, and bullets are the only # thing we have to sell.} #{120}{}{I could try to get the parts to fix the hydroponic farms.} #{121}{}{Oh. Well, that s too bad.} {119}{}{ そうだ、わしらにも生活があるからな。水耕農場が機能しておらんか ら商人から食料を購入せねばならん。で、わしらが売れる物は銃弾し かない。} {120}{}{ 水耕農場を修理するための部品を探してきましょうか。} {121}{}{ ああ、それは気の毒です。} #{122}{}{Really? That would be wonderful! We re just missing a few parts, but # I m sure that if you could scrounge up the right pieces, we could be # self-sufficient! Sammael might be able to give you some help.} {122}{}{ 本当かね?それは素晴らしい! 部品がいくつか足りないだけなんだ が、ぴったり合う部品を何とかして手に入れられれば確実に自給自足 できるようになるんだよ!Sammaelなら君の力になれるかもし れない。} #{123}{}{Have you found the parts yet?} #{124}{}{Yes, here they are.} #{125}{}{Not yet, who did you say I should ask about them?} {123}{}{ 部品はあったかね?} {124}{}{ ええ、これです。どうぞ。} {125}{}{ まだです。誰に話を聞けばいいんでしたっけ。} #{126}{}{You ll need to talk to Sammael. You ll usually find him in # a tent down by the farms during the day.} {126}{}{ Sammaelだ。いつも通りなら日中は畑のそばにあるテントの中 にいるだろう。} #{127}{}{[Miles looks over the parts] Those are them, but it looks like # Smitty is going to have to do a little work on them. # Can you take them over to him?} #{128}{}{I ve got other things to deal with. Can you do it yourself?} #{129}{}{Sure, I ll be back after he s fixed them.} {127}{}{ [Milesは部品をざっと調べた]間違いない。だがSmitty に少々手を加えてもらわないといけないようだ。彼の所まで届けても らえないかな。} {128}{}{ 他に用事が。自分で行けませんか?} {129}{}{ いいですよ。彼の作業が終わったら戻ってきます。} #{130}{}{Sure, I appreciate you finding them for us.} #{131}{}{And . . .} #{132}{}{Not a problem.} {130}{}{ 分かった。探し出してくれてありがとう。} {131}{}{ で・・・} {132}{}{ お安い御用です。} #{133}{}{Oh. I almost forgot. Here is some stuff, for your trouble. # [Miles hands you some caps and some stimpacks.]} {133}{}{ ああ、忘れるところだった。これを持って行ってくれたまえ、尽力し てくれたお礼だ。[Milesからいくばくかのお金とStimpa kを渡された]} #{134}{}{Were you able to take the parts over to Smitty?} {134}{}{ Smittyに部品を届けてもらえんかな。} #{135}{}{[Miles takes the fixed parts from you] Looks like Smitty did a great job on # these. Thanks for the help, and here s some stuff for your trouble.} #{136}{}{[Miles hands you some caps and some stimpacks.]} #{137}{}{If you ever get back this way, you might want to look me and Smitty up. # We might be able to help you out with some adjustments to some of your equipment. # Smitty can work wonders with certain weapons, and I can help out with # certain sorts of armor.} {135}{}{ [Milesは修理済みの部品を受け取った]Smittyはいい仕 事をしてくれたようだな。頼みを聞いてくれてありがとう。これはお 礼だ、持って行ってくれたまえ。} {136}{}{ [Milesからいくばくかのお金とStimpakを渡された]} {137}{}{ 今後またこちらに来ることがあるなら、わしやSmittyの所に立 ち寄るといい。装備の調整なんかで力になれるかもしれん。Smit tyは一部の武器の性能を驚くほど上げることができるし、わしもあ る特定のアーマーのことなら力を貸せる。} #{138}{}{Looks like you found some Power Armor. I ve heard of a chemical process # that I could use to harden the surface of the armor. However, I m missing some # information which could give me the last few clues to the formula and # reagents necessary. I ve heard the Librarian in the Hub, Mrs. Stapleton, # has some journals and books that might be of use. # If you could get those from there, I could probably test the process # on your armor.} #{139}{}{Sounds good. I ll go talk to Mrs. Stapleton.} #{140}{}{I got better things to do then fetch something else for you.} {138}{}{ パワーアーマーを見つけたようだね。アーマー表面の強化に利用できる化学処理 があるらしい。ただ、その手順と必要な薬品が何かという肝心なとこ ろが不明なままでな。Hub在住のMrs.Staplesonとい う書籍収集家の所になら、役に立つ可能性のある雑誌や文献があるそ うなんだ。持ってきてもらえれば、その処理を君のアーマーに試してみる ことができるんだが。} {139}{}{ それはいい。Mrs. Stapletonと話をつけてきます。} {140}{}{ お使いなんかよりもっと大事な用があるので。} #{141}{}{Well, if you ever change your mind, just go see Mrs. Stapleton # and then head on back here.} {141}{}{ ふむ、もし気が変わったら直接Mrs.Staplesonの所に行 き、その後ここに戻ってきたまえ。} #{142}{}{Had a chance to get to the Hub yet and visit Mrs. Stapleton?} #{143}{}{Yeah, here are the books.} #{144}{}{Not yet.} {142}{}{ Hubへ行きMrs. Stapletonを訪ねる機会はあったかね?} {143}{}{ ええ。どうぞ、例の書籍です。} {144}{}{ まだです。} #{145}{}{[Miles takes the books from you, and starts flipping through them.] Hmmmm. # Yes, hmmmm. [He mumbles to himself for a few more minutes.] # Well, I think I can figure it out, but it will take a full day # for the bonding to occur. Is that acceptable?} #{146}{}{Not a problem.} #{147}{}{Sorry, don t have the time.} {145}{}{ [Milesは書籍を受け取るとページをめくって調べ物を始めた] うーむ。なるほど、ふむふむ。[更に数分、ブツブツと独り言が続い た]さて、何とかなりそうなんだが定着が済むまでまる1日かかる。 それでも構わないかね?} {146}{}{ 問題なし。} {147}{}{ 残念、時間がありません。} #{148}{}{Well, when you have the time, come back and I ll do the process # on your armor.} {148}{}{ そうか。時間ができたらまた来たまえ。アーマーに処理を施そう。} #{149}{}{[Miles takes your armor from you.]} #{150}{}{[Miles hands your armor back to you, it seems to glint a # little more than it did before.] Well, I think it worked! Hope it helps you out.} {149}{}{ [Milesはアーマーを預かった]} {150}{}{ [Milesからアーマーを返してもらった。以前よりも輝きが増してい るようだ]ふむ、これでいいだろう!役に立つことを願うよ。} #{151}{}{What happened to your power armor? I can only help you out # if you have power armor.} {151}{}{ パワーアーマーはどうしたんだ?パワーアーマーがないなら力になれんぞ。} # float #{152}{}{Nice to see you, but I m right in the middle of some research.} {152}{}{ 会えて嬉しいんだが、今ちょうど研究にかかっておるところでな。} #{153}{}{Nothing I can do with that type of armor. Sorry.} {153}{}{ そのタイプのアーマーにできることは何もないな。申し訳ない。}
https://w.atwiki.jp/dacerg-link/pages/17.html
Philippinesnational, accident prevention,andfirerescueand affiliatedinstitutions andLinks Being edited Outline of firefighting Organizationlogo Affiliation Organization name ICAG VOLUNTEER City Name Activityarea Location Phone +6333 3375931, +6333 5089898 Hotline Home page http //www.icagfire.org/ Facebook https //www.facebook.com/pages/ICAG-VOLUNTEER/210569537271?ref=profile Twitter Mail icagfire@yahoo.com Map Organization governmentagency Volunteer Other Scope of activity Fire Disaster Rescue Disaster prevention Education Activitylocation Land Mountains Seaground Equipment andpersonnel Fire truck Ambulance Other vehicles Radio Members Information NOTHING IS STRONGER THAN A HEART OF A VOLUNTEER Corporate Profile Description Basic information Twenty years ago, the Iloilo Citizens Action Group (ICAG) was re-organized on February 1979 to make it a more effective and efficient fire services team. As an offshot of the Iloilo Filipino-Chinese Fire Prevention Association, a volunteer fire brigade, ICAG expanded its major roles and responsibilities not only as a fire service unit but also to become a medical and disaster rescue team and a supportive partner in local community development projects. Originally, there were 28 charter members coming from various sector of the local community. Imbued with community spiritedness these young men pooled their resources together to equip the ICAG with necessary tools such as fire trucks, water tanks, water pumps and fire hoses, axes, radio transcievers, and other equipment for effective and professional fire fighting capabilities. ICAG did not confine itself as a fire fighting and disaster rescue group. It also participated in various community development projects such as market cleaning, medical and dental outreach, bloodletting operation, gift distribution to indigents, disaster management training seminars, and many more.
https://w.atwiki.jp/ohtaman/pages/14.html
統計・解析 朱雀の杜 (機械学習についてまとめたWiki) http //ibisforest.org/index.php?FrontPage RjpWiki (RについてまとめたWiki) http //www.okada.jp.org/RWiki/ umekoumeda.net (機械学習・統計などについてまとめたノート・ソースコードがある) http //www.cs.dis.titech.ac.jp/~umeda07/ 数理計画法 プログラミング 設計技法 アルゴリズム Hadoopで、かんたん分散処理 (MapReduceの簡単な解説) http //techblog.yahoo.co.jp/cat207/cat209/hadoop/ いま再注目の分散処理技術 @IT http //www.atmarkit.co.jp/fjava/index/index_distributed.html GoogleのMapReduceアルゴリズムをJavaで理解する http //www.atmarkit.co.jp/fjava/special/distributed01/distributed01_1.html イロイロな分散処理技術とイマドキのWebサービス http //www.atmarkit.co.jp/fjava/special/distributed02/distributed02_1.html MapReduceのJava実装Apache Hadoopを使ってみた http //www.atmarkit.co.jp/fjava/special/distributed03/distributed03_1.html クラウド技術の理解を深める Think IT http //thinkit.co.jp/book/2009/09/01/76 クラウド、台頭! ITpro http //itpro.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/COLUMN/20081007/316261/?ST=itproexpo T.Kouya s Webpage 数値計算に関する授業ノートなどが載っている http //na-inet.jp/ Numerical Computation as Software http //na-inet.jp/nasoft/ spring入門 https //www.myeclipseide.jp/modules/contents04/index.php?id=32
https://w.atwiki.jp/pipopipo777/pages/34.html
TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR WHITE PHOSPHORUS -index ▼2 HEALTH EFFECTS ▼▼2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE 2.2.2 Oral Exposure -2 2.2.2 Oral Exposure(2.2.2.0 preface) 2.2.2.1 Death 2.2.2 Oral Exposure -22.2.2.2 Systemic Effects(preface) Respiratory Effects. Cardiovascular Effects. Gastrointestinal Effects. Hematological Effects. Musculoskeletal Effects. Hepatic Effects. Renal Effects. Dermal Effects. Other Systemic Effects. 2.2.2 Oral Exposure -32.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects 2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects 2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects 2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects 2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects 2.2.2.8 Cancer 2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects (preface) Systemic effects of white phosphorus in humans and animals after oral exposure are discussed below. The highest NOAEL value and all reliable LOAEL values from each reliable study for systemic effects in each species and duration category are recorded in Table 2-2 and plotted in Figure 2-2. No studies were located regarding ocular effects in humans or animals after oral exposure to white phosphorus. Respiratory Effects. Studies on respiratory effects following acute oral exposure of humans to white phosphorus were limited to case reports of intentional or accidental consumption of materials containing white phosphorus. Although intake of phosphorus was often reported, dose could be estimated for only one study (Hann and Veale 1910), because vomiting and/or gastric lavage nearly always occurred soon after poisoning, expelling much of the ingested phosphorus from the body. Tachypnea (increased respiratory rate; 48 breaths/minute) was observed in a woman consuming rat poison containing 4% white phosphorus (Hann and Veale 1910); the woman apparently did not vomit until the second day, and the vomitus was clear. The estimated dose was 2 mg/kg. Four days after ingesting the rat poison, the woman died, apparently from liver failure. Autopsy showed that the pleural cavity was filled with a dark fluid, but no histological abnormalities were observed in the lungs (Hann and Veale 1910). In the following studies, no doses could be estimated for respiratory effects because of vomiting and/or gastric lavage. In a case report involving ingestion of rat poison containing white phosphorus, the patient arrived at a hospital in a coma and displayed Cheyne-Stokes respirations and rales (Wechsler and Wechsler 1951). The Cheyne-Stokes respirations increased to an extreme degree, and the patient died. Autopsy revealed pulmonary congestion and edema throughout the stroma. Increased respiratory rate (56 breaths/minute) and rales also were observed in an infant ingesting rat poison containing white phosphorus (Rao and Brown 1974). The child died, and autopsy revealed evidence of pulmonary edema. Rales were observed in a child ingesting a fatal dose of white phosphorus in fireworks; autopsy indicated that the lungs were normal except for some fibrous adhesions (Dwyer and Helwig 1925). Hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia was observed following autopsy of a man ingesting a fatal dose of rat poison containing white phosphorus (Winek et al. 1973). Autopsy of a child who died following ingestion of a firecracker revealed fatty deposition in parenchyma, bronchial epithelium, and tracheal epithelium and cartilage (Humphreys and Halpert 1931). Death from cardiopulmonary failure was reported for a 63-year-old woman (Winek et al. 1973), a 2-year-old boy (Simon and Pickering 1976), and a 3-year-old girl (Simon and Pickering 1976) following ingestion of white phosphorus in rat poison; a respiratory rate of 44 breaths/minute was initially observed in the girl (Simon and Pickering 1976). Increased respiratory rate was observed prior to death in two case reports involving ingestion of rat poison (Talley et al. 1972; Winek et al. 1973). Shallow respirations and cyanosis were observed prior to death in an adult female following ingestion of rat/roach poison containing white phosphorus (Rubitsky and Myerson 1949). Rales were observed 1 day after intentional ingestion of rat poison by a 30-year-old man; 2 days later the patient went into shock but survived the poisoning and eventually recovered (Pietras et al. 1968). No treatment-related respiratory effects were reported in children treated with white phosphorus for intermediate durations. No treatment-related microscopic changes were observed in the lungs of rats exposed to 0.2 mg/kg/day white phosphorus in the diet for a chronic duration (Fleming et al. 1942) or 0.075 mg/kg/day phosphorus by gavage for an intermediate duration (LRDC 1985). Heavy breathing and apnea were reported following ingestion of a fatal quantity of white phosphorus by a cat (Frye and Cucuell969). Necropsy revealed hyperemia, hemorrhage and edema in the lungs. Cardiovascular Effects. Alterations in electrocardiograms, such as altered or inverted T waves and changes in the QRS complex, and other cardiac changes, such as tachycardia, arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, and decreased ventricular contractility, have been observed in individuals accidentally or intentionally ingesting a single dose of white phosphorus (Dathe and Nathan 1946; Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950, 1961; Dwyer and Helwig 1925; Ehrentheil 1957; Matsumoto et al. 1972; McCarron et al. 1981; Newburger et al. 1948; Pietras et al. 1968; Rao and Brown 1974; Simon and Pickering 1976; Talley et al. 1972). Damage to the myocardium was verified by a number of cases in which histological examination of the heart was performed. Prominent cross striations in the myocardium (Dwyer and Helwig 1925), fatty infiltration of muscle (Diaz-Rivera et al. 1961; Humphreys and Halpert 1931; Wertham 1932), necrosis of myocardium (Wechsler and Wechsler 1951), markedly dilated cardiac chamber (Rao and Brown 1974), and interstitial edema of the myocardium and vacuolation of cells (Talley et al. 1972) have been observed. Because of vomiting and gastric lavage, doses cannot be calculated from the human studies. No cardiac effects were reported in longer term human studies. In addition to the effects on the heart, a number of vascular effects have been observed in humans acutely exposed to white phosphorus. A markedly decreased or undetectable blood pressure (Caley and Kellock 1955; Dathe and Nathan 1946; McCarron et al. 1981; Rubitsky and Myerson 1949; Simon and Pickering 1976; Wechsler and Wechsler 1951), vascular collapse (Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950, 1961), undetectable or decreased pulse (Dwyer and Helwig 1925; Rubitsky and Myerson 1949), and increased pulse (Dathe and Nathan 1946; Hann and Veale 1910; McCarron et al. 1981; Wechsler and Wechsler 1951) have been observed. In addition, individuals have died following cardiopulmonary arrest (Simon and Pickering 1976; Winek et al. 1973), which may be due to effects on the heart or vascular system. A dose of 2 mg/kg/day for vascular effects was identified from the Hann and Veale (1910) report of a woman ingesting a single dose of white phosphorus. Dose levels cannot be estimated for the other case reports. Hemorrhaging in internal organs, as well as the appearance of petechial hemorrhages on the skin, have been reported in a number of acute human exposure cases (Hann and Veale 1910; Humphreys and Halpert 1931; Winek et al. 1973). It is not known whether these effects are due to impairment of the integrity of the blood vessels or due to damage of the affected organ (e.g., liver, stomach) itself. In rats administered 0.075 mg/kg/day white phosphorus for an intermediate duration, no histological alterations were observed in the heart (Bio/dynamics 1991; IRDC 1985). In rats exposed for an intermediate duration to an unknown concentration of airborne white phosphorus from the furnace room of a phosphorus factory, an increase in permeability of capillary walls, lesions in the walls of blood vessels and evidence of impaired microcirculation were observed in the mouth (Ruzuddinov and Rys-Uly 1986). These effects probably resulted from the local action of white phosphorus on the oral cavity. Gastrointestinal Effects. Most of the human case reports listed vomiting as an early effect following ingestion of a single high dose of white phosphorus (Caley and Kellock 1955; Dathe and Nathan 1946; Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950; Dwyer and Helwig 1925; Ehrentheil 1957; Fletcher and Galambos 1963; Greenberger et al. 1964; Hann and Veale 1910; Humphreys and Halpert 193 1; Matsumoto et al. 1972; McCarron et al. 1981; McIntosh 1927; Newburger et al. 1948; Pietras et al. 1968; Rubitsky and Myerson 1949; Simon and Pickering 1976; Wechsler and Wechsler 1951; Winek et al. 1973). The doses that induced vomiting ranged from 2 to 23 mg/kg (Caley and Kellock 1955; Ehrentheil 1957; Fletcher and Galambos 1963; Harm and Veale 1910; Matsumoto et al. 1972; McCarron et al. 1981; Newburger et al. 1948; Rubitsky and Myerson 1949). Vomiting generally started within hours after ingesting the white phosphorus, and sometimes continued for many days. Other gastrointestinal effects included abdominal cramps or pain (often severe) (Dwyer and Helwig 1925; Ehrentheil1957; Fletcher and Galambos 1963; Greenberger et al. 1964; Humphreys and Halpert 1931; McCarron et al. 1981; Newburger et al. 1948; Pietras et al. 1968), vomiting blood and/or pieces of the gastric mucosa (Dathe and Nathan 1946; Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950; Rubitsky and Myerson 1949), necrosis and erosion of mucosa in the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and jejunum (Wechsler and Wechsler 1951), and gastrointestinal hemorrhage (Dwyer and Helwig 1925; Hann and Veale 1910; Humphreys and Halpert 1931; Wertham 1932, Winek et al. 1973). These effects, with the exception of necrosis, were probably due to the irritating effects of white phosphorus on the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. Vomitus often contained white phosphorus, indicating that vomiting generally occurred before all white phosphorus and/or its oxidation products had been absorbed. No gastrointestinal effects were reported in children receiving treatment with 0.026-0.158 mg/kg/day white phosphorus for as much as 26 months (Phemister 1918; Compere 1930a). An infant became seriously ill during treatment with 0.083 mg/kg/day white phosphorus (6-month time-weighted average dose), but recovered entirely following discontinuation of the treatment (Sontag 1938). No vomiting or diarrhea was observed during the treatment period. Gastrointestinal effects were not reported in studies examining longer term occupational exposure to white phosphorus (Heimann 1946; Hughes et al. 1962; Kennon and Hallam 1944; Ward 1928). Erosion and hemorrhages in tissue in the esophagus and stomach were observed following ingestion of a fatal unknown quantity of white phosphorus by a cat (Frye and Cucuel 1969). Vomiting was observed in 6 of 21 dogs treated by gavage with an unknown quantity of white phosphorus from firecrackers (Dwyer and Helwig 1925). No gross or microscopic alterations were observed in the gastrointestinal tract of rats treated by gavage with 0.075 mg/kg/day for 204 days (IRDC 1985). Hematological Effects. Hematological effects have been reported in a number of case histories of individuals accidentally or intentionally ingesting a single dose of white phosphorus contained in rat (and cockroach) poisons or fireworks. Because most of the individuals vomited or received gastric lavage shortly after ingestion, the amount of white phosphorus available for absorption is not known. Increases in erythrocyte levels (Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950) and hemoglobin levels (Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950; McIntosh 1927); decreases in erythrocyte levels (Dwyer and Helwig 1925) and hemoglobin and/or hematocrit levels (Simon and Pickering 1973); and anemia (Caley and Kellock 1955) have been observed in some of these individuals. A number of individuals had no change in erythrocyte parameters (Ehrentheil 1957; Fletcher and Galambos 1963; Newburger et al. 1948; Simon and Pickering 1976). The decreases in erythrocyte parameters may be a reflection of the hemorrhages observed in specific tissues (e.g., gastrointestinal tract, liver, skin) (Dathe and Nathan 1946; Hann and Veale 1910; Humphreys and Halpert 1931; Wechsler and Wechsler 1951; Winek et al. 1973). In addition to these changes in erythrocyte parameters, changes in total or differential leukocyte levels were reported in a number of individuals acutely exposed to white phosphorus. Decreases in total leukocyte levels (Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950; Ehrentbeil 1957; Fletcher and Galambos 1963; McCarron et al. 1981; Newburger et al. 1948; Pietras et al. 1968) and decreases or increases in the percentage of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) have been reported (Ehrentheil 1957; McCarron et al. 1981; Pietras et al. 1968). No changes in leukocyte parameters were observed in a number of individuals (Fletcher and Galambos 1963; Newburger et al. 1948; Simon and Pickering 1976). Abnormally low protbrombin times or levels (hypo-prothrombinemia) and a moderate decrease in platelets were observed in a number of individuals ingesting single doses of white phosphorus (Caley and Kellock 1955; Dathe and Nathan 1946; Ehrentheil 1957; Fletcher and Galambos 1963; McCarron et al 1981). Most of the patients developed hypoprothrombinemia within 4-8 days (McCarron et al. 1981). This is probably secondary to the liver damage rather than a direct effect on platelets. No changes in hematological parameters were observed in a child ingesting phosphorized cod liver oil (0.083 mg/kg/day phosphorus) for 184 days (Sontag 1938). Anemia and leukopenia were observed in individuals occupationally exposed to white phosphorus chronically (Ward 1928). It is likely that workers were exposed by the inhalation, oral, and dermal routes. Because there is very little consistency regarding the length of time that elapsed between ingestion and measurement of hematological parameters and the doses cannot be calculated, it is difficult to compare the results of different studies. There is insufficient information to determine whether white phosphorus has a direct effect on erythrocytes and/or leukocytes. The effects observed may be secondary effects. The decrease in erythrocyte, hemoglobin, hematocrit and leukocyte levels may be secondary to hemorrhaging or hematoemesis (Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950; Rubitsky and Myerson 1949) and the increase in erythrocytes and hemoglobin may be a compensatory mechanism due to tissue anoxia. However, since red blood cell synthesis takes 3-5 days, the observed effects may be direct if they are occurring within l-2 days. A slight decrease in hemoglobin levels and increase in eosinophil levels were observed in a 30-year-old man who performed magic shows that involved placing white phosphorus pellets in the mucobuccal folds of his mouth for 15 years. He had no other personal habits that might adversely affect his health except for occasional bidi smoking for about 8 years (Jakhi et al. 1983). Information on hematological effects in animals is limited to one study in which a marked increase in total leukocyte levels and the percentage of monocytes were observed in a guinea pig acutely exposed to 0.9-2.4 mg/kg/day of white phosphorus in a complex dosing regimen (Lawrence and Huffman 1929). The study authors did not specify at which doses the effects occurred. Musculoskeletal Effects. Following ingestion of a fatal dose of rat poison containing white phosphorus by a woman, autopsy revealed fatty infiltration of essentially all tissues, including the musculature (Wertham 1932). Similar effects were reported following the death of a male child who accidentally ingested a firecracker containing white phosphorus; autopsy revealed fatty deposition in many tissues, included the diaphragmic muscle (Humphreys and Halpert 1931). Humans occupationally exposed to white phosphorus probably ingested some airborne white phosphorus. In a study of 71 humans occupationally exposed to white phosphorus, oral exposure to white phosphorus via hand-to-mouth activity was likely because the workers constantly handled a paste containing 4-6% white phosphorus and washroom facilities were inadequate (Ward 1928). In workers exposed to white phosphorus for intermediate durations, 2 of 44 developed phossy jaw, described as slight necrosis in the lower jaw. In workers exposed to white phosphorus for chronic durations, 12 of 27 developed phossy jaw, with necrosis ranging from slight to severe; 2 of the 12 workers developing phossy jaw died from complications related to the necrosis. The progression of the disease was similar in the cases described, usually beginning with the extraction of one or more teeth, poor healing of the socket, followed by necrosis of tissue in the jaw with severe pain and infection. Treatment consisted of repeated removal of destroyed bone tissue and teeth, draining of abscesses, and reconstructive surgery. In severe cases, extensive removal of necrotic bone tissue led to permanent disfigurement. However, exposure levels of white phosphorus were not reported (Ward 1928). Case reports of development of phossy jaw following intermediate or chronic occupational exposure to unreported levels of white phosphorus and phosphorus compounds describe a similar progression of symptoms, with similar results; even in cases of early diagnosis and prompt, intensive treatment of phossy jaw, recovery often took several years (Heimann 1946; Hughes et al. 1962; Kennon and Hallam 1944). It is likely that the effect of white phosphorus in the oral cavity is local, resulting from contact of “inhaled”white phosphorus particles with tissue in the mouth. White phosphorus may affect the oral mucosa. Dull, red spots in the oral mucosa, an early sign of phossy jaw, have been reported to precede its development in occupationally exposed workers (Kennon and Hallam 1944). The oral mucosa of workers exposed to white phosphorus has been described as having a dull, red, unhealthy appearance (Hughes et al. 1962). Exposed bones may be especially susceptible to the irritating affects of white phosphorus. It is not known whether white phosphorus ingested and absorbed into the systemic circulation contributed to the development of phossy jaw. Not all workers exposed to white phosphorus for longer-term durations developed phossy jaw. In a study of 71 workers exposed to airborne white phosphorus for intermediate or chronic durations, 4.5% and 44%, respectively, developed phossy jaw (Ward 1928). Forty-eight male workers with exposure to white phosphorus ranging from 1 to 17 years were found to be normal and healthy with regards to many parameters, including serum levels of calcium and phosphorus, and bone density; none of the men developed phossy jaw (Hughes et al. 1962). Tooth loss often precedes and accompanies the progression of development of phossy jaw (Heimann 1946; Hughes et al. 1962; Kennon and Hallam 1944; Ward 1928). Tooth loss during the later stages of phossy jaw clearly results from destruction of the-bone structure supporting the teeth (Heimann 1946; Hughes et al. 1962; Kennon and Hallam 1944; Legge 1920; Ward 1928). It is not known if tooth loss prior to diagnosis of phossy jaw or early in the development of the condition is related to the white phosphorus exposure. Poor dental hygiene alone can result in tooth loss, and in several case reports some of the workers were described as having poor dental hygiene (Kennon and Hallam 1944). Tooth loss followed by poor healing of the socket often precedes development of the necrosis (Heimann 1946; Hughes et al. 1962; Kennon and Hallam 1944; Ward 1928), suggesting that poor dental hygiene and exposure to white phosphorus may both be contributing factors to the development of phossy jaw. In a case report, five men developed “precursor signs” (delayed healing of extracted tooth sites and residual sepsis) of phossy jaw developed following tooth extraction and occupational exposure to white phosphorus (Hughes et al. 1962). However, the condition did not develop into “classical” phossy jaw. A man was repeatedly exposed to white phosphorus pellets, placed in the right mucobuccal cavity for magic shows, for . 15 years (Jakhi et al. 1983). After . 14.5 years of this type of exposure to white phosphorus, right maxillary molars became loose, and were subsequently lost. This was followed by a lack of healing and development of fistulae in the sockets of the right maxillary molars. White phosphorus necrosis of the jaw developed, with massive necrosis of the maxilla and floor of the antrum on the right side of the mouth; perforations were present through which the maxillary sinus and nasal cavity were visible. No effects were observed on the left side of the maxilla or on the mandible. Radiographs revealed no evidence of pathology in the chest and long bones. The damage to the jaw was probably caused by direct local contact of phosphorus with the soft tissue and bone in the oral cavity. No microscopic or histological abnormalities were observed in the bone of rats treated by gavage with 0.075 mg/kg/day for 204 days (IRDC 1985). Rats exposed for a chronic duration to 0.2 mg/kg/day white phosphorus in the diet had epiphyseal line thickening and greater extension of trabeculae into the diaphysis of unspecified bones, compared to a control group (Fleming et al. 1942). This study is limited by the failure to specify incidences of effects at interval during dosing and by the failure to state the dosing duration explicitly. Bone effects were observed in children (Compere 1930a; Phemister 1918; Sontag 1938) and young animals (Adams 1938a, 1938b; Adams and Sarnat 1940; Whalen et al. 1973) following acute and intermediate oral exposure to white phosphorus. Because white phosphorus-related effects were observed in growing bones, these effects were considered developmental effects, and are discussed in. Section 2.2.2.6. Hepatic Effects. Hepatic effects have been observed in most individuals accidentally or intentionally ingesting a single dose of white phosphorus. These effects include jaundice (Caley and Kellock 1955; Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950, 1961; Ehrentheil 1957; Greenberger et al. 1964; Humphreys and Halpert 1931; McCarron et al. 1981), hepatomegaly (Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950; Fletcher and Galambos 1963; Humphreys and Halpert 1931; Rao and Brown 1974; Simon and Pickering 1976; Wechsler and Wechsler 1951), increased levels of serum bilirubin (Caley and Kellock 1955; Fletcher and Galambos 1963; McCarron et al. 1981; Pietras et al. 1968), impaired liver function test results (Fletcher and Galambos 1963; Newburger et al. 1948; Pietras et al. 1968; Rubitsky and Myerson 1949), and increases in AST, ALT, and/or lactate dehydrogenase (Ehrentheil 1957; Matsumoto et al. 1972; McCarron et al. 1981; Pietras et al. 1968). In addition to these effects, autopsies or liver biopsies have revealed a number of histological alterations in these individuals. Necrosis (Fletcher and Galambos 1963; Rao and Brown 1974; Wechsler and Wechsler 1951), degeneration (Dwyer and Helwig 1925; Greenberger et al. 1964; Wechsler and Wechsler 1951), fibrosis (Greenberger et al. 1964), hemorrhages (Wechsler and Wechsler 1951), and fatty infiltration (Dwyer and Helwig 1925; Hann and Veale 1910; Humphreys and Halpert 1931; Wertham 1932) have been observed in the liver. In addition to these effects, altered prothrombin time or level has been observed in a number of individuals ingesting a single dose of white phosphorus (Caley and Kellock 1955; Dathe and Nathan 1946; Ehrentheill957; Fletcher and Galambos 1963; McCarron et al. 1981). Prothrombin and other plasma proteins that are required for the efficient progression and regulation of blood coagulation are primarily synthesized in the liver. A deficiency of these proteins is often observed in individuals with severe liver disease. A prolongation of prothrombin time is in part due to this impaired synthesis. Liver function tests were normal in workers chronically exposed to unreported levels of airborne phosphorus (Hughes et al. 1962). Similar hepatic alterations have been observed in animals acutely exposed to white phosphorus. Increases in AST and ALT levels (Paradisi et al. 1984), impaired liver function tests (Ghoshal et al. 1969; Hurwitz 1972; Sigal et al. 1954) increased liver weight (Ghoshal et al. 1969; Seakins and Robinson 1964), increased hepatic triglyceride levels (Ghoshal et al. 1969; Pani et al. 1972; Paradisi et al. 1984; Seakins and Robinson 1964), decreased protein synthesis (Barker et al. 1963; Seakins and Robinson 1964), disaggregation of polyribosomes (Pani et al. 1972), fatty degeneration (Ghoshal et al. 1969) and necrosis (Ghoshal et al. 1969) have been observed. No NOAEL values for hepatic effects following acute animal exposure were identified. In rats, the LOAEL value for liver effects was 6 mg/kg (Barker et al. 1963); in mice it was 5 mgkglday (Hurwitz 1972); and in dogs it was 0.2 mg/kg/day (Sigal et al. 1954). The liver effects occurred shortly after dosing; 3 hours after dosing, a significant decrease in protein synthesis was observed in the liver (Barker et al. 1963), minimal hepatocytic fatty changes were observed after 4 hours (Ghoshal et al. 1969), and severe hepatocytic fatty changes were observed after 12 hours (Ghoshal et al. 1969). The following hepatic effects have been observed in animals orally exposed for an intermediate duration fatty infiltration in guinea pigs exposed to 0.75 mg/kg/day (Ashbum et al. 1948), presence of eosinophilic granules at 0.25 mg/kg/day and cirrhosis at 0.66 mg/kg/day in rabbits and guinea pigs (Mallory 1933), and fibrosis and cirrhosis in pigs exposed to 0.6 mg/kg for 5 days/week (Peterson et al. 1991). In the Peterson et al. (1991) study, no liver effects were observed after 4 weeks of exposure; after 8 weeks, there were early signs of fibrosis, and after 12 weeks, extensive fibrosis was observed. Exposure to 0.075 mg/kg/day for an intermediate duration resulted in slight-to-moderate liver necrosis in dying pregnant rats (Bio/dynamics 1991), but no hepatic effects in the surviving pregnant rats or in male rats (Bio/dynamics 1991). In another reproduction study, liver effects were not observed in dying pregnant rats exposed to 0.075 mg/kg/day (IRDC 1985). Both studies used similar exposure protocols and similar vehicles; the difference in the occurrence of liver damage between the studies cannot be explained. Renal Effects. Evidence of severe renal effects have been observed in a number of individuals intentionally or accidentally ingesting a single dose of white phosphorus contained in rat (or roach) poison or fireworks. Proteinuria (Matsumoto et al. 1972; Pietras et al. 1968; Rao and Brown 1974), albuminuria (Dathe and Nathan 1946; Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950; Dwyer and Helwig 1925; Fletcher and Galambos 1963; McCarron et al. 1981; Rubitsky and Myerson 1949), acetonuria (Pietras et al. 1968), increased urobilinogen (Matsumoto et al. 1972), oliguria (Dathe and Nathan 1946; McCarron et al. 1981; Rao and Brown 1974), increased blood levels of urea and/or nitrogen (Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950, 1961; McCarron et al. 1981; Newburger et al. 1948; Pietras et al. 1968; Rao and Brown 1974; Rubitsky and Myerson 1949), and increased blood creatinine levels (Dathe and Nathan 1946; McCarron et al. 1981) have been observed in these individuals. Renal insufficiency may be due to a direct toxic effect of phosphorus on the kidneys or to acute renal tubular necrosis from fluid loss and shock. Patients in shock may have a peculiar pallor and cyanosis. These probably reflect extensive cellular damage with poor perfusion of the capillary beds, and are a prognostic sign of serious health effects (Melamon et al. 1981). Several case reports have reported no alterations in kidney function (Ehrentheil 1957; Fletcher and Galambos 1963; Greenberger et al. 1964; Simon and Pickering 1976). Histological alterations have also been observed in a number of humans ingesting a single dose of white phosphorus. Fatty changes in the tubules and loop of Henle (Dwyer and Helwig 1925; Humphreys and Halpert 1931; Wertham 1932) and engorged glomeruli and intratubular capillaries (Wechsler and Wechsler 1951) have been observed. Because most individuals vomited shortly after ingesting the white phosphorus or were lavaged, accurate doses cannot be calculated except for one study (Harm and Veale 1910). Histological alterations in the kidney were observed in an individual ingesting 2 mg/kg/day, but the lesion was not described. Creatinine levels were similar among unexposed workers and workers exposed to white phosphorus for chronic durations (Hughes et al. 1962). In animals, fatty infiltration in the nephron and subcapsular hemorrhages were observed in dogs acutely exposed to an unspecified amount of white phosphorus (Dwyer and Helwig 1925). No renal effects were observed in rats exposed to 0.075 mg/kg/day for an intermediate duration (Bio/dynamics 1991; IRDC 1985). No chronic exposure animal studies examining renal effects were located. Dermal Effects. Transient toxic dermatitis (described as a scalartiniform rash) developed 9 days after a man ingested a near-fatal dose of rat poison (Dathe and Nathan 1946). Edema of eyelids was reported in a 13-month-old child after ingestion of a fatal dose of white phosphorus (Rao and Brown 1974). Subcutaneous hemorrhages were visible in the left foot in a woman after consumption of 3.9 g of rat poison containing 4% phosphorus (Hann and Veale 1910). The woman died 4 days after the initial poisoning. At this time, an enormous subcutaneous hemorrhage was visible below the waist line. In this case report, the woman apparently did not expel (via vomiting) any of the ingested dose. Thus, it is likely that the ingested dose (2 mg/kg) was representative of the effective dose. Scattered blue-green petechiae were observed on the abdomen of a male child following accidental ingestion of a fatal dose of white phosphorus mixed with other ingredients from a firecracker (Humphreys and Halpert 1931). The dose level in this study could not be determined; the firecracker was a red composition of phosphorus mixed with other ingredients and was thought to contain about 10% phosphorus (Humphreys and Halpert 1931). No studies were located regarding dermal effects in animals after oral exposure to white phosphorus. Other Systemic Effects. A number of other systemic effects have been observed in humans ingesting a single dose of white phosphorus. The effects that are observed most consistently are hypoglycemia (Diaz-Rivera et al. 1950; McCarron et al. 1981; McIntosh 1927; Wechsler and Wechsler 1951), an increase in body temperature (mild pyrexia or fever) (Dathe and Nathan 1946; McIntosh 1927), and a decrease in plasma calcium, potassium, and/or sodium levels (Caley and Kellock 1955; McCarron et al. 1981; Rao and Brown 1974). It is unclear whether the fever seen is a symptom of phosphorus poisoning or a result of the treatment involved. In addition to these effects, metabolic acidosis (Rao and Brown 1974), hypothermia (Simon and Pickering 1976), damage to the spleen (Greenberger et al. 1964), ascites (Fletcher and Galambos 1963), fatty infiltration of the pancreas (Humphreys and Halpert 193 l), and necrosis of the adrenal medulla and cortex (Wechsler and Wechsler 1951) have been observed. In a child ingesting 0.083 mg/kg/day white phosphorus for an intermediate duration, decreased appetite, impaired body weight gain, and poor turgor (fullness or tension produced by the fluid content of blood vessels, capillaries, and cells) were observed (Sontag 1938). Serum glucose levels were decreased in workers occupationally exposed to white phosphorus for a chronic duration. It is likely that the workers were exposed by the inhalation, oral, and dermal routes (Ward 1928). In dogs acutely exposed to an unspecified amount of white phosphorus, hypoglycemia was observed (Williamson and Mann 1923). Rats received intermittent exposure to the atmosphere in the furnace room of a phosphorus factory for 14 months (Ruzuddinov and Rys-Uly 1986). Histology of rats killed monthly revealed progressive morphological degeneration of the tongue and oral mucosa of the cheek, gum, and hard palate. Epithelium and connective tissue from different parts of the oral cavity responded similarly to the treatment. Changes in the epithelial layer, observed after only 1 month of exposure, included increases in keratinization and numbers of cell layers, resulting in thickening and hyperkeratosis in the epithelium of the mucosa. Over time, the thickening and hyperkeratosis in the epithelium increased and histological changes were observed in the subepithelial connective tissue base. Eventually, the oral cavity contained areas of thickening of the mucosa from hyperkeratosis and increased epithelial cell layers interspersed with areas of decreased thickness of the epithelial layer due to atrophy, dystrophy, and cellular necrosis. At this time, adverse changes in the subepithelial connective tissue were considered pronounced. These effects occurred in most of the animals exposed to the atmosphere. It is likely that the observed effects of phosphorus on the oral cavity were local rather than systemic, resulting from direct contact of white phosphorus with tissues in the mouth. The study presented essentially no quantitative data, and the types and exposure levels of chemicals in the atmosphere (thought to contain elementary phosphorus and its inorganic compounds) were not reported (Ruzuddinov and Rys-Uly 1986). 2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE
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Building Meshes from Tracker Positions トラッカーポジションからのメッシュ作成 訳者注)簡単に手順を記載すると、 ①パースペクティブビューに移動 ②右クリックしてLock to current camera(カレントのカメラにロック Key:L) 映像が出る ③メッシュ(ポリゴン)化したいトラッカーを選択3つ以上(右クリックLasso Trackers (投げ縄選択)が便利) ④トラッカー選択状態で右クリックしてMesh Operations/Convert to Mesh(メッシュ操作→メッシュへコンバート) トラッカーに丸いマークが付きメッシュになります。 ⑤再度右クリックしてMesh Operations/Triangulate(トライアングル化) ポリゴン が貼られます。 ⑥再度右クリックしてSet as Edit Mesh(編集メッシュとしてセット) objとしてエクスポートすることでCGアプリにもっていくことができます。 ポリゴン化は以上でOKですが、カメラマッピングも実施できます。 ⑦再度右クリックしてTexturing/Frozen Front Projection(テクスチャ→フロントプロジェクションを固定) Frozen Front Projectionの場合はそのフレームの映像が固定でマッピング Texturing/Rolling Front Projection.を選んだ場合は動画をマッピングされます。 モデルが厳密ならば3Dでバレ消しができそうです。 (以下本文) It can be useful to be able to build a mesh from the solved tracker positions. Meshes can serve to catch or cast shadows, act as front-projection targets, etc. in your compositing or animation package, and these applications can be previewed within SynthEyes. The perspective window allows you to do so. You may want to increase the mesh density with the Track menu sAdd many trackers dialog, rapidly creating additional trackers after an initial auto-track and solve has been performed. At any time, SynthEyes can have an Edit Mesh, which is different than a normally-selected mesh object. The Edit Mesh has its vertices and facets exposed for editing. If, in the perspective view, you select a cylinder, for example, and hit clickSet as Edit Meshon the right-click menu, you’ll see the vertices. Right-click the Lasso Vertices mode and lasso-select some vertices, then right-click Mesh Operations/Delete selected faces, and you’ve knocked a hole in the cylinder. Right-click the Navigate mode. トラッカー位置からのメッシュ構築 解析されたトラッカー位置からメッシュを構築することは、役に立つことがありえます。 メッシュは合成することまたはアニメーション・パッケージでキャッチまたはキャストに影、フロント・プロジェクション・ターゲットとしての行為、その他を役目を果たすことができます、そして、これらのアプリケーションはSynthEyes.の中で内覧されることができます パースペクティブ・ウインドウは、そうするのを許可します。 トラックmenu sAdd多数トラッカー・ダイアログでメッシュ密度を上昇させたいかもしれません、最初のオートトラッキングと解析が実行されたあと、速く追加されたトラッカーを作製する。 いつでも、SynthEyesは編集メッシュを持つことができます。そして、それは通常選択されたメッシュ・オブジェクトとは異なります。 編集メッシュは、編集のために露出するその頂点と側面を持ちます。 パースペクティブ・ビューで、たとえば、シリンダーを選択して、編集MeshonとしてのclickSetに右クリック・メニューをぶつけるならば、fllは頂点を見ます。 投げ縄頂点モードを右クリックして、一部の頂点を投げ縄選択してください、そして、右クリック・メッシュ・オペレーション/Deleteは顔を選択しました、そして、穴をシリンダーにあけました。 右クリック・ナビゲート・モード。 Example Ground Reconstruction Next, with the solvedflyover_auto.snishot open and the perspective window open, right-clickLock to current camera(keyboard L), click anywhere to deselect everything, then right-click Set Edit Mesh andMesh Operations/Convert to Mesh. All the trackers now are vertices in a new edit mesh. (If you had selected a group of trackers, only those trackers would have been converted.) Rewind to the beginning of the shot (shift-A), and right-clickMesh Operations/Triangulate. Right click unlock from camera. Click one of the vertices (not trackers) near the center, then control-middle-drag to rotate around the new mesh. Note that the triangulation occurs with respect to a particular point of view; a top-down view is preferable to a side-on one which will probably have an interdigitated structure rather than what you likely want. Lock the view back to the camera. Click on the tracker mesh to select it. Select the 3-D control panel and click Catch Shadows. Select Cylinder as the object-creation type on the 3-D panel, and create a cylinder in the middle of the mesh object (it will be created on the ground plane). You will see the shadow on the tracker mesh. Use the cylinder s handles to drag it around and the shadow will move across the mesh appropriately. For more fun, right-click Place mode and move the cylinder around on the mesh. In your 3-D application, you will probably want to subdivide the mesh to a smoother form, unless you already have many trackers. A smoother mesh will prevent shadows from showing sharp bends due to the underlying mesh. 例: 次に、開いた解析されたflyover_auto.sniショットと開いたパースペクティブ・ウインドウで、正常なカレント・カメラにclickLockな地面再建(キーボード:メッシュへのL)、どこでもすべてをはずすクリック、そして右クリック・セットされた編集メッシュandMeshオペレーション/コンバート。 すべてのトラッカーは、さて新しい編集メッシュの頂点です。 (一団のトラッカーを選択したならば、それらのトラッカーだけは変わったでしょう。)ショットを開始することに巻き戻ります(shift-A)、そして、右クリックMesh Operations/Triangulate。 正常なクリックは、カメラからロックを外します。 センターの近くの頂点(トラッカーでない)の1つ、そして新しいメッシュのまわりを回転する調節-中央の-ドラッグをクリックしてください。 三角測量が特定の見解に関して起こることに注意が必要です; トップダウン・ビューは、多分、たぶん望むものよりもむしろinterdigitatedされた構造を持つだろう側面の1つより好ましいです。 カメラへビューをロックしてください。 それを選択するために、トラッカー・メッシュをクリックしてください。 3Dの調節パネルを選択して、キャッチ影をクリックしてください。 3Dのパネルのオブジェクト-作成タイプとしてシリンダーを選択してください、そして、メッシュ・オブジェクト(それは、地面平面でつくられます)の最中にシリンダーを作製してください。 トラッカーの影がかみ合うのを見ます。 それをまわりに引くために、シリンダーのハンドルを使用してください、そして、影は適切にメッシュを横切ります。 より多くの楽しみのために、プレース・モードを右クリックして、メッシュの上にシリンダーをまわりに動かしてください。 3Dのアプリケーションでは、すでに多くのトラッカーを持たない限り、多分よりスムーズな形にメッシュを再分割したいでしょう。 よりスムーズなメッシュは、下にあるメッシュのために影に対して示している鋭い曲がり角を妨げます。 Front Projection Next, with the cylinder casting an interesting shadow on an irregular surface, right-clickTexturing/Rolling Front Projection. The mesh apparently disappears, but the irregular shadow remains. This continues even if you scrub through the shot. In short, the image has been “front projected” onto the mesh, so that it appears invisible. But, it continues to serve as a shadow catcher. In this “Rolling Front Projection” mode, new U,V coordinates are being calculated on each frame to match the camera angle, and the current image is being projected, ensuring invisibility. Alternatively, the “Frozen Front Projection” mode calculates U,V coordinates only once, when the mode is applied. Furthermore, the image from that frame continues to be applied for the rest of the frames as well. This kind of configuration is often used for 3-D Fix-It applications where a good frame is used to patch up some other ones, where a truck drives by, for example. Because the image is projected onto a 3-D surface, some parallax can be developed as the shot evolves, often hiding the essentially 2-D nature of the fix. If the mesh geometry is accurate enough, this amounts to texture-mapping it with a live frame. Furthermore, the U,V coordinates of the mesh can be exported and used in other animation software, along with the source-image frame as a texture, in the rare event it does not support camera mapping. フロント・プロジェクション 次に、面白い影を不規則な表面に投げかけているシリンダーで、テクスチャリング/回転フロント・プロジェクションを右クリックしてください。 メッシュは明らかに消えます、しかし、不規則な影は残ります。 たとえショットを通してゆするとしても、これは続けます。 要するに、イメージはメッシュの上の「計画される正面」でした、そのため、それは見えなく見えます。 しかし、影キャッチャーの役目を果たは続けます。 この「回転フロント・プロジェクション」モードでは、新しいU,V座標はカメラアングルにマッチするために各々のフレームで計算されています、そして、カレント・イメージは投影されています。そして、不可視性を確実にします。 あるいは、モードが適用されられるとき、「凍結したフロント・プロジェクション」モードは一度だけU,V座標を計算します。 さらに、そのフレームからのイメージは、同様にフレームの残りの間適用されられるために続けます。 たとえば、トラックが運転できる所で、この種の構成が良いフレームが一部の他のものを修復するのに用いられる3Dの簡単な修理のアプリケーションのためにたいてい使われます。 イメージが3Dの表面に投影されるので、ショットが発展して、一部の視差は生じられることができます、たいていフィックスの基本的に2次元の性質を隠す。 メッシュ・ジオメトリーが十分に正確であるならば、これはライブ・フレームにそれをテクスチャー・マップするようになります。 さらにまた、メッシュのU,V座標はエクスポートされることができます、そして、他のアニメーション・ソフトウェアで使われて、テクスチャーとしてのソース画像フレームに加えて、珍しいイベントではそれはカメラ・マッピングをサポートしません。 Changing Camera Path If you have a well-chosen grid of trackers, you may be able to fly another camera along a similar camera path to the original, with the original imagery re-projected onto the mesh, to produce a new view. Usually you will have to model some parts of the scene fairly carefully, however. トラッカーの精選されたグリッドを持つならば、新しいビューをもたらすために、メッシュの上へ再投影されるオリジナル・イメージで、オリジナルものへの類似したカメラ・パスに沿ってもう一つのカメラを飛ばすことができるかもしれません。 通常、しかし、かなり慎重にシーンの一部の部分をモデル化しなければなりません。 Practical Details In practice, you will want to exercise much finer control over the building of the mesh. The mesh built from the flyover trackers winds up with a lot of bumpiness due to the trees and sparsity of sampling. SynthEyes provides tools for building models more selectively. The convert-to-mesh and triangulate tools operate only on selected trackers or vertices, respectively. Usually you will want to select only a subset of the trackers to triangulate. After doing so, you may find that you want to take out some facets and re-triangulate them differently to better reflect the actual world geometry or your planned use. You can accomplish that by deleting the offending facets (after selecting them by selecting all their vertices), and then selectively re-triangulating. Often an outlying tracker may need to be removed from the mesh, for example, the top of a phone pole that creates a “tent” in an otherwise mostly flat landscape. You can select that vertex, and right-clickRemove and Repair. Removed vertices are not deleted, to give you the opportunity to reconnect them. Use the Delete Unused Vertices operation to finally remove them. Long triangles cause display problems in all animation packages, as interpolation across them does not work accurately. SynthEyes allows you to subdivide facets by placing a vertex at center, and converting the facet to three new ones, or subdivide the edges by putting a vertex at the center of each edge and converting each facet to four new ones. Of course, there may not necessarily be a tracker where you need one to accurately present the geometry. Even if you used auto-tracking, and theAdd many trackersdialog, you will probably want to add additional supervised trackers for particular locations. Use Convert to Mesh to add them to the existing edit mesh. Also, you can add vertices directly using the Add Vertices tool, or move them around with the move tool. Both of these rely on the grid to establish the basic positioning, typically using the Grid menu s Align to Trackers/Vertices option. You can then add vertices on the grid, move them along it, or move them perpendicular to it by shift-dragging. You can move multiple vertices by lasso-selecting them, or shift-clicking them from Move mode. After we get into object tracking, you will see that you can use the mesh construction process to generate starting points for object modeling efforts as well. 実用的な詳細 実際には、メッシュを構築することの上に非常により美しい調節を用いたいです。 低空飛行トラッカーから構築されるメッシュは、サンプリングの木とまばらのために多くの凸凹でゆるみます。 SynthEyesは、ツールをより選択的にモデルを構築するために提供します。 コンバート-メッシュに、トライアングル・ツールは、選択されたトラッカーまたは頂点でだけ、それぞれ作用します。 通常、三角にするトラッカーのサブセットだけを選択したいです。 そうした後に、一部の側面を取り出して、よりよく実際のワールド・ジオメトリーまたは計画的な使用法を反映するために違ってそれらを再三角にしたいとわかるかもしれません。 問題のある側面(すべてのそれらの頂点を選択することによってそれらを選択した後に)を削除して、それから、選択的にre-triangulatingすることによって、それを達成することができます。 たいてい、外部のトラッカーは、メッシュ(たとえば、それ以外は主に、平らな景色で「テント」をつくる電話柱の上部)から取り外される必要があるかもしれません。 その頂点と正しいclickRemoveを選択することができます、そして、修復してください。 それらを再接続するチャンスを与えるために、取り除かれた頂点は、削除されません。 最終的にそれらを取り除くために、Delete使っていない頂点オペレーションを使ってください。 それらの中の挿入が正確に働かないで、長い三角形はすべてのアニメーション・パッケージでディスプレイ問題を引き起こします。 SynthEyesは、センターで頂点を配置して、側面を3つの新しいものに変えることによって側面を再分割するか、各々の端の中央に頂点を置いて、各々の側面を4つの新しいものに変えることによって端を再分割するのを許可します。 もちろん、正確に幾何学を提示するために1つを必要とするトラッカーが、必ずしもいるというわけではないかもしれません。 たとえオート・トラッキングとtheAdd多くのtrackersdialogを使ったとしても、多分特定の位置のために追加された手動トラッカーを加えたいでしょう。 それらを既存の編集メッシュに加えるために、メッシュにコンバートを使ってください。 また、直接追加頂点ツールを使用している頂点を加えることができるか、動きツールでそれらをまわりに動かすことができます。 これらの両方とも基本的な位置決めを行うために格子に頼ります、一般的に格子メニューのものを用いて、トラッカー/頂点オプションに整列してください。 それから格子の上に頂点を加えることができるか、それに沿ってそれらを動かすことができるか、シフトをドラッグすることによって、それら垂直をそれの方へ動かすことができます。 それらを投げ縄選択するか、移動モードからそれらをシフトクリックすることによって、複数の頂点を動かすことができます。 トラッキングしているオブジェクトに入ったあと、同様に効果をモデル化しているオブジェクトのためにスタートしているポイントを生成するためにメッシュ建設プロセスを使用することができるのを見ます。 Depth Maps With a mesh constructed from the tracker positions, you can generate a depth map or movie to feed to 3-D compositing applications. Once you have completed tracking and created the mesh, open the perspective window and begin creating a Preview Movie. Select the Depth channel to be written and select an output file name and format, either an OpenEXR or BMP file sequence (BMPs are OK on a Mac). Unless the output is OpenEXR, you must turn off the RGB data. Click Start, and the depth map sequence will be produced. Note that you may need to manipulate it in your compositing application if that application interprets the depth data differently. デプス・マップ トラッカー位置からメッシュを造って、アプリケーションを3Dに合成することにフィードバックするデプス・マップまたはムービーを生成することができます。 一旦トラッキングを完了して、メッシュを作製するならば、パースペクティブ・ウインドウを開けて、プレビュー・ムービーを作成し始めてください。 デプス・チャンネルを書かれるのに選択して、出力ファイル名とフォーマット(OpenEXRかBMPファイル・シーケンス(BMPは、マッキントッシュの上でOKです))を選択してください。 出力がOpenEXRでない限り、RGBデータをオフにする必要があります。 スタートをクリックしてください、そして、デプス・マップ・シーケンスはもたらされます。 そのアプリケーションが違ってデプス・データを解釈するならば、合成しているアプリケーションでそれを操作する必要あるかもしれないことに注意が必要です。
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開発環境 Microsoft Visual C++ 2010 Express (SP1) 実行環境 Microsoft Windows XP Home Edition (SP3) プロジェクトの種類 Win32 コンソール アプリケーション プロジェクト名 files2 アプリケーションの種類 コンソール アプリケーション 追加のオプション 空のプロジェクト 文字セット Unicode files2.c #include fcntl.h // _O_WTEXT #include io.h // _setmode #include stdio.h // _fileno #include stdlib.h #include tchar.h int files(const _TCHAR *ptcDir); int _tmain() { _TCHAR atcDir[_MAX_PATH]; size_t size; // BOMなしUTF-16LE _setmode(_fileno(stdout), _O_WTEXT); _setmode(_fileno(stderr), _O_WTEXT); _tgetcwd(atcDir, _countof(atcDir)); size = _tcslen(atcDir); if (0 size atcDir[size - 1] != _T( \\ )) { _tcscat_s(atcDir, _countof(atcDir), _T("\\")); } files(atcDir); return 0; } int files(const _TCHAR *ptcDir) { struct _wfinddata_t fi;// fileinfo _TCHAR atcPath[_MAX_PATH]; intptr_t handle; size_t sizeDir; sizeDir = _tcslen(ptcDir); if (_MAX_PATH = sizeDir + 4) { _ftprintf(stderr, _T("error パスが長過ぎます。%d[%s]\n"), sizeDir, ptcDir); return -1; } _stprintf_s(atcPath, _countof(atcPath), _T("%s*.*"), ptcDir); handle = _tfindfirst(atcPath, fi); if (handle == -1) { _ftprintf(stderr, _T("error _tfindfirst[%s]\n"), ptcDir); return -1; } do { if (fi.attrib _A_SUBDIR) { if (!_tcscmp(fi.name, _T(".")) || !_tcscmp(fi.name, _T(".."))) { continue; } if (_MAX_PATH = sizeDir + _tcslen(fi.name) + 1) { _ftprintf(stderr, _T("error パスが長過ぎます。[%s][%s]\n"), ptcDir, fi.name); continue; } _stprintf_s(atcPath, _countof(atcPath), _T("%s%s\\"), ptcDir, fi.name); files(atcPath); } else { _tprintf(_T("%10u %s%s\n"), fi.size, ptcDir, fi.name); } } while (_tfindnext(handle, fi) == 0); _findclose(handle); return 0; }