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Market Scenario The worldwide Banking As A Service Market was anticipated to account for a CAGR of ~25.4% in the forecast period of 2021to 2027. When talking about Banking as a Service (BaaS), it is considered the end-to-end procedure that allows the third parties and financial technology companies to build banking services based on the financial services and infrastructure. Global banking as a service market growth is driving due to the rising usage of financial services like professional counseling, banking, mutual funds, wealth management, stock exchange, insurance, tax/audit consultation, treasury/debt instruments, portfolio management, and capital restructuring across the world. However, banking as a service market growth might experience restraints due to the high cost of adoption for banking as a service technology among various industries. The present market has involved some of the major key players such as PayPal, Green Dot Corporation, Square, SolarisbankAG and others across the world, which is helping the market for banking as a service to thrive in the forecast period. Request a Free Sample @ https //www.marketresearchfuture.com/sample_request/10717 Competitive Outlook The global banking as a service market is characterized by the presence of several regional and local providers. Some of the key players in the global market are Twilio Inc. (US), Braintree (US), BOKU (US), Coinbase Global Inc., Dwolla (US), Zettle (Sweden), Fidor Bank (Germany), GoCardless (UK), Gemalto (Netherlands), Intuit (US), Square Inc. (US), PayPal (US), Prosper Inc. (US), Solaris Bank (Germany), and Moven (US). Segmentation As per the banking as a service market analysis, the market has been classified based on organization size, type, and application. Based on the organizational size segment, the market for banking as a service has been segmented into small and medium enterprises and large enterprises. Among all, the large enterprise segment is estimated to hold the largest market share during the review time frame. On the basis of type segment, the current market has been segregated into Cloud-based Bank-as-a-Service and API-based Bank-as-a-Service. In terms of the application segment, banking as a service has been divided into NBFC, government, and banks. Of these, the bank segment is projected to generate the highest CAGR and register the largest market share in the research period. The neo-banks is projected to generate the second largest market share as it serves their potential customers. Regional Analysis Regionally, the global banking as a service market has studied various regions like South America, Asia-Pacific, North America, the Middle East Africa, Europe, and the rest of the world. Among all, the European market is estimated to hold the highest CAGR in the review period because of the presence of FinTech companies, the increasing demand for financial services, and the rise in the utilization of advanced technologies in the region. Also, this region is registered to be the fastest-growing market in the analysis period. The European regional market for banking as a service covered some important countries like France, the UK, Italy, Germany and others. All these countries have higher use of digital payment systems, financial services, and online banking, enhancing regional market growth. As per the report of Management International Conference 2019, internet banking is used by approximately 51% of adult Europeans. Also, this percentage is growing continuously year by year. Industry News In May 2021, the prominent digital transformation solutions provider for lending and banking known as Q2 had declared its partnership with Moven. This partnership has aimed to provide digital transformation solutions for the lending and banking sectors. Browse Full Report Details @ https //www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/banking-as-a-service-market-10717 Table of Contents 1Executive Summary 2Scope of the Report 2.1Market Definition 2.2Scope of the Study 2.2.1Research objectives 2.2.2Assumptions Limitations 2.3Markets Structure Continued…. View Similar Report** https //ict268262635.wordpress.com/2022/04/06/voice-assistant-market-major-application-third-party-usage-micro-market-pricing-analysis-and-geographical-analysis-forecast-to-2030/ B2B Telecommunication Market https //www.scutify.com/articles/2022-04-12-b2b-telecommunication-market-analysis--geographic-growth-opportunities-for-it-security-and-data- Cash Management System Market https //market-research-future.tribe.so/post/cash-management-system-market-size-receives-a-rapid-boost-in-economy-due-to--625d5382d24f49591bd3befb Learning Management System Market By Application (Corporate, Academics), by Deployment (Cloud, On-Premise), by Service (Administration, Performance Management, Content Management, Communication Collaboration) About Market Research Future At Market Research Future (MRFR), we enable our customers to unravel the complexity of various industries through our Cooked Research Report (CRR), Half-Cooked Research Reports (HCRR), Raw Research Reports (3R), Continuous-Feed Research (CFR), and Market Research Consulting Services. 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【Tags Luka Ryuusei-P tR R】 Original Music Title RIP=RELEASE Music Lyrics written, Voice edited by minato / 流星P(Ryuusei-P) Music arranged by minato / 流星P(Ryuusei-P) Singer 巡音ルカ (Megurine Luka) The song is paired with Len s "SPICE!" Fanmade Promotional Video(s) Click here for the Japanese Lyrics English Lyrics (translated by moire25)： ah- the water from the faucet is flowing Without other sounds or voices ah- Though I knew I would be hurt if I was by your side I couldn t stop it Rather than asking "Where were you?" I should have destroyed everything...! Even tears I shed are always the same My heart would not get used to the pain Say, if I could tear you throat, You would be my own... ah- Still I cannot e believe the words To find out each other s feelings No longer I can hold the quickened heartbeat racing faster...! Even I ask my brain what the answers are My whole body is refusing every one of them Is it okay if I could stand anxieties, frustrations, sorrows and even miseries...? Don t touch my tense string Don t set my expectations with kind words Even if I reach my hand to entreat the proof of being loved You re already not there Even tears I shed are always the same My heart would not get used to the pain I ll tear you throat at once and I ll make everything to be my own... English Lyrics (translated by motokokusanagi2009)： AHH... Ah- Water is flowing From the faucet I can t hear anything But it s sound Ah- I knew you d hurt me Even so, I wanted to be your girlfriend I couldn t keep it bottled up inside me I should have finished off everything Without asking where you were last night! Floods of tears always taste the same My heart gets hurt even worse If I could open your throat You d be mine forever... Ah- You told me many times That you love me But I can never believe what you say I feel my pulse quicken I m about to lose my mind! No matter how hard I ask myself My entire body denies me Of making up my mind completley All I have to do is to bottle up Fears, grief, sorrows, miseries... Any negative feelings towards you? Don t make me more pathetic Cause I m all tensed up Don t make a promise with me If you can t keep it Reaching out for proof of love I find you are not here with me Floods of tears always taste the same My heart gets hurt even worse Let me open your throat right now I want to make you all mine... Singable English Lyrics (by KuroKoe)： Ah~The overflowing waves drop silently with tears I only know one thing, the voices are not real~ Ah~When I was by your side, I felt so obselete That is caused me to cry, I~ Can t stop this passion! Why have you gone out of sight? I can t hear you... It s all fallen slowly apart, what s left, is nothing more! When I try to feel your warmth you simply disappear What can I do to recover this damage to my own heart? My hope for happiness has slowly faded, with my unbeating heart of lonliness, you were so far away... Ah~With you gone from my sight I can t help but to cry~ My tears play melodies, why- Does this feel so empty! Your glance, your smell, your taste, your touch, play in my mind... Am I that replacable to you? Please let me through! When I walk your way, you simply vanish without trace What can I do for you to look at me even with just your glance My love for you is so deep, I want you in my arms, even just for a single moment in time. With my last breath I utter your name with so much despair But I don t hold regret for the time that we used to share I pray you hear my voice reaching towards you, will this be the end? Let s walk towards a new life of solitude~ Up above the sky I sing a melody just for you... Releasing all of my heart into this one simple song We will laugh as we did back when we started this dream, of certainty, you are my whole world and everything to me~ Singable English Lyrics (by crystalchan94 +FlairsFromHell)： Ah~The water is flowing Like tears from my eyes . The only sound I hear Is complete silence. Ah~When I was next to you, my heart was in despair, I honestly did not plan this, I cannot leave your side. Where are you going? I hear you ask, those empty words Now, I know everything was just a big meaningless lie. The tears from my eyes overflow and will not stop for me. Even so I know that in my heart I cannot take this pain. If I could I d grab onto your arm and leave my mark I would because I know that You are mine,you are only mine. Ah~The things you promised me I believed every word But I don t know if I can now If everything s a lie! I feel it beating inside my chest, my shattered heart. Well If things don t change I don t think I can take anymore! Even if I came up with and answer there is nothing I can say. Even If I knew, something inside me would be blocking my feelings. Every word I say to you is fueled by grief and my misery so I Feel this way and try to endure the pain. Please do not try to comfort me with your warm touch because it s fake. Please do not make my heart feel any worse than it is right now. I already tried to love you, I even called out to you, I reached out my hand And I got pushed away. The tears from my eyes overflow and will not stop for me. Even so I know that in my heart I cannot take this pain. I already grabbed onto you arm and left my mark on you because you know that I am yours, only yours. Singable English Lyrics (by diamondenn)： Ah-Flowing in the drainSplashing like the rain The only sound I hear It deafens my ears Ah- If I stay by your sideThere will only be lies But I can t stop the emotions that linger in my mind I m fed up with all the guessing gamesThey ve turned so lame Oh If only I had you chained and tamedWhat a shame...! I don t care if teardrops burn my eyes as they fall for you everytime Cuz it s never close to what my heart feels each time you leave it behind I wish I could strangle you and watch the blood that I love so much drain from your face Then you won t escape my tight embrace...? Ah-Your voice it sounds so faintYet it throbs in my veins I ve heard enough excusesThey re driving me insane My heart beats fast as I learn my fate, it accelerates OhSo worn out by the enormous weightOf love and hate...! What if I knew every answer to my questions right there from the start? It s just that my body shuts them out to keep me from falling apart All I have to do is stand the pain, the sadness, anxiety, and aggravation Then maybe my wounds will be undone...? Please don t you pretend to stumble and get tangled in my silver web Don t you speak in honey words and leave me hoping, tear me into shreds I reach out for proof that I was loved but then my fingers grasp the icy air Tell me why, just why won t you be there? I don t care if teardrops burn my eyes as they fall for you everytime Cuz it s never close to what my heart feels each time you leave it behind Oh I d slit your throat right now and watch the blood that I love so much drain from your face Then you won t escape my tight embrace...? Singable English Lyrics (by rockleetist)： Ah, the water pools the ground. Tranquil, yet this sound is all that I can hear. It s resonating. Ah, you ve broken all of me. My heart an injury that you don t care to mend And I m still waiting. I should have been the one to say that it s goodbye and you know why. When I called to say hello to know that you re alright, Where were you last night? Even if you break my heart a million times it all remains the same. I wish I could tell myself somewhere inside I was the one to blame. If I could force you with this voice of mine to truly make you see You ll be the prisoner of this love with me. Ah, you said so many times. Now I see the lies when you said you loved me. You never meant it. Why do I lose control over these thoughts of you? You know I do. Still, I cannot stop the violent pace of my heartbeat whenever we meet. I already knew I was the only one that saw right through your game. Even if I cried everytime you called me by another s name. If I had a choice to take you by the hand and bring you back to me. I would accept your love - embrace this misery. So don t tell me promises that you and I know that you ll never keep. And don t tell me lies when we both know that over you I m losing sleep. Am I crazy for believing that if I could turn back time, I d be the only one and you d be only mine? Even if you break my heart a million times it all remains the same. I wish I could tell myself somewhere inside I was the one to blame. If I could force you with this voice of mine to truly make you see You ll be the prisoner of this love with me. Romaji lyrics (transliterated by moire25)： Ah... nagare te iku jaguchi no mizu sono hoka ni wa koe mo naku Ah... soba ni ire ba kizutsuku koto wakatte ta no ni tomara naku te "Doko ni ita no" nante kiku nara mou subete wo kowashi ta ra yokatta... afure dasu namida wa itsumo onaji demo itami ni wa kokoro ga nare te wa kure nai tatoeba kimi no nodo wo kirisai te shima e ta ra watashi dake no kimi ni... Ah... tashikame au kotoba sae mo shinjiru koto wa deki nai mama kake agaru kodou no hayasa wo mou osaeru koto nante deki nai...! kotae wo watashi no nou ni toi kake te mo zenshin ga sono subete wo koban de iru fuan mo iradachi mo hiai ya mijimesa sae mo taet e ike re ba ii...? haritsume ta watashi no ito ni fure nai de yasashii kotoba de kitai wo sase nai de aisar eta akashi wo motome te te wo nobashi te mo kimi wa mou inaku te afuredasu namida wa itsumo onaji demo itami ni wa kokoro ga nare te wa kure nai ima sugu kimi no nodo wo kirisai te nani mo kamo watashi dake no mono ni... [minato, Ryuusei-P, RyuuseiP]
https://w.atwiki.jp/kumicit/pages/1095.html
Kumicitのコンテンツ 宗教とインテリジェントデザイン 憲法修正第１条は政教分離を定めていないという宗教保守 2010年に共和党連邦上院候補O Donnelは憲法修正第１条は政教分離を定めていないという。 The exchange came in a debate before an audience of legal scholars and law students at Widener University Law School, as O Donnell criticized Democratic nominee Chris Coons position that teaching creationism in public school would violate the First Amendment by promoting religious doctrine. Widener University Law Schoolの法学者および法学部学生を聴衆とするディベートでO Donnell共和党候補が、公立学校で創造論を教えることは憲法修正第１条の定める宗教教義の宣伝にあたるという民主党j候補Chris Coonsの立場を批判した。 Coons said private and parochial schools are free to teach creationism but that "religious doctrine doesn t belong in our public schools." 民主党Coons候補は「私学および教区学校は創造論を教えてもよいが、宗教教義は我々の公立学校では教えてはならない」と述べた。 "Where in the Constitution is the separation of church and state?" O Donnell asked him. O Donnell共和党候補は「憲法のどこに政教分離があるのか」と問うた。 When Coons responded that the First Amendment bars Congress from making laws respecting the establishment of religion, O Donnell asked "You re telling me that s in the First Amendment?" Coons候補が修正第1条は議会が宗教の設立に関する法律をつくることを禁じていると応じたが、O Donnell候補は「それが修正第1条に規定されているとでも？」と問うた。 [ O Donnell questions separation of church, state (2010/10/19) by The Associated Press? http //www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/10/19/odonnell-questions-separation-church-state-senate-debate/]] このような主張は宗教保守での流行のようだ。 This point --that the First Amendment does not call for the separation of church and state --is a favorite among some conservative religious activists who say that proponents of secularism have gone too far in removing religion from the public square. 「憲法修正第１条は政教分離を定めていない」というのは、「世俗主義支持者は公共空間から宗教を除外しようと行き過ぎている」と主張する保守宗教活動家には人気なポイントである。 [ Separation of church and state questioned by Christine O Donnell (2010/10/19) on 44/Washington Post] 同じく2010年には、テキサス州教育委員会委員も同様の発言をしている。 Since January, Republicans on the board have passed more than 100 amendments to the 120-page curriculum standards affecting history, sociology and economics courses from elementary to high school. The standards were proposed by a panel of teachers. ... There are seven members of the conservative bloc on the board, but they are often joined by one of the other three Republicans on crucial votes. There were no historians, sociologists or economists consulted at the meetings, though some members of the conservative bloc held themselves out as experts on certain topics. 2010年1月以降、テキサス州教育委員会(15名構成)の共和党員たちは120ページのカリキュラム基準に、小学校から高校までの歴史・社会・経済に影響する100以上の修正を成立させた。カリキュラム基準は教師たちのパネルで提案されたものである。... 州教育委員会には保守勢力の7名の委員がいるが、重要な議決では、残る3人の共和党委員のうち1人が参加してきた。州教育委員会には歴史学者や社会学者や経済学者など助言者はいないが、保守勢力は特定の話題については専門家を自認している。 “I reject the notion by the left of a constitutional separation of church and state,” said David Bradley, a conservative from Beaumont who works in real estate. “I have $1,000 for the charity of your choice if you can find it in the Constitution.” 不動産業をしているBeaumont選出の保守派David Bradleyは「左翼が憲法に政教分離原則があるという主張を否定する。そんなことが書いてある場所を憲法に見つけたら1000ドルをチャリティに寄付する」と述べた。 [ JAMES C. McKINLEY Jr "Texas Conservatives Win Curriculum Change" (2010/03/12) on NewYork Times] 政教分離原則により、創造論を公教育から排除され、創造科学そしてインテリジェントデザインという偽装も宗教認定されて、同じく政教分離原則により公教育から排除された。この先にできることは、政教分離原則を定める憲法修正第１条を修正すること。 しかし、それは困難とみたのか、憲法修正第１条は政教分離原則を定めていないことにする道を宗教保守は選択し始めているようだ。
https://w.atwiki.jp/nankinjiken/pages/35.html
この英文は南京資料集積所からの転載です、ありがとうございました。 WAR DAMAGE IN THE NANKING AREA December 1937 to March 1938 URBAN AND RURAL SURVEYS By Dr. Lewis S.C.Smythe (Professor of Sociology University of Nanking) AND ASSISTANTS On Behalf of THE NANKING INTERNATIONAL RELIEF COMMITTEE COMPLETED JUNE, 1938 Foreword IN the course of its efforts to aid the impoverished and troubled people of Nanking and adjacent districts, the Nanking International Relief Committee early felt the necessity of discovering with reasonable accuracy their true economic position. What were both the extent and the nature of their losses? How far impaired are their opportunities and abilities for making a living? What supplies of food may be expected from the farms of this area? What are the fundamental deficiencies or obstacles that stand in the way of normal economic effort on the farms and in the city? Such questions were basic to any sound consideration of policy and methods in relief. The only good way to answer them was to go out to seek the facts. The Nanking International Relief Committee here makes known the results of its inquiries primarily for the information of those con- cerned with the practice and the support of relief work in this and other areas; secondarily, for the wider public which is or should be concerned with the ravages of warfare among civilians, in whatever country. Our own position is humanitarian, without regard to the nationality of war victims. In this report we seldom use the terms "Chinese" and "Japanese", and consider persons simply as farmers, housewives or children. The International Committee is aware, however, that statements have been published by Chinese, putting upon the Japanese an exclusive and exaggerated blame for the injuries to the people of the Nanking area; likewise that statements have been published by Japanese, charging the Chinese with burning and looting which they themselves benevolently checked. In order to guard against controversial misuse of the present report, we feel it necessary to make a brief factual statement as to the causation of the injuries listed. The burning in the municipal areas immediately adjoining the walled city of Nanking, and in some of the towns and villages along the southeasterly approaches to Nanking, was done by the Chinese armies as a military measure - whether proper or improper, is not for us to determine. A very small amount of damage to civilian life and pro- perty was done by military operations along the roads from the south- east, and in the four days of moderately severe attack upon the city. Practically all of the burning within the city walls, and a good deal of that in rural areas, was done gradually by the Japanese forces (in Nanking, from December 19, one week after entry, to the beginning I of February). For the period covered in the surveys, most of the looting in the entire area, and practically all of the violence against civilians, was also done by the Japanese forces - whether justifiably or unjustifiably in terms of policy, is not for us to decide. Beginning early in January, there gradually developed looting and robbery by Chinese civilians; and later, particularly after March, the struggle for fuel brought serious structural damage to unoccupied buildings. Also, there has latterly grown up in the rural areas a serious banditry which currently rivals and sometimes surpasses the robbery and violence by Japanese soldiers. In some portions of our report, these elements of causation can be distinguished. From a humanitarian point of view, we venture merely to point out that losses to life and property from actual warfare are shown by these surveys to be one or two per cent of the total. The rest could have been prevented if both sides had wished to give sufficient con- sideration to the welfare of civilians, including reasonable protection by military and civilian police. The International Committee which authorized these surveys had within its membership a trained sociologist, Dr. Lewis S. C. Smythe Professor of Sociology at the University of Nanking, who not only had general experience in survey methods, but also had taken a responsible part in two earlier surveys of calamities in this region. These inquiries were the Economic Survey made on behalf of the National Flood Relief Commission by the Department of Agricultural Economics of the College of Agriculture and Forestry of the University of Nanking (report published by Professor J. Lossing Buck, Director, under the title "The 1931 Flood in China"); and the Survey of the Rural Areas Affected by the Shanghai Hostilities (1932), made at the request of the Minister of Finance by the same Department of Agricultural Economics (unpublished). Both these surveys were for the purpose of ascertaining actual needs as against vague or tendentious reports from local officials. The accomplishment of the present surveys is largely dependent upon the unusual abilities and energies of Dr. Smythe, even though he has not been able to give full time to them while acting both as Treasurer and as Secretary of the International Committee. Full acknowledgment is due to the surveys mentioned above, which were drawn upon both for points of method and for check or com- parison of results. Likewise to the vast survey recently completed under Professor Buck s direction, and reported in his book, Land Utilization in China, with supplementary Atlas and volume of Statistics. M. S. BATES II Contents Page FOREWORD .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. i INTRODUCTION ORGANIZATION AND METHOD .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 I. CITY SURVEY .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 1. Population .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 2. Deaths and Injuries due to Hostilities .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 3. Employment and Earnings .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 4. Losses of Families Remaining in Nanking .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 5. Total Losses of Buildings and Contents .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 II. AGRICULTURAL SURVEY .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17 1. Farm Losses .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17 2. Winter Crops and Spring Seed .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..19 3. The War and Persons .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22 4. Effects of War Farm and City Compared .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 23 III. RESULTS IN BEARING UPON RELIEF NEEDS AND RELIEF PROGRAM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25 IV. APPENDICES A. Further Notes on Organization and Method .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..28 B. Migration of Whole Families .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 30 C. Schedules Used .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 32 V. TABLES .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..37 VI. MAPS 1.Nanking 2.Ningshu Area III List of Tables Table 1. Families Studied and Estimated Population by Section of City 2. Age and Sex Distribution of Population Studied Shown in Percentages 3.Family Composition by Section of the City, Shown in Percentages 4. Number and Cause of Deaths and Injuries, by Date 5. Sex and Age of Deaths, Injuries by Military Violence, and of Persons Taken Away, Shown in Percentages 6. Former Employment and Earnings, by Occupation 7. Present Employment and Earnings 8. Sources of Cereals During Preceding Week, by Section of the City,Shown in Percentages 9. Losses of Buildings and Movable Property for Families Remaining in Nanking, by Cause 10.Losses of Buildings and Movable Property for Families Remaining in Nanking (by Original Address) According to Type of Building, Cause and Section of the City, Shown in Percentages 11.Number of Buildings Damaged or Looted, According to Type of Build- ing Cause and Section of the City, Shown in Percentages 12.Losses of Buildings and Contents, According to Section of the City 13.Losses of Buildings and Contents, by Item and Cause 14.Losses by Damage and Looting of Buildings and Contents Accord- ing to Type of Building, Cause and Section of the City, Shown in Percentages 15. Number of Buildings Damaged or Looted on Main Business Streets, According to Type of Building, and Cause, Shown in Percentages 16.Losses by Damage and Looting of Buildings and Contents on Main Business Streets, According to Cause, Shown in Percentages 17. Population and Cultivated Area of Five Hsien of Ningshu 18. Value of Farm Losses 19. Average Losses per Family 20. Losses of Farm Families with Detail of Items 21. Estimate of Volume of Winter Crops 22. Total Seed Requirements for Spring Planting 23. Migration and Labor Supply 24. Sex and Age of Deaths 25. Number and Causes of Deaths (During 100 Days Covered by Study) 26. Damage to Buildings 27. Losses of Labor Animals 28. Losses of Implements 29. Losses of Stored Grain 30. Area Planted to Winter Crops 31. Percent of Area Planted to Winter Crops Totally Destroyed 32. Expected Per Cent of Normal Winter Crops in Planted Area not Totally Destroyed V INTRODUCTION ORGANIZATION AND METHOD* The International Committee s Surveys were really two, though each of them was compound. The City Survey was essentially an inquiry among families resident in Nanking, supplemented by an investigation of all buildings unoccupied as well as occupied, and also separating for special attention as food-producers the market gardeners who are scattered through three or four sections of the city. The Agricultural Survey was essentially an inquiry among resident farm families, supplemented by a village survey described in Appendix B, and by the listing of significant prices in market towns. 1. Field Procedure. The family investigators in the City Survey in Nanking were instructed to fill out a family schedule for every family in every 50th inhabited house. A "House" was defined as a "house number" even though in some instances there were several apartments or buildings at one number. In March many entrances were barred, and there was some little difficulty in determining which houses were inhabited. Consequently, some may have been passed over. A control map served to check areas skipped. Each man was assigned a specified section on the map to cover and to record the count of house numbers in selecting his 50th inhabited house. The investigators were well received because of the favorable reputation of the Committee but were careful to explain that they came only to inquire about facts and not as the family relief investigators working in the regular service of the Committee. Men who participated in both activities thought very definitely that the Family Survey was much less subject to exaggeration of losses than the relief investigations. The building investigators in the City Survey had two tasks (1) to count every building in the city and indicate whether it had been damaged by military operations, fire or looting; and (2) to make an estimate of the loss on every 10th building. For the purpose a house number was considered a "building", though in some cases it included more than one structure. A well-trained construction engineer worked out unit-cost figures for each of the common types of construction, which greatly facilitated the accuracy of these estimates. Furthermore, of each pair of investigators, one was a contractor. Estimates on loss of contents in uninhabited buildings had to be based on the nature of the building and inquiries from neighbors. A control map located areas overlooked and these were carefully re-done. ____________________________________________________________________ This "Introduction" is written to inform general readers as to how the surveys were conducted. Those interested in technical considerations are referred to Appendix A, "Further Notes on Organization and Method." ― 1 ― Both the family and building investigations covered the whole of the city inside the walls and the areas just outside some of the gates as well. But they did not take in all that formerly comprised the Nanking Municipality, which included Pukow and a number of surrounding small towns. Only certain small areas and scattered individual houses inhabited by the Japanese military or civilians could not be studied. In the Agricultural Survey two investigators were sent out across each of the six hsien armed with passes from three organizations. They were instructed to follow a main road one way and then to return zigzagging across the main road in the form of a figure eight in order to cover the areas back from the main roads. On this circuit they were to secure a village schedule from every third village on their route and in that village fill out one farm schedule for every tenth farm family that had returned to the village. A market town price schedule was to be answered for every market town passed through. 2. Time of Data. The field work for the Agricultural Survey extended from March 8th to 23rd. For the City Survey the family investigation extended from March 9th to April 2nd with supplementary work April 19th to 23rd; the building investigation, from March 15th to June 15th. During the longer period for the building investigation there was little change in contents already lost, but there were some cases in which partial taking away of building materials occurred. Re-building during the period was practically nil. 3. Statistical Procedure. Both in training the investigators and in supervising the tabulation work it was fortunate that an experienced man trained in Agricultural Economics was available as supervisor; and some men who formerly worked in Professor Buck s tabulation department were here to help in that work. In the writing of the report and the interpretation of the results of the survey the Director has had the invaluable cooperation of Dr. M. S. Bates of the University of Nanking whose extensive knowledge of economic history and of conditions in China has thrown additional light on the statistical findings. Both the Agricultural and Family Surveys were based on a sample instead of attempting complete enumeration. Consequently, totals and grand averages are estimates based on results learned in the cases studied. But with the exception of rice seed for Luho, explained in the proper place, the data on which the estimates in the tables are based remain as reported by the investigators. In the Agricultural Survey the average per farm family studied was worked out by hsien and then that average was multiplied by the total number of farm families in each hsien, as given by Professor Buck in his Land Utilization in China. The grand total was secured by adding up the hsien totals and any grand averages were then computed from these totals, thereby giving grand averages weighted according to the number of farm families in each hsien. Although a village schedule was used to get a broader picture of general conditions, all calculations were based on the farm schedule. (See Appendix B.) The totals in the family investigation of the City Survey were calculated by multiplying by 50 the average per family secured from a study of every 50th ― 2 ― inhabited house. Likewise the estimates of loss in the building investigation were computed by multiplying by 10 the total loss secured from a study of every 10th building. In the printed tables, the convenience of the reader has been considered by dropping as many decimal places as possible. All totals are given in round hundreds. 4. Units of Weight, Measurement and Currency The measure of grains and vegetables was a shih tan by weight which is 100 shih chin, or one-half the metric quintal. This is 50 kilograms or 110.23 pounds, which is very close to the English hundredweight (112 lbs.), and is 0.83 of a picul. The mow used for measure of area is the local mow as reported by the farmers; but in calculations the Kiangning mow has been used, as it represents two-fifths of the cultivated area studied. It is equal to 0.06067 hectares. The shih mow (standard mow) referred to on occasion is slightly larger, 0.06667 hectares or one-sixth of an acre. All monetary values in these reports are in Chinese currency. For the period covered in the surveys, the Chinese dollar was practically steady at about $3.40 per United States dollar or $17.00 per British pound. Lewis S. C. Smythe. ― 3 ― I. CITU SURVEY 1.POPOLATION The city of Nanking had before the war a population of just 1,000,000, which was considerably reduced by repeated bombings and latterly by approaching attack and the removal of all Chinese governmental organs. At the time the city fell (December 12-13), its population was between 200,000 and 250,000. The persons reported in our sampling survey in March, multiplied by 50, give 221,150 as the population directly represented by the City Survey. This number was probably 80 to 90 per cent of the total residents at that time, some of whom lived in places not accessible to investigators. (See Note to Table 1 for fuller discussion of population). 27,500 persons were living in refugee camps maintained by the International Committee, 12 per cent of the surveyed population.1 Outside the camps, but within the Safety Zone Area were an additional 68,000 persons, 31 per cent of the total. Some idea of the crowding, the price willingly paid for partial security, is indicated by the fact that 43 per cent of the population, 14 weeks after the fall of the city, was living in an area which had only 4 per cent of the total number of buildings noted in the Survey, and which comprised roughly one-eighth of the total area within the walls. The fact that practically no burning occurred within the Zone was a further advantage, and suggests the generally preferential treatment given to the Zone area as compared with the destruction and violence outside, even though the Zone was not officially recognized by the Japanese authorities.2 ________________________________________________________________________________ 1.At its maximum in the second half of December and in January, this number was 70,000. The reduction was irregularly due to the following causes crowding and discomforts of the camps, though they were generally preferred to the greater dangers and difficulties outside; the need to care for homes and remains of property, whenever there was sufficient security to make the effort worth while; encouragement by the International Committee for return to other parts of the city in every possible case; threats of forcible eviction from the camps as of February 4, fortunately not realized in action, but bringing about much unnecessary suffering and many regrettable incidents. 2. We must here trace the divisions of the city as used for the purpose of the Survey. The Safety Zone Area was bounded by Han Chung Road on the South; by North Chungshan Road from Hsin Chieh K ou past the Drum Tower to Shansi Road, on the east and northeast; by Shansi Road on the north, continued to Sikang Road, which formed the westerly boundary. Within the Safety Zone Area were the Refugee Camps, reported separately. South of the Safety Zone Area lay Cheng Hsi, reaching to Shengchow Road, and bounded on the east by Chungcheng and Chungliwa Roads. The remaining southwest corner of the city was called Men Hsi. The southeastern corner, north to Pai-hsia Road and east to Tungchimen, was considered as Men Tung. The region from Chungcheng Road eastward to the wall was named Cheng Tung. All the remaining northwestern, northern, and northeastern (as far south as East Chungshan Road) sections were considered Cheng Pei. For purposes of the building investigation, Cheng Pei Tung was split off from Cheng Pei; this eastern section of the north City ran from North Chungshan Road to the wall bounded on the north by the Drum Tower and Peichiko. The four sections outside the wall are easily recognized by their names; the Shuihsimen Area extended northward past Hanehungmen. (Sec City Survey map of Nanking.) The family investigators found the area outside Tungchimen deserted. Con- ― 4 ― The average size of family for all sections was 4.7. Outside the wall, the average was 4.0, suggesting the presence of more men without families, or of more broken families. Compare the 1932 figures for 2,027 families in the same portions of Nanking from which many of the present population are derived. They show an average family of 4.34.1 It is probable that in normal times there are more persons detached from their families for reasons of employment. The data on population are given in Table 1. DISTRIBUTION BY SEX AND AGE The March population of Nanking showed clearly the characteristics of a war time population. The present survey reports for all ages, in all sections of the city, a sex ratio of 103.4 (males, to 100 females);2 while the 1932 study showed for all ages 114.5; and in the entire population before the war, there was a very high ratio of males to females, at one time 150. The drop of 9 points in the sex ratio since 1932 is accounted for in part by the withdrawal of males not native to Nanking but formerly working here, and in part by the killings of males in the critical period. Most serious is the acute fall in the ratio for the age-group 15 to 49 years, which roughly represents the productive life of the population; here the decline was from 124 to 111, or 11 per cent. This change presents the fact that a large number of women and children are deprived of men who were the support of the family. If the comparison is carried into narrower age-groups, fluctuations are found because of the fewer cases forming the base for each figure; but the results for the 25 years of young maturity are sufficiently consistent to be startling 15-19 years, 108 now as against 123 in 1932; 20-24 years, 106/124; 25-29 years, 100/128; 30-34 years, 89/123; 35-39 years, 105/123. The decline in the males of productive age is shown in another manner. Of all males in 1932, those 15 to 49 years old were 57 per cent; in the present survey, they were only 49 per cent, a decrease at the rate of 14 per cent, which constitutes a serious economic and social problem. Correspondingly, of all males those over 50 years of age gained from 13 per cent in 1932 to 18 per cent now, an advance of some 30 per- cent. The variations in sex ratios by sections of the city are of some importance. Although the ratio for all sections was 103, for the refugee camps it was only 80, since they were overcrowded with women seeking security; on ________________________________________________________________________________ sequently, it does not occur in the family investigation but is included in the building investigation. The normally crowded sections in the southerly portions of the city (Cheng Hsi, Men Hai, Men Tung), were the first to show a fair degree of recovery from the practically complete depopulation of the critical period. Together they had 81,000 residents, 37 per cent of the total. (By June this number of residents had doubled, according to the City Government records of registration.) The sections thus far named had practically 80 per cent of the total for the city. There were only 8,550 persons in the districts studied outside the wall, which suffered so terribly from the burning by the Chinese army and from violence, and in March were still more dangerous on the whole than the inner city. 1. Smythe, "The Composition of the Chinese Family," Nanking Journal, University of Nanking, November, 1935, v. 5, No. 2, p. 371-393. 2, The May 31 registration figures of the Municipal Government, patently incomplete for females, show 109.4. ― 5 ― the other hand, in the less secure areas the men were relatively much more numerous, as is shown by the ratios for Cheng Pei, 121, the garden group, 150, outside the wall, 144. If we consider the ages for which security was a most acute problem, 15 to 39 years, we find in the refugee camps sex ratios running very low, from 40 to 67 in different five-year units; for the Safety Zone Area, roughly 90; for Cheng Hsi over 150, for outside the wall, well over 200. Thus men were returning first to the more dangerous localities, with old women and children following along more or less closely; but many of the young women remained in places of relative safety. The data on sex and age are given in Table 2. FAMILY COMPOSITION The families remaining in Nanking were classified as "Normal," that is, either husband and wife or husband and wife with children living together; "Broken," man or women with children; and "Non-family," man alone or woman alone. Then each of these three types was repeated "with relatives." The "normal" families were much fewer in proportion to all families than in an earlier study made among Nanking people in more settled times, 1932 now only 4.4 per cent with husband and wife as compared with 9.5; now only 26.2 per cent with husband, wife and children instead of 33.1 per cent. This represents a reduction of these types by one-fourth. A slight increase in "Normal with Relatives" occurred 32.3 per cent as compared with 29.8 per cent in 1932. In other words there is a net loss of normal families amounting to 9.5 per cent of the total families, or one-seventh reduction of normal families. This decline in normal families is largely due to an increase in the broken families, 21.4 per cent as compared with only 12.9 in 1932, or an increase of 8.5 per cent for the four types of broken families. Of that increase 6.9 per cent was in families without a man for support, that is, families consisting of only women with children. This means that the number of broken families was almost doubled. This increase in broken families is more clearly understood when we realize that 14.3 per cent of the members of the families remaining in Nanking had migrated, but only 2.2 per cent of the wives lost husbands by this migration. In addition to these there were 4,400 wives, or 8.9 per cent of the wives, whose husbands had either been killed, injured or taken away. Two-thirds of these were killed or taken away, 6.5 per cent. Or more poignantly, 3,250 children (5 per cent of all children) had their fathers killed, injured or taken away. These broken families could only to a small extent be due to families being divided within the city because only 3 per cent were so reported. The three factors combined of migration, persons killed or taken away, and divided families, broke 11.7 per cent of the families remaining in Nanking, or 5,500 families. Within the city the refugee camps showed a very high figure for broken families, especially in the case of women with children, 13.2 per cent as compared with 6.6 per cent for all sections and with 3.4 per cent in the more normal times of 1932. Fourteen per cent of the families in the refugee camps were women, children and relatives (the latter usually dependent). Altogether, 27.2 per cent of the families in the refugee camps were women with children and in some cases with dependent relatives. In the camps 35 per cent of the ― 6 ― families had a woman as head, while in the remainder of the population only 17 per cent of the families had a woman head. A man or woman alone constituted the family in 14 per cent of the families living outside of the wall, as compared with general figure of 7.4 in 1932. In another 16.3 per cent of the families outside the wall, the family was a man with relatives. For family composition analysis see Table 3. 2. DEATHS AND INJURIES DUE TO HOSTILITIES Number and Cause The figures here reported are for civilians, with the very slight possibility of the inclusion of a few scattered soldiers. The reports made in the Survey indicate that 3,250 were killed by military action under known circumstances. Of those killed 2,400 (74 per cent) were killed by soldiers violence apart from military operations.1 There is reason to expect under-reporting of deaths and violence at the hands of the Japanese soldiers, because of the fear of retaliation from the army of occupation. Indeed, under-reporting is clearly emphasized by the failure to record any violent deaths of young children, although not a few are known to have occurred. Of the 3,100 receiving injuries under known circumstances, 3,050 (98 per cent) were definitely by soldiers violence aside from warfare. There was a noticeable tendency to ignore injuries from which some sort of recovery had been made.2 89 per cent of the deaths and 90 per cent of the injuries by soldiers violence occurred after December 13, when occupation of the city was entirely completed. In addition to those reported killed and injured, 4,200 were taken away under military arrest. Persons seized for temporary carrying or other military labor were seldom so reported. Very few of those here mentioned were heard from in any way up to June. The fate of others gives reason to think that most of them were killed early in the period.3 The figures for persons taken away are undoubtedly incomplete. Indeed, upon the original survey schedules, they were written in under the heading "Circumstances," within the topic of deaths and injuries; and were not called for or expected in the planning of the Survey. Thus they have an unusual ________________________________________________________________________________ 1. "Military operations" is here used for shells, bombs, or bullets fired in battle. 2. Among the injuries reported to our Rehabilitation Commission by the 13,530 families applicants for relief, whom they investigated during March, was rape to the extent of 8 per cent of all females of 16-50 years. This figure is a serious under-statement, since most women who suffered such treatment would not volunteer the information, nor would their male relatives. While raping was such a common matter in December and January, people were much freer in admitting rape than under ordinary circumstances. But by March families were trying to hush up the fact that women in their families had been raped. The matter is mentioned here as illustrating the acute insecurity from which the social and economic life of the city has suffered. 3.The seriousness of "taking away" is underlined by the fact that all so listed are males. Actually many women were taken for shorter or longer service as waitresses, for laundry work, and as prostitutes. But not one of them is listed. ― 7 ― significance, and are more important than the simple figures indicate. Thus, those 4,200 must contribute an important addition to the number killed by soldiers.1 Ignoring many minor cases, the casualties of military operations and the sum of those killed and injured by soldiers violence, and of those taken away, represents 1 person in 23, or 1 in every 5 families. The critical social and economic results of these killings are in part indicated by the following direct calculations from our listings. The number of women whose husbands were killed, injured, or taken away, was 4,400.2 The number of children whose fathers were killed, injured, or taken away, was 3,250. Of the 6,750 persons violently killed and injured, only 900 (or 13 per cent) came to grief through military operations. The data on numbers of deaths and injuries are given in Table 4. DISTRIBUTION BY SEX AND AGE If we analyze by sex and age those who suffered violence or abduction, we find that the per cent of males in the killed and injured was for all ages 64, and reached for ages 30-44 the high percentage of 76. Able-bodied men were under suspicion of being ex-soldiers; many were killed for having callouses on their hands, supposed evidence of carrying rifles. Among the injured females, 65 per cent were between the ages of 15 and 29, although the terms and method of inquiry excluded rape per se. A revealing picture of the tragedy is shown in the relatively large number of persons over 60 years old who were killed by soldiers 28 per cent of all men so killed, and 39 per cent of the women. Elderly people were often the most reluctant to leave their homes in exposed areas, and they were considered in advance to be safe from wanton attack. The men taken away were often accused, at least in form, of being ex-soldiers; or were used as carriers and laborers. Hence it is not surprising to find that 55 per cent of them were between the ages of 15 and 29 years; with another 36 per cent between 30 and 44 years. The data on sex and age of deaths and injuries are given in Table 5. 3. EMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS Former Condition of the Residents Surveyed Among the represented population of 221,000, no less than 58,000 were formerly employed (53,000 men and 5,000 women), equalling 26 per cent of the total population, 33 per cent of persons 10 years and over, 38 per cent of persons 15 years and over. The women (9 per cent of the total formerly ________________________________________________________________________________ 1. A careful estimate from the burials in the city and in areas adjacent to the wall, indicates 12,000 civilians killed by violence. The tens of thousands of unarmed or disarmed soldiers are not considered in these lists. Among1 the 13,530 applicant families investigated during March by the Committee s Rehabilitation Commission, there were reported men taken away equivalent to almost 20 per cent of all males of 16-50 years of age. That would mean for the whole city population 10,860 men. There may well be an element of exaggeration in the statements of applicants for relief; but the majority of the difference between this figure and the 4,200 of the survey report is probably due to the inclusion of cases of detention or forced labor which the men are known to have survived. 2. The 13,530 applicant families investigated by our Rehabilitation Commission during March, reported data which indicate that 14 per cent of all women over 16 were widows. ― 8 ― employed) were chiefly engaged in trade and general labor, secondarily in manufacturing and in domestic service. Of all formerly employed, 34 per cent (20,000) were previously in trade; 18 per cent (10,500) in manufacturing and mechanical industries; 12 per cent (6,500) in domestic and personal service; 10 per cent (5,500) in agriculture; 7 per cent (4,000) in general labor; 6 per cent (3,500) in transportation; 5 per cent (3,000) in "combined shops" (that is, shops which both make and sell articles, and which therefore cannot be assigned exclusively to manufacturing or to trade) ; 3 per cent each (2,000) to public service not elsewhere classified and to professional service; 2 per cent (1,000) to clerical occupations. The average daily earnings of the persons employed were $1.01 for the total. For those in trade, the average reported was $1.20; in manufacturing and mechanical industries, $1.08; in domestic and personal service, $0.96; in agriculture, $0.73; in general labor, $0.34. The average family income was $1.23 per day. The data on former employment are given in Table 6. CURRENT EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME Employment and earnings in March present a dismal picture by contrast with the report of former conditions for the same people. The total employed were 20,500, of whom 950 (less than 5 per cent) were women. The 20,500 constituted 9 per cent of the whole population, 12 per cent of those 10 years and over, 14 per cent of those 15 years and over. Of the total employed, 67 per cent (13,500) were in trade,1 12 per cent (2,500) in agriculture; 5 per cent each (1,000) in manufacturing and mechanical industries, and in domestic and personal service; 4 per cent (1,000) in transportation; 3 per cent each (500) in combined shops and in general labor, less than 1 per cent each in public service not elsewhere classified and in professional service. The average earnings per person per day for the total were $0.32. Those engaged in trade reported $0.31; in agriculture, $0.20; in manufacturing and mechanical industries, $0.45; in transportation, $0.42; on combined shops, $0.22; in general labor, $0.25. The rates of employment were lowest in the refugee camps and in the eastern sections of the city. They were highest among the gardeners, 17 per cent of all ages and 26 per cent of those 15 years and over. Traders were bunched in the Safety Zone, and in Cheng Hsi and Men Hsi, the first districts to open up noticeably; these three areas comprised roughly 40, 20, and 20 per cent of the relatively numerous traders. The Safety Zone still contained 33 per cent of all employed, with the other named areas 15 per cent each. The combined areas outside the wall had less than 5 per cent of all employed, and Cheng Tung less than 4. The data on current employment are given in Table 7. The number of families reporting no earnings was 37,050, or 78 per cent of all families in the city. The number of families reporting income insufficient ____________________________________________________________________ 3.Largely the petty peddling of daily necessities and the roadside selling of the remaining personal possessions of self or others. ― 9 ― to maintain life was 44,650, or 94 per cent of all families.2 Our observation agrees with this picture. Life was continued by the use of buried hoards and other surviving accumulations; which were spread through kinship, friendship, and loans; and were supplemented by organized relief plus irregular releases from military storehouses, chiefly in the form of pay to a comparatively small number of laborers. Comparison of Past and Present March employment was 35 per cent of former employment among the resident population reporting; and earnings of those employed were 32 per cent of former earnings. These two factors give a gross income for all residents equal to 11 per cent of former income. This gloomy figure corresponds to the observation of those who knew the situation closely. Family earnings in March were on the average $0.14 per day, as compared with $1.23 in former times. Prices were low, but not low enough to help the situation greatly. When we compare the groups of the employed, we find that those engaged in trade were two-thirds of the former number, but earnings were only 26 per cent of former earnings; those in agriculture, under one-half, with 27 per cent of former earnings; in domestic and personal service, under one-sixth, with 47 per cent of former income; in manufacturing and mechanical industries, under one-tenth, with 35 per cent of former income; in general labor, under one- eighth, but wages of those employed were 73 per cent of old wages. Public service employment practically disappeared, as did professional service; while clerical occupations literally were not found. Sources of Food At any time the diet of the mass of the people in China is basically cereal. Under the economic conditions of March, that was true a fortiori; for the poorer people had practically nothing in the way of vegetables or oils, much less of meat or fruits. Aside from a handful of families that secured flour, all others were dependent upon rice, normally the major, cereal of this region. Considering all sections of the city, 17 per cent of the people were getting their rice from food kitchens1 (free, or at a nominal charge) ; 64 per cent from small private dealers; 14 per cent from the stores conducted by the Self-Government Committee; 5 per cent from "others," which usually obscured the real source by interposing a friend or a relative. Outside the wall no people could get food from the kitchens, while at the other extreme were 82 per cent of the people in the refugee camps, plainly among the poorest in the city, on the average. In the Safety Zone Area, 17 ____________________________________________________________________ 1. 17 per cent of the population was nearly 38,000. This report on the use of the food kitchens checks very closely with the International Committee s records of feeding some 35,000 persons in late March, though minor corrections are to be made both ways because of other methods of food distribution and other organizations to be considered. 2. The subsistence level was conservatively calculated at $0.26 per family per day. Gamble s How Chinese Families Live in Peiping, p. 326, shows 1.30 shih- tan per month to be the family consumption of cereals from the median group down well toward the bottom of the families studied. Rice in late March sold for $10.63 per bag of 212.25 lb. From these data the figure of $0.26 per day is derived, ignoring fuel, shelter, clothing, or any food save the dominant cereal. ― 10 ― per cent were dependent on the kitchens, and in Cheng Hsi 12; both districts were adjacent to the kitchens that were in operation. The data on sources of food occur in Table 8. 4. LOSSES OF FAMILIES REMAINING IN NANKING Main Items per Family and in Totals The families remaining in Nanking during the war period were in general the poorer groups, though they included many small shop-owners and house owners. A view of their losses shows most specifically the economic condition of resident Nanking people, though it is highly inadequate to indicate the total economic blow that the city suffered, quantitatively or qualitatively. The average losses per family were $838, of which $271 was in buildings and $567 in movables, the latter divided almost equally between movables for economic uses (such as stock for sale, shop equipment, materials for manufacture, machinery and tools), and movables for domestic uses (such as clothing and bedding, household furniture and utensils, cash and jewelry, family food and supplies, and so forth).1 Stocks for sale was a large item, $187 per family; shop equipment, $65. For these elements of the population, losses of machinery and materials for manufacture were relatively small. Clothing and bedding losses were heavy at $115, household furniture and utensils at $110. Food and supplies were listed at only $8, cash and jewelry at $10, indications both of moderate reporting and of the poverty of many of the families. The total losses reported in the family investigation are big enough, though they touch only a relatively poor fraction of the city. Practically $40,000,000 was recorded chiefly in the following items; buildings, 13 millions; stock for sale, 9; shop equipment, 3; for clothing and bedding, 5 millions, as also for furniture and utensils. When the total losses of families remaining in Nanking are analyzed by causes, they show that 2 per cent were due to military operations, 52 to fire, 33 to military looting and 9 to other robbery, with 4 per cent unknown. Fire inflicted almost all the building loss, but only 31 per cent of the loss in movables. Indeed, nearly half the movables lost were taken by soldiers, and a seventh by others. The military robbery comprised over $6,000,000 of movables for economic uses, and nearly $7,000,000 of movables for domestic uses, blows each in its own way disastrous to the daily life of the Nanking population. The data for family losses by main items and cause are given in Table 9. Distribution by Section and by Cause If the total losses $40,000,000 of families resident in Nanking during March are assigned to the districts of the original addresses of those families (where most of the losses occurred), the results are as follows Cheng Tung $12 millions, Men Tung 7, Cheng Hsi 6, Men Hsi and Cheng Pei Tung, each 5; others small. The total losses were divided between business and residence properties as $19 millions against $21 millions. In the more important districts, fire losses were proportionately heaviest in Men Tung, 66 per cent of all losses; in Cheng Tung, 62; and lightest in Cheng Hsi and Men Hsi, 34 and 38 per cent of all losses. The differences in causation of loss for business- and for residential ____________________________________________________________________ 1.All money figures are in Chinese currency ― 11 ― properties were not sharply marked. As might be expected, this population did not share largely in the big fire losses of the main commercial and industrial districts; thus their fire losses in business properties were 21 per cent of all their losses and in all properties; but were greater in residential properties, 30 per cent. The data for family losses by section of city are given in Table 10. 5. TOTAL LOSSES OF BUILDINGS AND CONTENTS Introduction by Count of Buildings The total count of street-numbers is 39,200, of which 30,500 are inside the wall and 8,700 outside. The three crowded areas of Cheng Hsi, Men Hsi, and Men Tung had nearly 60 per cent of the buildings inside the wall (17,700); indeed, 45 per cent of the grand total. Report of destruction or of damage to buildings was made only when the injury was sufficiently obvious from the street to call the attention of the investigator. In a number of specific examples we know of injury that was not recorded, but prefer to leave the figures as moderate as possible. Of all buildings, 2 per cent were destroyed or damaged by military operations; 24 by fire; and additional 63 per cent by looting a total of 89 per cent by all causes, leaving 11 per cent without obvious injury. It must be noted that most of the buildings burned within the city were thoroughly, even systematically stripped of their contents before the burning; and that practically without exception the fortunate 11 per cent were entered by soldiers who robbed to some degree, later followed by civilian thieves in unoccupied buildings. Outside the wall, 62 per cent of the buildings were burned, even 78 per cent in the case of Tungchimen. Inside the wall, the percentage was 13, ranging from 29 in Men Tung down to 0.6 in the Safety Zone and 3.5 in the sparsely built Cheng Pei. Military operations had noticeable effects only in the south and east parts of the city, and in Shuihsimen; though some cases must have been obscured in the areas severely burned. Looting grossly affected 73 per cent of the buildings within the wall, but is reported for only 27 per cent outside the wall, where so much was burned, reaching 34 per cent in Hsiakwan. Inside areas ran as high as 96 per cent for Chen Pei and 85 for Cheng Pei Tung; the only one below 65 was the Safety Zone Area, in which the low report of 9 per cent appears for buildings showing damage by looting. If we turn to consider the damage by all causes according to sections, we find that inside areas averaged 88 per cent of buildings affected, outside areas 90. Cheng Pei reported the dismal figure of 99.2 per cent; and indeed all the inside areas were above 90 save the Safety Zone with 10 and Men Hai with 78. Outside areas touched 99.7 in the case of Tungchimen and 98 in that of Hsiakwan, while Shuihsimen was favored with only 70. The data on count of buildings damaged or looted are given in Table 11. Total Values Destroyed, By Items And Section Of City The building investigation shows a grand total of losses of buildings and contents for all sections of $246,000,000, of which $143 millions were in- ― 12 ― curred outside the walls, and $103 millions inside. The grand total consisted first of 58 per cent movables ($143 millions), in which movables for economic uses were $114 millions, and movables for domestic uses were $29 million; and secondly of 42 per cent buildings, amounting to $103 millions.1 The loss in economic movables was especially heavy outside the walls, amounting to $82 millions there as against $32 millions inside while on the other hand, movables for domestic uses were $23 millions within the walls and only $7 millions outside. Buildings were a little heavier outside, $55 millions against $48 millions. When we analyze specific items in percentages of the grand total, we find that stock for sale was 30 per cent ($74 millions); shop equipment 6 per cent ($16 millions), approximated by machinery and tools with $14 millions; materials for manufacturing were 4 per cent ($10 millions); ricshas were less than 0.1 per cent ($270 thousands). Clothing and bedding accounted for 5 per cent ($11 millions); household furniture and utensils for nearly 4 per cent ($9 millions); family food and supplies for 0.7 per cent ($2 millions) ; cash and jewelry for 0.3 per cent ($700 thousand); bicycles for a little less; "others" for nearly 3 per cent (over $6 millions). Almost all the machinery and tool losses occurred outside the wall, as also most of the material for manufacturing and two-thirds of the shop equipment and stock for sale. In the classification of losses of buildings and contents according to sections of the city, there are a number of points of importance. By far the heaviest total was in Hsiakwan, the largely destroyed center of transportation, storage, and manufacturing $117 millions. Cheng Tung, Men Tung, and Men His ranged from $26 millions down to $20 millions; Tungchimen reported $16 millions and Cheng Pei Tung $14 millions. The smallest total losses were the Safety Zone with $4 millions and the notoriously poor area outside Shuihsimen. Of the $117 millions lost in Hsiakwan, 69 was in economic movables, and 42 in buildings. No other area lost as much as $10 millions in economic movables, though several were above 6. After Hsiakwan, the next heaviest losers in buildings were Cheng Tung and Men Tung, with $13 and 12 millions respectively. The Safety Zone was lowest, with $551 thousands. As might be expected, there was no great concentration of losses in domestic movables, most of the areas ranged from $5 to 2 millions. The data for total values destroyed by items and section of the city are given in Table 12. Causes Of Loss Totals And Main Items Of the grand (or wretched) total of all losses, $246,000,000, one per cent ($3 millions) was due to military operations, which chiefly affected buildings. 67 per cent ($165 millions) was caused by fire, including 97 millions in buildings, 30 millions in stock for sale, 13 millions in machinery and tools, 10 millions in shop equipment. 31 per cent ($75 millions) of all losses were due to robbery, including 41 millions of stock for sale, 9 millions of clothing and bedding, 5 millions of shop equipment. The data on causes of loss are given in Table 13. ____________________________________________________________________ 1. The similarity of these two sets of figures is fortuitous but true. ― 13 ― Losses From Business Properties And Residence Properties Distinguished The total losses of buildings and contents, $246,000,000, were reported as $210 millions from business properties and $36 millions from residence properties. Of the $210 millions of losses incurred by business properties, 131 millions were outside the wall, 110 of them in Hsiakwan and 15 near Tungchimen. Of the $79 millions in business losses inside the wall, 23 occurred in Cheng Tung, 16 each in Men Hsi and Men Tung; 10 in Cheng Pei Tung; the smallest losses of this type were in the Safety Zone Area, $2 millions. The $36 millions lost in residence properties were divided into 24 millions inside and 12 millions outside the wall. Inside there were $6 millions in Men Tung, and 4 each in Men Hsi and Cheng Pei Tung; the other areas ran from 2 to 3. Of the $12 millions in residential losses outside the wall, 7 were in Hsiakwan and 3 in Chunghwamen. If cause is considered, the heavy business losses are classified as follows due to military operations, 1 per cent; to fire, 69 per cent; to looting, 29 per cent. The relatively lighter losses in residential properties were due to these factors military operations, 4 per cent; fire, 59 per cent; looting, 37 per cent. The differences are- explicable in part by the fact that many residences lay close to the gates seriously attacked in the southeast portion of the wall; and, for the more important cause of fire, to the deliberate burning of extensive commercial and industrial sections. The data comparing losses from business and residence properties are given in Table 14. Losses on Main Commercial Streets In order to understand more clearly one aspect of the economic plight of the city not adequately reached by the family or general building investigations, the condition and losses on 8 of the main commercial streets were listed separately for examination (though of course they are included in all general totals, and do not constitute an additional loss). These 8 streets comprised over 2,800 numbers, an average of 350 per street. They lie mainly in the southeast quadrant of the walled city. 2.7 per cent of the buildings were damaged by military operations, 33 per cent by fire, 54 per cent by additional looting (most of the burned stores were casually looted by soldiers, then regularly stripped- by the use of fleets of military trucks); making 89 per cent to suffer from all causes. Considering all causes, Pai Hsia, Chung Hwa, Chien Kang, and Tai Ping Roads were destroyed or damaged to the extent of 97 and 98 per cent of the buildings; the others, 70 to 80 per cent. From the positive side, 11 per cent escaped serious damage. When we consider the individual streets according to the havoc wrought by different methods, we find that military operations were most obvious in Chung Cheng Road (6 per cent of buildings) and in Chung Shan Road (5 per cent), while in some they were insignificant or not reported at all. The percentage of injury by fire was greatest in Tai Ping Road with 68, followed by Chung Hwa and Chien Kang Road with 51 and 47 respectively. Looting in ― 14 ― buildings not burned was naturally the converse of fire injury, since most of the preserved buildings have to be listed as looted. In Tai Ping Road only 27 per cent of the buildings are recorded as looted, as against 76 in Chung Cheng and Chu Chiao Road. The losses of buildings and contents on the 8 main commercial streets within the city reached a figure just short of $50,000,000, of which $47,000,000 was in commercial buildings and their contents. In the report just following, it should be remembered that percentages and differences among the streets are listed in terms of dollars worth of property lost, not in numbers of buildings as in the items of preceding paragraphs. Chung Hwa Road lost most heavily, with $12,500,000, a fourth of the total for the 8 streets; Chung Cheng Road, $11,000,000; Tai Ping Road, $9,000,000; Chung Shan Road, $6,000,000; Chien Kang and Pai Hsia Roads, $4,000,000 each; Sheng Chow Road, $2,000,000; Chu Chiao Road (the southern extension of Tai Ping Road), $1,000,000. If the money losses on the 8 streets are divided by causes, we find 0.7 per cent by military operations, 65 per cent by fire, 28 by additional looting, 6 reported as unknown. When individual streets are considered, Chien Kang Road reported 98 per cent of losses due to fire, Chung Cheng Road 87, Chung Hwa 77, Pai Hsia 69. For additional looting, the streets appear in the converse order, since unburned property is now the subject Chu Chiao Road 72 per cent of losses due to looting, Chung Shan Road 61, Sheng Chow 47, Tai Ping 29. For Tai Ping, Sheng Chow, and Chu Chiao Roads in particular, sizable percentages are recorded as unknown, doubtless a combination of fire and looting, which must be to some extent interfused in all reports under these two headings. The data on losses on main commercial streets are shown in Tables 15 and 16. Losses of Buildings and Contents per Family of Original Residents The weight of total losses may be in part appreciated by an estimate of their extent per family of the original population, which can be calculated with fair approximation.1 In a sense these figures are academic, since they include the few public buildings destroyed and some important institutional properties, while excluding personal, public, and institutional property removed before the taking of the city. Yet they serve both to bring down figures of hundreds of millions to thinkable concreteness, and to correct the misleading impression given by the low reports from the relatively poor families remaining in Nanking, The total loss reports show an average per family of $1,262, of which $527 was in buildings, $582 in economic movables, $152 in domestic movables. The economic movables comprised $377 worth of stock for sale, $80 of shop equipment, $73 of machinery and tools, $51 of materials for manufacture, $1 in ricshas. The domestic movables comprised $58 worth of clothing and bedding, $44 of household furniture and utensils, $9 of family food and supplies, $4 of cash and jewelry, $3 of bicycles. ____________________________________________________________________ 1. We find a close check between direct use of the factors of total loss, population considered, and number of persons per family; and on the other hand loss per house-number divided by our figures of 4.9 families per house-number in the original population considered. ― 15 ― The data on losses per family of original residents are shown in the right hand column of Table 13. Comparison of Losses as Reported from the Family Investigation and the Building Investigation When the losses per family of the original population are compared with the losses of the families remaining in Nanking, it is seen that the buildings are nearly doubled ($527 to $271), and movables for economic uses are actually doubled ($582 to $291), while domestic movables are almost halved ($152 to $276). These reports fairly represent the two situations the total losses for the entire city were a half greater per family of its population than were the loss for the families remaining in Nanking ($1,262 to $838). The city-wide losses included the larger properties of all types commercial, industrial, institutional. On the other hand, many domestic goods were removed by those who migrated; and losses of the domestic goods which they left in Nanking could not be adequately reported. The data for comparison of losses for families remaining in Nanking and for all families in the original population may be found in Tables 9 and 13. ― 16 ― II. AGRICULTURAL SURVEY The Agricultural Survey attempted to cover the Ningshu Area, a natural and historical unit of six hsien grouped around Nanking. Two of the hsien, Kiangpu and Luho, lie north of the Yangtze River; while to the south are Kiangning (in which Nanking is located), Kuyung, Lishui, and Kaoshun. Owing to conditions explained in Appendix A on Organization and Method, Kaoahun and half of Luho could not be investigated in March. The 4.5 hsien included in the survey had at that time a maximum of 1,080,000 farm population, probably 1,200,000 to 1,350,000 before the war. They also included market towns which originally had some 275,000 inhabitants;1 and the city of Nanking, formerly with a million, shrunken to approximately 250,000 in March. Thus the whole population of the 4.5 hsien was roughly a million and a half in March (the people of the market towns, however, do not enter the scope of the Surveys). The land area of the 4.5 hsien is 2,438 sq. m.,2 about that of the State of Delaware or of two fair-sized English counties. Of this area, almost exactly one-third is cultivated, 819 sq. m.2 It is important to note the bulk of Kiangning Hsien in the Agricultural Survey. It comprises 41 per cent of the cultivated area in the 4.5 hsien, and almost the same percentage of the total farm population. 1. FARM LOSSES Extent and Significance The five types of farm losses reported (buildings, labor animals, major farm implements, stored grain, crops destroyed) totalled nearly $41,000,000 in the four and one-half hsien, or $220 per family. It is important to note that the approximate annual income of a farm family in East Central China, as indicated by Buck s figure for the value of all goods consumed per year by an average family, is $289.3 The margin of savings and possible rate of accumulating farm capital are so small that the loss of three-fourths of a year s income is a fearful blow to farm families, both in productive power and in standard of life.4 Losses of $220 per family in the present calamity may be compared with the 1931 flood losses of $457,5 and the 1932 war losses of $147.6 (Both the ____________________________________________________________________ 1. Estimated from Buck s figures in Land Utilization in China, Statistics, P. 417, 2. Buck, Statistics, p. 24, shows the correct government figures to be 6315 sq.km. and 2122 sq.km., respectively, from which the sq. m. are now calculated. 3. Buck, Chinese Farm Economy, p. 387. All money figures are in Chinese currency. 4. On data of fifteen years ago (from only three localities, and at lower valuations and prices than he has recently given) Buck reports a farm capital for Kiahgsu averaging $478. This figure includes buildings, livestock, supplies, farm equipment, not land and trees. Total capital with land he gives as $1,775, subject of course to problems of tenancy and mortgage. Chinese Farm Economy, p. 57. For Kiangning Hsien, so large an element in the Ningshu area, a current estimate of $743 is given for the average farmer s buildings, implements, livestock, and furniture. R. T. Ts ui, Land Classification of Kiangning Hsien, soon to be published in "Economic Facts." 5. The 1931 Flood in China, p. 13. 6. By another calculation, $135 per family. ― 17 ― surveys of 1931 and of 1932 included many smaller items not reported this year; and the unit prices used in 1931 are much above the low ones now employed). Lishui Hsien suffered the heaviest losses per family, $302; the large and populous Kiangning, $251; Luho only $111; Kuyung rising to $147; and Kiangpu to $239, nearest to the general average of $220. Buildings Buildings alone comprised 59 per cent of the total reported losses, $129 per family. This means that 1.7 chien1 of buildings per family, or two-fifths of all farm buildings in the area, were destroyed―most of them by burning. Building losses were particularly heavy in Lishui, 2.8 chien per family; in Kiangpu, 2; and in Kangning, 1.9. The total number of chien destroyed was 308,000 valued at $24,000,000. Labor Animals Labor animals were second in importance among the types of losses, accounting for 16 per cent of the total, and 0.66 of an animal per family. The latter figure seems high, particularly the portion of it relating to water-buffaloes. In the 1931 flood, the general average for labor animals lost was 0.44 per family, counting the three kinds of animals listed in this survey.2 Buck reports a normal figure for the Yangtze rice-wheat area of only 0.71, but 1.20 for the important Kiangning hsien,3 the only one of our hsien there recorded. War losses of animals were proportionately higher in Kiangning (0.84), and in Kiangpu and Luho. For the whole area, the loss was 123,000 head (buffaloes, oxen, donkeys), valued at $6,700,000 or $36 per family.4 Farm Implements Farm implements represented 13 per cent of all reported losses, and amounted to 3.55 items per family. It appears that most of these losses were of the wooden portions of the implements, burned with the buildings or taken for fuel; the wooden element is largest in the indispensable and costly many bladed pumps for the irrigation of rice-fields. (0.6 per family). Present losses of the principal tools appear to be a half greater than in the flood of 1931.5 Buck gives 6.5 items for the normal average (Yangtze Rice-wheat Area, medium size farms) of the types of implements listed in this survey.6 Implement losses were heaviest in Kiangning and Lishui, medium in Kiangpu. For the whole area, the loss was 661,000 implements, valued at $5,240,000 or $28 per family.7 Stored Grain Stored grain counted 10 per cent of all losses, and in quantity amounted to 1,100,000 shih tan, or 6.1 shih tan per family; of which half was rice, a sixth wheat, and a sixth soybeans. Kuyung, at 7.5 shih tan per family, Lishui at 7.2, and Kiangning at 6.1, suffered most severely; Luho very lightly at 2.7. .The ____________________________________________________________________ 4.A chien Is the space between main rafters, averaging about 11 x 16 . Farm residences often contain 4 chien, other farm buildings 2 chien. See Table 17 Note1. 2. The 1931 Flood in China, p. 17. 3. Buck, Statistics, p. 122-123. . 4. Buck many years ago indicated for Kiangsu Province a normal inventory amounting to $53. Chinese Farm Economy, p. 57. 5.. The 1931 Flood in China, p. 18. 6. Statistics, p. 396. 7. Buck earlier reported for Kiangsu Province a normal equipment value of $64. Chinese Farm Economy, p. 57. ― 18 ― average family in the war areas of 1932 lost just over 2 shih tan. The average loss in the flood of 1931 was 4.2 piculs (5.1 shih tan).1 The recent grain losses reached a value of $4,200,000, or $22 per family.2 Destroyed Crops Crops destroyed were fortunately a small loss, only 2 per cent of the total. For the winter wheat, like some of the younger women, was partly hidden in the ground during the worst period. Yet this item, relatively small though it was, indicates a real burden upon farm families. More than 8 per cent of the area planted to wheat was destroyed, chiefly by the soldiers feeding of animals. In Kiangning and Kuyung the crop from 40 to 50 per cent of the intensively cultivated vegetable plots was lost to the farmer. The area of all winter crops destroyed was proportionately highest in Kuyung, 1.4 mow per family; and lowest in Kiangning, 0.62. The total area destroyed was 137,200 mow, or 0.85 per family; the total value $785,000 or $4 per family. The types of recent war losses differ from those of the 1931 flood as fire from water. Counting in values, buildings destroyed in the present calamity are 31 times the crops ($129 per family, as against $4). In 1931, crops were twice the buildings ($215 per family, as against $108).3 The 1932 war areas (rural) near Shanghai resembled Ningshu of the past few months, showing building losses as 28 times crops ($97 as against $3.50). The data regarding farm losses are reported in Tables 18, 19, 20, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, of which the first three are general. 2. WINTER CROPS AND SPRING SEED Importance of Food Production in This Area The importance of food production in this area, and its bearing upon relief needs, is emphasized by two facts. First, the 4.5 hsien here studied have an abnormally large city and town population. Even in the depleted condition of Nanking, it had at least 67,000 families, about one-fourth the number of a year ago; the market towns normally have 53,400 families, from which an unknown number should be subtracted for war migrants; the farm families originally numbered 186,000, from which a possible 30 per cent were absent in March as families, and an additional 11 per cent as individuals.4 If, we add these three figures, without making allowances, to form a total for the area, it exaggerates the importance of the farm families; yet even on this basis, they number only 61 per cent of the total, as against 22 for Nanking and 17 for the market towns. Compare the percentages for the Yangtze Rice-wheat Area as a whole farms 83; cities 5; market towns, 125. Secondly, transport of food from a distance has been practically impossible under war conditions, and there is scant improvement in sight. Most of the rice brought into Nanking this spring has come from Lishui and Kaoshun. ____________________________________________________________________ 1. The 1931 Flood in China, p. 12. 2. In the prices of fifteen years ago, Buck valued the normal inventory of grain in Kiangsu province as $29. Chinese Farm Economy, p. 57. 3. The 1931 Flood in China, p. 13. 4. Cf. Table 21, Note (****) and reference. Also Appendix B. 5. Buck, Land Utilization in China, p. 365. ― 19 ― Winter Crops Their Significance A large part of the cultivated land in this area 13 normally put into winter crops.3 For Ningshu, Lin says 70 to 80 per cent;4 for the Yangtze Rice-wheat Area, Buck reports 62 per cent, and for Kiangning Hsien,5 92; for Kiangning, Ts ui in his recent and close study, says 65 per cent.6 In general, the winter crop is followed by a summer crop on the same land; while the re-mainer of cultivated land grows a spring crop. Thus, in use of land, the winter crops represent 40 or more per cent of all crops, and are a large factor in the farm economy as well as in food production for the whole community. Extent Of Last Fall s Planting ... Last autumn s planting of winter crops was 1,629,000 mow (8.75 per family), or 47 per cent of the cultivated land. If we follow Ts ui, whose figure seems the best-founded in itself and is supported by the best of Buck s figures (the regional one), this would mean that 47/65, or 72 per cent of normal planting, was carried out. War conditions of active preparations and of bombing, prevailed through portions of this region all through the autumn, and became acute at some points before the normal planting time. Moreover, the weather was unusually dry, another cause of delay which pushed some farmers along till early December, when the full calamity came and field work was impossible. Of the planting, 64 per cent was in wheat, 20 per cent in barley. Destruction of Crops; Other Shortage Of the winter crops planted, 9 per cent are reported as destroyed. The estimated losses were 172,000 shih tan, or in money $765,000. Kuyung Hsien lost most heavily, 18 per cent; Kiangpu only 4; the remainder not far from the average. The different crops suffered at about the same level, save 33 per cent for the intensively cultivated and not inconsiderable plots of vegetables, which were persistently attractive to soldiers, as were the other crops to military horses. On the area planted but not destroyed (72 per cent of normal, discounted 9 per cent, leaving 65 per cent of normal) farmers expected 63 per cent of normal crops, fairly uniform according to grains. Remarkably dry weather prevailed until March; and there was also minor injury not to be classed as destruction, along with excess of weeds. Nevertheless, the expectation seems low, and this percentage may be colored by the farmers thoughts of their total yield in ordinary times. To that extent, this figure represents a comprehensive estimate of expectations and shortage. However, the questions were sharply stated, and the investigators and farmers tried to provide the proper answers. If we take 63 per cent of the remaining 65 per cent of normal planting, the result would be an expectation of 41 per cent of the ordinary crop. Perhaps the truth lies between the percentages of 41 and 63. Two later factors must be mentioned. Beginning in March, there was better rainfall, with marked ____________________________________________________________________ 1. In the following paragraphs, unless otherwise specified, wheat, barley, rapeseed, Broadbean, and field peas are considered; in certain of the tables, vegetables are also recorded, 2. D. Y. Lin, letter March 2, 1938. 3. Statistics, p. 207. 4. Land Classification of Kiangning Hsien. ― 20 ― improvement of the prospects. But in June the rainfall has been excessive at the time of wheat harvest in some localities, with great spoilage before threshing. Expected Crop in Terms of Consumption What does the harvest of wheat and barley mean in provision of food for the population of the haien studied and the city population linked with them? It is expected to provide 3.40 shih tan of grain per family, which would feed them for less than seven weeks, according to grain consumption reports by Buck and by Gamble for farm and city populations, respectively.1 The data regarding winter crops are found in Tables 21, 30, 31, 32, of which 21 is general. Shortage of Seed Data on this subject are perhaps the least satisfactory in the survey, and they are not counted in the list of losses (where they are of course involved in the losses of stored grain). Answers to inquiries, even assuming that questions were skillfully pressed, concerned estimates and wants rather than plain statements of fact; and in several items seed was also food, in a time of scarcity and uncertainty. Nevertheless the results of the survey were very moderate, and on the whole gave confidence in the essential integrity of farmers and investigators. The requirements reported total $2.87 per family, under 0.9 shih tan. Compare the 1931 flood data, which show a total want of winter and spring seeds in terms of 2.7 piculs (3.3 shih tan), of which spring seeds were 1.67 piculs (2.1 shih tan), the latter alone more than double the reports of the present inquiry.2 Evaluation of Seed Requirements Farmers reported that they intended to plant, on the average, nearly 15 mow per family of the 18.5 mow which they ordinarily would put into rice; and that they needed seed to the extent of almost 5 shih chin per mow of the intended planting. Was such an estimate unreasonable? Buck gives seed use as 5 per cent of total rice production in the Yangtze Rice-wheat Area, which on the base of most frequent yield works out at 19.3 shih chin per Kiangning mow.3 Ts ui s recent data for Kiangning would give 26.6 shih chin.4 Traditional allowances are lower. In any case, the farmers figures do not seem excessive. Among the types of seed required, rice represented 66 per cent by value, and soybeans 20. Total value was $570,000, of which $376,000 was rice. It is inferred that there were serious individual and local difficulties, but that by one means or another most of the families affected could find some way of secur- ____________________________________________________________________ 1. Statistics, p. 417, shows 239,450 families in the 4.5 hsien, including town families. We count 67,000 families in Nanking, making a total of 306,450 families. The average consumption of grain per farm family of 5.79 individuals, is 2.3 shih tan per month, based on the averages of three localities in South Kiangsu (Wutsin 1, Wutsin 2, and Changshu) as given in Statistics pp. 105,107. For the city families, Gamble s figures for a median income group (which extends with slight change down even to $10 per month) are employed, working out at 1.39 shih tan. The weighted average of these two types of consumption is 2.1 shih tan monthly for all families in the area considered. How Chinese Families Live in Peiping, p. 326. 2. The 1931 Flood in China, p. 80. 3. Statistics, pp. 238, 210. 4. Land Classification of Kiangning Hsien, soon to appear in "Economic Facts." ― 21 ― ing seed for the fields they would be able to prepare for cultivation under the conditions of this spring. The data regarding seed requirements are reported in Table 22. 3. THE WAR AND PERSONS Migration from the Farms Investigators reports show that 133,000 members of farm families resident in March (11 per cent of the estimated original members of those families) had left and had not returned. It must be remembered that possibly three times as many persons in entire families were still away; but we cannot accurately consider them because of inadequate information. (See Appendix B.). Of the 133,000 migrants, 111,000 were from Kiangning, 11,000 from Lishui, and 8,000 from Luho. The absent members from Kiangning were 20 per cent of the estimated total original population; perhaps this hsien was especially high because of its proximity to Nanking, the abundance of communications, and the association of individuals directly or indirectly with the government and private enterprises so largely removed before December 1937.1 Labor Shortage Separate inquiries were made as to the original number of laborers in the family, the actual number of laborers, and the number expected back soon. The results show the actual shortage of laborers to be serious in Kiangning, 19 per cent; but the majority of absentee laborers were expected to return soon, leaving a predicted shortage of 18,000 or 7 per cent of the original number of laborers. For the 4.5 hsien, the actual shortage was 15 per cent; the expected shortage, 8 per cent or 42,800. The expected shortage was highest in Lishui, 12 per cent; and in Luho, 11. (Again see Appendix B for the possible shortage through the absence of whole families).2 Data on migration and labor supply are recorded in Table 23. Deaths by Violence The total deaths reported were 31,000 or 29 per 1,000 residents for the 100 days covered, at the rate of 106 per annum. Compare the normal death rate for China of 27 per annum.3 87 per cent of the deaths were caused by violence, most of them the intentional acts of soldiers. One was killed in every seven families, equivalent to a total of some 1,700,000 killings if the same rate were applied to the rural families of the United States; over 8,000,000 among the farm families of all China; perhaps 800,000 among the strictly defined farm families of Japan proper. The conditions of this region and the methods of the survey were such as practically to exclude soldiers of any sort, though it is possible that a few local men acting as police or guards were included. The ____________________________________________________________________ 1. Migration within the hsien, or within this group of hsien, would leave the family within the net of this survey insofar as the sampling is satisfactory; though some escape in the hills is probable. In the 1931 flood, the total migration of families and of individuals showed more than 70 per cent of migrants remaining within the same hsien; and, apparently, a little more than 20 per cent migrating to other hsien, whether or not adjoining ones. The 1931 Flood in China, pp. 27, 33. 2. It is interesting to note the report of 2.8 laborers in an average family originally numbering 6.5. This suggests that according to the farmers own interpretation of the term "laborer," there are some 43 per cent of the family to be so considered. 3. Land Utilization in China, p. 338. ― 22 ― rate of killing was highest in Kiangpu, 45 per 1,000 in the 100 days; Kuyung 37, Kiangning 21, the others 15 and 12; for the 4.5 hsien, 25. The per cent of males among the killed was terrific, especially up to 45 years, and amounted to 84 per cent of the killed for all ages. Among the 22,490 males killed, those falling between 15 and 60 years were 80 per cent, a real drain upon economic strength. Among the 4,380 females killed, 83 per cent were above 45 years. More of the younger women migrated in search of safety, or were kept out of harm s way in times of obvious danger; while old women did more than their share of guard duty, as supposably less liable to attack than young women or able-bodied men. Deaths by Sickness Deaths from sickness were reported as very low, totalling 4,080 or 3.8 per thousand residents in the 100 days. This is apparently a serious under reporting; none at all was recorded under the age of 5 years, for example. A similar tendency is noticeable in normal times, and in the past winter attention was inevitably centered upon the great number of abnormal deaths. It is also possible that some deaths by sickness were confused with the killed, though the original questions presented the two as alternatives; and the margin of this confusion, as tested by comparison with the normal death rate, could not have been large enough to affect in noticeable degree the number reported as killed. The 100 days occurred in a healthy season with unusually mild and fair weather, after two successive years of big harvests. It is plain that there was no epidemic or extraordinary disease. In the great flood of 1931, deaths were reported at the rate of 22 per 1,000 during an almost identical period of time; of the deaths, 70 per cent were definitely attributed to disease, and 24 per cent to drowning.1 The present survey indicates only 12 per cent from sickness, which could at most be doubled by complete reporting. This only serves to emphasize the extent of the killings. Data on deaths are reported in Tables 24 and 25. 4. EFFECTS OF WAR FARMS AND CITY COMPARED Although before the war the rural population of the 4.5 hsien studied was not much greater than that of Nanking, at the period of the survey in March it was more than four times as great. While the remaining farm families lost only some 11 per cent of their members by migration, and possibly as many as 30 per cent went away and stayed away as entire families; the city lost by migration 14 per cent of the members of remaining families, and some 75 per cent of the original families entire. The surveyed population in Nanking was 221,000, as against 1,078,000 in the farm villages. On the farms, one resident in every 7 families was killed. In the city, one resident in every 5 families was killed, injured, or taken away; which works out to about an equal degree of social evil and distress. The total farm losses were $41,000,000, with no domestic property reported. The total losses for families remaining in Nanking were $40,000,000; while those of buildings and contents for the entire city were $246,000,000. ____________________________________________________________________ 1. The 131 Flood in China, p. 37. ― 23 ― The farm losses per family (domestic property not considered) were $220, of which buildings were $129. Among the city population remaining, all losses per family were $838, of which buildings accounted for $271, stock for sale $187, and domestic movables $276. Total city losses divided among original families would run to $1,262, of which buildings counted for $527, stock for $377, and domestic movables $152. It is not possible to compute the losses of farm and city in ratio to their respective total property values. It seems, however, that the farmer s losses do not weigh so heavily against his major property, land; as do the city people s losses against their total property. In any case, the farmer s basic capital for production has not been destroyed; while many city people have lost all important material means of production. These comments are not intended to lessen appreciation for the suffering and hardships of the large farm population; but merely to suggest that the average farmer has left to him more to struggle with and more to struggle for, than the average denizen of Nanking in this year of distress ― 24 ― III. RESULTS OF THE SURVEY IN THEIR BEARING UPON RELIEF NEEDS AND RELIEF PROGRAM The loss of 40 per cent of all farm buildings is a critical blow at the farmer s capital, his standard of living, and his productive power. Some families or parts of families have been delayed in their return to the land because of lack of housing; that means shortage of labor, lessened production, even further worsening through neglect or robbery in the farmer s absence. Moreover, the preservation and care of animals, implements, and stored crops is affected by deficiency of buildings. In recent heavy rains, some farmers were unable to prevent their cut wheat from spoiling before threshing, and did not even have a place for improvised indoor threshing. Working power is affected by shortage of laborers, of animals, and of implements. Deficiency of laborers is due (1) to irremediable deaths and injuries and to such war migration as will not be reversed in a few months; (2) more largely, to personal insecurity, especially for women. Improvement in such matters depends upon the purpose and the quality of government, a field which relief workers do not enter. Both animals and implements are insufficient, though farmers have done well in exchange and borrowing and cooperation, to make the most of what they have. Direct aid for the bringing in of animals, tools, and wood needed for handles and blades for implements, is desirable. Credits to assist in purchases, and in maintenance of breeding stock and young animals, are widely needed. In principle, and usually in practice, credit can be most usefully and most safely extended through cooperative societies. Seed does not appear to be a separate problem henceforward. However, grain is the staple food; and serious shortage of food would press some farmers hard for seed. The current wheat crop is seriously below normal, hurting farm incomes, and constituting a factor in the total food problem. Nevertheless, old supplies of various grains seem adequate to carry, till the autumn rice-harvest, all who have a little purchasing power or credit. More significant is the question of the coming rice crop, which cannot be accurately answered without further inquiry in July after the completion of transplanting. Interrogation of farmers and travelers from different localities brings a picture of wide variation at many points a practically normal planting; at others a distressing deficiency. Farmers are scarcely able to restore their injured capital and productive power, while short in those same necessities, and while working under conditions which in part are still those of war and military occupation. For example, as soon as spring crops were in around Nanking many farmers sold their buffalo for slaughter rather than take the risk of keeping the animal. Much less is there any margin against flood or drouth. After two years of excellent harvests, chanceful nature does not guarantee the next two. Indeed, there is already ― 25 ― great concern over the probability of flood in this Ningshu area sprawled across and along the Great River, excessively drenched in June rains and threatened by the extraordinary levels of the Middle and Upper Yangtze, plus the complication of the Yellow and Hwai waters through the Grand Canal (which overload the out-flow from the Lower Yangtze.) In thinking of this year s relief problem by comparison with that of the flood in 1931, there is the apparent difference that then there was one government concerned with the problem as a whole, and putting large resources into relief. Under existing conditions there are various authorities (in some sections none), the more important of which are so intensely concerned with military and political operations, and are receiving so little of regular revenue from the localities considered, that relatively small efforts at relief have been made thus far. Surely the facts themselves appeal to all present authorities, however constituted, to do their utmost in constructive aid to farmers. Such aid is not only a humanitarian necessity but will strengthen the economic basis of the community and of the government itself, and will be worth infinitely more than propaganda in securing the good will and cooperation of the people. Furthermore, the needs are so great that the total of all potential aid, public and private, would still be inadequate. The experience and resources of the China International Famine Relief Committee, or of any other private, non-political organization concerned with relief, should be welcome as useful supplements to the large-scale relief that governmental authorities ought to be undertaking. Freedom of transport by water, rail, and highway, is essential to any considerable recovery. In practice such freedom is dependent upon actual security as well as upon policy. Improvement of transport is acutely necessary both for producers and for consumers of food and of household requirements of all sorts. Fuel and raw materials are largely unprocurable in the places where they are most needed. In normal times needs for credit were great, and interest rates high. Now normal supplies of credit are generally missing, and the necessities for credit are multiplied. Both farms and city need all types of banking and means for transfer of money and credit. The need for security cannot be over emphasized. In many places, over a period of months, normal labor and normal family life have been continually disturbed by violence; while transport and credit and the incentive for productive effort, alike on the farm and in the shop, have been hamstrung by insecurity. The farmers and the city workers have done splendidly in helping themselves under adverse conditions, but further progress is dependent upon adequate safety for communications; protection of persons and private property against soldiers, bandits, and robbers of all types; and in particular, safe facilities for banks and for stocks of commodities. If political and military conditions do not provide better security, misery will continue and may increase. Insecurity and misery have bred a large part of the present insecurity; and the vicious circle will not easily be broken without unified, vigorous, and enlightened government. The comparison of the effects of the war upon the farms and upon the city suggests that in the Nanking region more of the cultivators will pull through ― 26 ― without planned aid, than will artisans and shopkeepers and peddlers. Even in the city, however, tribute must be paid to a population, that could endure the experiences of December to March as the climax of a war period, and still have only 35 per cent securing food in part by relief whether through kitchens or through cash. There has been an upturn since March, but reserves are now lower. Furthermore, material resources, excepting for agricultural products, are continually being consumed without chance of replacement. Deterioration is also taking its toll daily. Further economic trouble would bring a sharp worsening. But administrators of public welfare in the United States or in some other countries may well marvel at the endurance and self-reliance of the plain Chinese people. The price, however, in health and in all opportunities of life has been heavy, and ought not to be further exacted. It has been demonstrated that refugee camps are no longer needed as a major method of relief in Nanking. There are sufficient looted and damaged houses to shelter the present reduced population. Relief can best proceed through homes and personal services, supplying food, medical care, employment, credit, aid in reuniting separated families, to such degrees as ability, intent, and resources permit. Communal cooking may, however, become necessary if fuel stocks are not made available to the public. Every possible encouragement should be given to the restoration and development of municipal services police, sanitation, light, water, public works. If only some system of garbage disposal could be instituted, health conditions would improve. A police force with some authority could rapidly check the nightly depredations on property and persons. Finally, reports of losses and of needs are necessarily in terms of totals and averages. It must never be forgotten that many persons, families, villages or city streets, have suffered far more grievously than statistics or generalizations show. The reckoning for the whole community will gain from the corresponding items on the better side of the average; but that by no means brings an automatic compensation to those in the worse position. Relief efforts must look to the actual persons in greatest need, not merely to mathematical reports. ― 27 ― IV. APPENDICES APPENDIX A Further Notes on Organization and Method 1. Field Procedure. The technique of random sampling was followed instead of trying to locate "average villages" as done by Professor J. L. Buck in his surveys, because the difficulties existing in the situation made it improbable that investigators could go over the ground twice. Furthermore, it was not possible to put into the field a large group of trained observers such as worked in the war survey of rural areas around Shanghai in 1932. Lacking these opportunities and realizing how patchy war damage was in 1932, it was thought that a random sample selected at regular intervals would be less likely to misrepresent than would a hasty selection of "average villages." Furthermore, there is something to be said in principle for such random sampling by regular intervals as usually less subjective than the attempt to select "representative cases." The one instance in which this method seems to have failed is the average size of farm in Kiangpu Hsien and the resulting excess of total cultivated area. (See Table 17). The procedure was more successful than at first expected. However, the investigators in Luho Hsien were stopped by the Chinese authorities in control of the northern part of the hsien, and were held as spies until a letter from the Committee was sent to them. The same difficulty occurred in Kaoshun Hsien so early in the field work that that hsien had to be dropped from the results. Only the southern half of Luho is included in the reports. In Lishui Hsien the Chinese authorities in control sent a guard with the investigators; and the guard compelled the investigators to go to villages which they selected and to families in the villages selected by the village head. Consequently, their sample tended to come from the worse areas. In the western part of Kiangning Hsien the investigators let local expediency interfere with selecting every tenth family. A careful check on sampling village by village revealed errors both ways or so haphazard that any attempt at correcting for them by weighting would be just as likely to increase the error as to reduce it. So no correction was attempted. The men in Kuyung, Kiangpu, and Luho followed their sampling instructions very systematically. At the start of the building investigation in the City Survey, it was only intended to cover the main streets. But it was found difficult to fit together the family and building investigations, because the families remaining in the city were only one-fourth and the poorer part of the original population. Consequently, in order to get an estimate of total damage, the building survey was extended to every building in the city. If this had been expected at the beginning a smaller sample than one in ten would have been taken for estimating ― 28 ― value of loss, with consequent greater speed in securing results, but possible sacrifice of accuracy. 2. Statistical Procedure, The adequacy of the sample in the Agricultural Survey, with 1 family in 206, is midway between the 1 to 359 families in the 1931 flood survey and the 1 to 79 in the survey of the rural areas affected by the Shanghai hostilities (1932). However, the ratio was much lower in Kiangning Hsien (1 398) and relatively high in Lishui Hsien (1 140). (See Table 17). 3. Checks on Accuracy. (1) Previous surveys were available in the form of The 1931 Flood in China, and the "Survey of the Rural Areas affected by the Shanghai Hostilities (1932)" as well as Buck s Land Utilization in China. For instance if the hsien average for rice seed needed as reported in the 1931 flood survey (Table 17) were applied to the 4.5 hsien in the present study, it would yield a figure of 211,000 shih tan needed. The result herein (Table 22) is only 125,200 shih tan. The average loss per family, $220, is not too much greater than the loss of $147 per family in the Shanghai hostilities in 1932 when the more prolonged destruction in this area is taken into consideration. The comparisons are made under each item of loss of damage. The Land Utilization in China was useful in comparing reported losses with actual farm inventory in normal times. (2)Independent figures have been secured wherever possible Independent estimates of the total cultivated area involved were used to check farming area covered. (See Table 17). For the current Nanking city population there are the number of persons registered by the Japanese in December and January, and the registration totals given by the new City Government for May 3lst, 1938. No independent count or valuation of buildings in Nanking has been obtainable. Comparison of family losses in the city with losses reported to relief investigators, was not possible on all items because their information was much more sketchy and for buildings they failed to secure values of losses in the majority of cases. But on the items of bedding, clothing and money, they reported an average loss of $162.83 per family helped in March (9,256 families). Our figure of $124.96 for family loss of the same items is conservative, even allowing for the fact that the above were "relief families"―though 20 per cent of all families in the city! For comparison with normal conditions of the Nanking population representing the areas and classes that remained, the study of 2,027 families by Smythe in 1932 was the only work available. It made possible, however, some estimate of deviation from "normal." A further independent check in the city survey was that the group doing the study had lived through the situation and at every point could critically examine every survey result to see whether it agreed with known circumstances. (But in no case were survey results altered). The most striking agreement was the low percentage of damage caused by military operations which fact was readily observed by many on December 14th. Conversely, the extent and method of the burning and looting could only be understood by eyewitnesses. The survey more accurately measures the extent and value of the damage done. ― 29 ― (3) Internal consistency and moderation in both the Agricultural and City Surveys support the general conclusions and most points in detail. Such internal checks have been applied all through the report so only a few instances need be cited here. In the Agricultural Survey the variation in hsien results are within the reasonable expectation of what is known of local conditions. Except for crops destroyed (a small factor in the total), the order of loss by haien shows a fair degree of correlation between items. In the City Survey the average loss per family as shown by the family Investigation agrees very well with that shown by the building investigation when allowance is made for the fact that the poorer section of the population remained (though by no means limited to the very poor). (Compare Tables 3 and 27.) The sex and age distribution of the killed and taken away agrees with the decline of proportion of young males as compared with figures for the 1932 population. The family composition analysis shows a proportion of broken families similar to what one would expect in view of the number of persons migrating, killed and taken away. Compare Tables 2, 3, and 5.) For instances of moderation, the prices used in estimating agricultural losses are actual current prices which were below average; stored grain losses of 5.9 shih tan, while about the same as in the case of the 1931 flood and the 1932 Shanghai hostilities, are low considering the time of year and the fact that the troop movements and military occupation in this area followed two large rice harvests. Furthermore, this year s rice crop had little chance to move before the critical period. The city losses are moderate. $271 would only build a very modest house (and a high per cent of families remaining owned their houses); $291 worth of movables, for economic uses is quite within range of the small trade group remaining; as is also the figure of $276 for domestic movables. The total property loss of $838 per family is only equal to two year s income previous to hostilities. The item on which exaggeration could have been most expected, in view of the extent of military looting that had taken place, was money. Yet that is only $9.53 per family―less than what every family not on relief must have paid monthly for rice in order to survive. (See Table 9.) APPENDIX B. Migration op Whole Families Its Possible Influence on Reports op Resident Population, Migration, Losses, Labor Supply, Deaths. As a supplement to the survey of farm families, investigators were asked to make careful inquiries from at least three leading men in every third village on the survey route, as to their estimate for their own village people on the same points included in the farm family survey.1 This method was employed in the Flood Survey of 1931, and more widely in the Land Utilization Survey under Dr. Buck s direction. In March, 224 villages were reported in this manner, an average of 50 per hsien (4.5 hsien). This body of data confirmed the general picture of the farm survey, but varied irregularly in specific results. ____________________________________________________________________ 1. All farmers in Ningshu live in villages; farm families and village families are equivalent terms. ― 30 ― even within itself. Since the data consisted only of estimates on behalf of a community, they are of less value than the more precise individual report of each farm family secured on the spot. We have therefore not employed the village data in our general listing and reports. But on one point the village data throw light secured in no other way. They give an estimate of the number of whole families which migrated and had not returned; while the farm purvey could touch only those whole families or parts of families actually found in the farm villages. Thus they indicate a possible supplement or correction to our farm survey figures on estimate of population, migration, losses, labor supply, and death rate. We do not feel that our detailed figures from village estimates justify printing, but the best inference we can make from them is that only 70 per cent of the original families were actually present in March. Comparison of this with the individual farmers reports that 11 per cent of their family members were absent, suggests that migration under war conditions was usually by whole families, a result confirmed by the city survey and most remarkably by the practical coincidence of reports from the 1931 flood.1 It is possible that some of the supposed 30 per cent of migrant families still remained within the hsiens studied, but in remote hilly sections not adequately reached by investigators, though the samples obtained covered the ground fairly well. It seems justifiable to assume that the estimates of losses for the area studied need not be modified by consideration of the family migration, for they are calculated upon the average loss per family studied, times the original number of families. Common observation in city and country alike is that absent families suffered in general more grievous losses than those watchful on the spot; whether by burning or by looting. This disparity was offset only in part by the sometimes successful removal of animals and a limited amount of portable property along with the migrating family; and moreover, most of the losses here recorded were of possessions not easily moved in practice. If the figures of 30 per cent could be relied upon, it would in Table 23 increase the number of people left and not returned to a total of 496,590 (41 per cent of the estimated total original population of 1,211,200) ; and would increase the actual shortage of laborers enormously (62,000 families with an apparent average of 2.8 laborers in each, removing a figure of 173,600 laborers from the 447,400 mentioned in the Table as present in March); but would increase the expected shortage of laborers by a lesser figure, unknown because there is no report of intention to return. The figures for deaths (Table 25) are all in terms of rates for families reporting, and therefore are not subject to change unless we assume that the presumed 30 per cent of families suffered an incidence of death greater or less than did the resident majority. Probably some families who migrated early and to a considerable distance or to the relatively safer portions of Nanking, fared better than the rest. On the other hand, the reason why some families migrated and did not return was simply because they or their accompanying neighbors had already experienced military murder and wounding and burning. ____________________________________________________________________ 1. "Forty per cent of all people had to leave their homes, thirty-one per cent as families and nine per cent as individuals." The 1931 Flood in China, p, 27. ― 31 ―
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批判サイド インテリジェントデザイン批判 Jonathan Wellsの"The Politically Incorrect Guide to Darwinism And Intelligent Design"批判第1章 統一教会の信者であり、インテリジェントデザインの本山たるDiscovery InstituteのシニアフェローであるDr. Jonathan Wellsが2006年7月30日に"The Politically Incorrect Guide to Darwinism And Intelligent Design"[Amazon]という本を出した。 以下はBurt Humburgによる第1章のレビュー The Politically Incorrect Guide to Darwinism and Intelligent Design Review Why Should Words Have Meanings? (Chapter 1) 何故、言葉は意味を持たねばならないか？ bhumburg 2006年8月26日 By titling his first chapter “Wars and Rumors”, Jonathan Wells invokes a snippet of scripture in which Jesus describes the end times 最初の章に"Wars and Rumors"(戦争とうわさ)というタイトルをつけることで、Jonathan Wellsは、イエスが終末の時を語る聖書の一節を引き合いにだす。 And ye shall hear of wars and rumours of wars see that ye be not troubled for all [these things] must come to pass, but the end is not yet.(Matt 24 6) 戦争の騒ぎや戦争のうわさを聞くだろうが、慌てないように気をつけなさい。そういうことは起こるに決まっているが、まだ世の終わりではない。 [マタイによる福音書 / 24章 6節] Wells uses such dramatic quotations and general martial language because the struggle between “intelligent design” and science is very much a culture war, at least to him and other creationists. In order to advance his thesis, Wells has to convey the idea that “Darwinism” pits itself against traditional Christianity to allow pupils to learn it is to give them up to atheism, decadence, liberalism and to lose the culture war. 少なくともWellsと創造論者たちにとって、インテリジェントデザインと科学の戦いは、まさに文化戦争である。それ故に、Wellsはこのようなドラマティックな引用をし、一般的な軍事用語を使う。Wellは命題を進めるために、"ダーウィニズム"が伝統的キリスト教に挑戦しているという考えを伝えなければならない。生徒たちにそれを学ばせることで、生徒たちを無神論や退廃やリベラリズムに没頭させて、文化戦争に負けさせるものだ。 Note that Wells does not wage war against evolution. In fact, he is at pains to make it (somewhat) clear that he wages war against “Darwinism”, which in context might sound like the sort of thing any sensible Christian would want to guard against. Unfortunately, Wells isn’t exactly clear what he means by Darwinism as opposed to evolution. In this chapter and chapter fifteen, “Darwinism’s War on Traditional Christianity”, we find many references to “Darwinism”. Assuming that even creationist words have meaning, let us set those invocations in series while adjusting the language only to merge them syntactically. Presumably there is consistency of meaning, and this will hopefully help us gain a greater understanding of what this nasty Darwinism thing is. ここで、Wellsが進化論と戦おうとしていないことに注目しよう。事実、彼はどんな分別のあるキリスト教徒でも警戒する類のもののように聞こえるコンテキストで、彼が"ダーウィニズム"と戦っているのだということを明確にしようと骨を折っている。残念ながら、Wellsは進化論と対立するものとしてのダーウィニズムが何も意味するものか、正確には明らかにしていない。この章と第15章"Darwinism’s War on Traditional Christianity"において、"ダーウィニズムへの言及が多くある。創造論者の言葉にも意味があると仮定して、それらの呪文を並べて、文法的につながるように言葉を調整してみよう。おそらく、意味の一貫性がある。そして、これはこの"汚いダーウィニズム"というものが何なのかを理解する大いなる助けになるだろう。 “[There] is a fundamental conflict here [but] it is not between religion and science, or even between Christianity and evolution, but between traditional Christianity and Darwinism. Although the latter may allow for the existence of a deity, [that deity would not be] the God of traditional Christianity” (p. 173). Darwinism differs from evolution because it explains “the origin of not just one or a few species, but all species after the first -- in short, all the diversity of life on Earth” (p. 3). Wells does not disagree with evolution itself or even its attendant conclusions of descent with modification or even perhaps common descent; his objection is that scientists haven’t found any direction to evolution (pp. 2,3,5). It is this failure to perceive direction in evolution that defines Darwinism, which might be considered unguided or undirected evolution (p. 6). This distinction between evolution and “Darwinism” is quite important because at some point after Darwin published his work, “Darwinism declared war on traditional Christianity” (p. 170). 「ここに基本的な対立があるが、それは宗教と科学の対立でもなければ、キリスト教徒と進化論の対立でもない。あるのは伝統的キリスト教とダーウィニズムの対立だ。後者がかにの存在を許容するが、それは伝統的キリスト教の神ではない。」(p173) ダーウィニズムと進化論が異なっているのは、「ひとつか、少しの種の起源ではなく、すべての種、端的に言って、地球の生物の多様性」を説明しているからだ。(p.3) Wellsは進化論そのものには同意し、"変化を伴う系統"に付随する結論にも同意し、おそらく"共通祖先"にも同意する、彼の異論は、進化に対する方向性(direction)を科学者が発見していないということだ。(pp. 2,3,5) 進化の方向性を理解しないという失敗こそが、指導されない(unguided)あるいは方向性のない(undirected)進化と考えられるであろうダーウィニズムを定義する。(p.6) この進化論とダーウィニズムの区別がとても重要なのは、ダーウィンが著作を出版した後のある時点で、「ダーウィニズムが伝統的キリスト教に宣戦布告した」からだ。(p. 170) But Wells also writes, “[Intelligent] design is compatible with some aspects of Darwinian evolution” (p. 8). Note that he did not write “evolution” but “Darwinian evolution”, presumably “Darwinism”. According to the stated definition on page six, Darwinism requires a component of undirectedness or unguidedness -- the idea that any apparent design must be illusory -- to distinguish itself from mere evolution. So intelligent design, a philosophical perspective that makes evolution compatible with “Traditional Christianity” by imputing design and direction to its inputs or outcomes, is compatible with perspectives of evolution that declared war on “Traditional Christianity” and considers any perceived design in the outcomes of evolution illusory. しかし、Wellはこうも書いている。「インテリジェントデザインはある点でダーウィンの進化論と両立する。」(p. 8) 注意すべきは彼が"進化論"ではなく、"ダーウィンの進化論"と書いており、これはおそらく"ダーウィニズム"を指していることだ。6ページに書かれた定義によれば、ダーウィニズムは無方向あるいは無指導という構成要素を持っているはずで、これは見かけのデザインが幻影であるはずだという考えであって、それこそが進化論と区別される点である。入力あるいは結果をデザインと方向性のせいのすることによって、進化論と伝統的キリスト教を両立させる、インテリジェントデザインという哲学的見方は、伝統的キリスト教に宣戦布告し、進化の結果である、いかなる認められたデザインも幻影だと考える進化論の見方と両立する。 Confused yet? まだ混乱している？ One gets the distinct impression that, despite the time Wells spent pondering the material in his book, a better working definition for Darwinism would have been, “everything about evolution to which creationists like me object”. This definition, unlike the one Wells offers, at least would have made sense in context. Easily, one of the prominent faults of Wells’s screed is a pervasive confusion between terms. Words, like “Darwinism” and “Traditional Christianity”, seem to mean whatever Wells wants them to mean for that specific sentence. In many cases words are used without regard for his own stated definitions and usually without regard to usage elsewhere in his book. There are several possible reasons for this confusion in terms. First, Wells confusion may be by design. I have argued elsewhere that creationists intend to confuse their audiences when they argue . Second, if you review the acknowledgements page, you’ll read how Wells used many authors to help him prepare this text. It is possible that Wells’s editorship was so insufficient that he allowed a term that makes up part of the book’s very title to have a flexible meaning. My suspicion is that there was both disparity between the understanding of key terms by different authors as well as an intention to confuse. Wells doesn’t spend a great deal of time defining intelligent design. This is in keeping with creationist strategy. As federal Judge John E. Jones III of the Middle District of Pennsylvania noted Wellが彼の本の執筆に費やした時間にもかかわらず、ダーウィニズムのより効果的な定義は、「進化論について、私のような創造論者が異議を唱えるすべての点」であろうという方が、読者には印象的だろう。この定義は、Wellが提唱したものとは違うが、少なくとも前後関係では意味を持つ。 簡単に言って、Wellsの長たらしい話の大きな誤りのひとつが、用語の全面的な混乱だ。"ダーウィニズム"や"伝統的キリスト教"のような言葉は、特定の文に対してWellsが意味したいと思う意味を持っているようなのだ。多くの例で、言葉はWells自らが書いた定義とも、Wellsの本の他のページでの用法とも、無関係に使われている。この用語の混乱の原因は幾つか考えられる。第1は、Wellsは意図的に混乱している。私がいつも論じていることだが、創造論者は論じるときに聴衆を混乱させようとする。第2は、謝辞を読めば、執筆を準備するにあたって、Wellsがいかに多くの著作を使ったかが読み取れること。Wellsの編集能力が不十分で、本の表題の各部を構成する用語に柔軟な意味合いを持たせてしまったかおしれない。混乱の意図とともに、異なる著者たちのキーとなる用語の理解の相違もあったと、私は疑っている。 Wellsはインテリジェンデザインの定義には多くの時間を費やしていない。これは創造論者の戦略と合っている。ペンシルバニア中部の連邦判事Judge John E. Jones IIIが注記したように： ID’s backers have sought to avoid the scientific scrutiny which we have now determined that it cannot withstand by advocating that the controversy, but not ID itself, should be taught in science class. インテリジェントデザイン支持者は、我々が今や決定した科学的な詳細な調査を耐え切れなくて、理科の授業でインテリジェントデザイン自体ではなく、論争を教えるべきだと主張することで、これを避けようとした。 [ Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District ] Wells does not actually define “intelligent design” and thus does not lock “intelligent design” down into a form that could actually be scrutinized. Instead he chooses to list to list a few things “worth noting” about “intelligent design”. Throughout chapters one and fifteen, Wells defends ID creationism as the sort of thing that “traditional Christians” should support. But in this section, presumably in an effort to accommodate the obvious imperfections in biological structures or the lack of justice or beneficence in competing organisms, Wells writes, “ID does not claim that the design must be optimal; something may be designed, even if it is flawed. When automobile manufacturers recall defective vehicles, they are showing that those vehicles were badly designed, not that they were undesigned” (p. 8). We here at the Thumb support Wells’s freedom to believe in a God or gods of his choosing, but we aren’t so sure that the consideration of God as incompetent is a feature of “Traditional Christian” beliefs. This is yet another example of words meaning whatever Wells wants them to mean. The real meaning of “intelligent design”, for the most part, is left unclear. Again, this is likely by design, since it is in keeping with creationist strategy Wellsは実は"インテリジェントデザイン"を定義せず、従って、"インテリジェントデザイン"を実際に詳細に調べられるような形に固定しない。その代わりに彼は"インテリジェントデザイン"について"注目すべき"幾つかの点をリストすることを選んだ。1章から15章までを通して、Wellsはインテリジェントデザイン創造論を、"伝統的キリスト教"を支持するものとして擁護している。しかし、この節では、おそらく生物学的構造にある明らかな欠陥や、生存競争する生物における正義と慈善の欠如について、Wellsは「インテリジェントデザインはデザインが最適でなければならないとは主張しない。あるものは、それが出来損ないであっても、デザインされたかもしれない。自動車メーカーが欠陥車をリコールするとき、それらが設計(デザイン)不良だと示されても、設計(デザイン)されていないとは示されない。」(p. 8) Wellsがどんな神あるいは神々を信仰しようとかまわないが、神を役立たずだと考えることが"伝統的キリスト教"信仰の特徴なはずはない。これは、Wellsが意味したいことを意味するという用例のひとつである。 ほとんどの場合、"インテリジェントデザイン"の本当の意味は明らかにされないままだ。これは創造論者の戦略にあてはまるので、これも意図的だと思われる： One consistency among the Dover School Board members’ testimony, which was marked by selective memories and outright lies under oath, as will be discussed in more detail below, is that they did not think they needed to be knowledgeable about ID because it was not being taught to the students. Dover学区教育委員たちの証言で一致したことは、証言が都合のいい記憶や宣誓のもとで明白な虚偽によって特徴づけられているが、以下で詳細に論じるが、彼らはインテリジェントデザインについて知っている必要はないと考えていた。それはインテリジェントデザインが生徒たちに教えられることになっていなかったからだ。 [ Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District ] Indeed a popular talking point by creationists is that they need not necessarily have an alternative to “Darwinism” in order to know that “Darwinism” is wrong. (c.f. Jeremy Paxman’s interview with Ann Coulter around 2 00 “I can be a restaurant critic without opening up a restaurant.”) Darwin considered that the evolution that he was noting in organisms affected humans as well and that man had a phylogenetic history just like the beetles he was studying. It is instructive that this is likely Wells’s biggest objection against Darwin. Wells quotes Darwin as writing, 実際、創造論者の人気のある話のポイントは、ダーウィニズムが間違っていることを知るために、ダーウィニズムの代替理論を持っている必要性がないということだ。たとえば、Jeremy PaxmanによるAnn Coulterのインタビューの2 00あたりの“I can be a restaurant critic without opening up a restaurant”（レストランを開業しなくても、レストラン批評家になれる）。 ダーウィンは、彼が生物で注目していた進化が、同様に人間に影響を及ぼし、さらに人間には彼が研究していたカブトムシのような系統発生の歴史があったと考えた。これがWellsのダーウィンに対する最大の異議であることは、ためになる。Wellsはダーウィンの次の一節を引用した： There seems to be no more design in the variability of organic beings, and in the action of natural selection, than in the course which the winds blow. [Although] I cannot look at the universe as the result of blind chance, yet I can see no evidence of beneficent design, or indeed design of any kind, in the details. 生物の多様性と自然淘汰の働きには、風の吹くコース以上に、デザインはないようだ。私には宇宙を盲目の偶然の結果とは見れないが、それでもなお、私には慈善に満ちたデザインの証拠や、実際にそのようなデザインを、詳細には見て取れない。 The reader will recall Darwin’s previous intention to become a country pastor and his schooling in the ministry (short as it was) and impute sorrow to the words Darwin wrote above. Darwin mourned the lack of evidence of design in the evolution he discovered. Like all scientists with the courage to discard a favored hypothesis, Darwin had to admit to himself that which he would have preferred to not there was no evidence of design in the world he was observing and measuring with the tools of science and what happened to the beetles and orchids was happening and had happened to humans and to our progenitor species as well. 読者は、ダーウィンがもともとは牧師になろうとしていて、短いとはいえ聖職者になる勉強をしていたことに思い至り、悲しみを上記のダーウィンの言葉のせいにする。ダーウィンは、彼が発見した進化に、デザインの証拠が不十分であることを嘆いた。すべての科学者と同じく、お気に入りの仮説を捨てる勇気をもって、ダーウィンは自らが気に入ったものがそうではないと認めざるをえなかった： 彼が観察し、科学の道具で計測した世界にはデザインの証拠はなかった。そして、カブトムシとランに起きたことは、同様に人間や我々の祖先の種にも起きたのだと。 The idea that man is an animal must be offensive to Wells, who appears not to tolerate any view of our specie’s emergence other than an immaculate conception. What was Darwin’s fault according to Wells? “He set out to explain the origin of not just one or a few species, but all the species after the first.” What a scoundrel that Darwin was! One can almost hear Wells saying to himself, “Had Darwin simply stopped at beetles or orchids, that would have been one thing. But to suggest that even humans share a deep kinship with all the living things on the planet or that man is an animal as well? That’s just beyond the pale.” Perhaps instead of reading Genesis 1 so much, Wells should have read Ecclesiastes 3. 人間が動物であるという考えはWellsにとって不快であるはずだ。彼が、汚れなき概念以外の我々の種の出現についての見方に寛容だとは考えられない。Wellsによればダーウィンの誤りとは何だったのだろうか？ 「ひとつか、少しの種の起源ではなく、すべての種についてを説明を試みた」ことだ。ダーウィンはなんと悪党なことか。Wellsが自らにこう言い聞かせていることがわかるだろう。「ダーウィンがカブトムシやランでとどまっていれば、それはひとつのことだっただろう。しかし、人間が惑星上のすべての生物と深い親類関係を共有しているとか、人間が動物と同じだと示唆したこと。それこそが、常軌を逸している」と。 たぶん、Wellsは創世記第1章ではなく、伝道の書(コヘレトの言葉)3章を読むべきだろう。 Tune in tomorrow, when PZ Myers deals a mortal blow to Jonathan Wells’s thoughts on embryos and development. (How may mortal blows can one hack take?) Those who visit Pharyngula know that PZ has already posted this portion of the review over there and the Thumb is poised to simply re-air his essay. Now you know what life is like on the West Coast. 明日は、PZ MyersがJonathan Wellsの胚と発展についての考えに対して、致命的一撃を加える。（どれくらい致命的一撃を受けるのだろうか？） Pharyngulaを見ていれば、このレビューの一部は既にポストされている、Panda s Thumbはこれの再掲であると知っているだろう。今や、読者はウェストコーストで、生命がどのようなものか知っている。 Wellsが読むべきコヘレトの言葉3章には、以下の記述がある。 コヘレトの言葉3章 何事にも時があり／天の下の出来事にはすべて定められた時がある。 生まれる時、死ぬ時／植える時、植えたものを抜く時 殺す時、癒す時／破壊する時、建てる時 泣く時、笑う時／嘆く時、踊る時 石を放つ時、石を集める時／抱擁の時、抱擁を遠ざける時 求める時、失う時／保つ時、放つ時 裂く時、縫う時／黙する時、語る時 愛する時、憎む時／戦いの時、平和の時。 人が労苦してみたところで何になろう。 わたしは、神が人の子らにお与えになった務めを見極めた。 神はすべてを時宜にかなうように造り、また、永遠を思う心を人に与えられる。それでもなお、神のなさる業を始めから終りまで見極めることは許されていない。 わたしは知った／人間にとって最も幸福なのは／喜び楽しんで一生を送ることだ、と 人だれもが飲み食いし／その労苦によって満足するのは／神の賜物だ、と。 わたしは知った／すべて神の業は永遠に不変であり／付け加えることも除くことも許されない、と。神は人間が神を畏れ敬うように定められた。 今あることは既にあったこと／これからあることも既にあったこと。追いやられたものを、神は尋ね求められる。 太陽の下、更にわたしは見た。裁きの座に悪が、正義の座に悪があるのを。 わたしはこうつぶやいた。正義を行う人も悪人も神は裁かれる。すべての出来事、すべての行為には、定められた時がある。 人の子らに関しては、わたしはこうつぶやいた。神が人間を試されるのは、人間に、自分も動物にすぎないということを見極めさせるためだ、と。 人間に臨むことは動物にも臨み、これも死に、あれも死ぬ。同じ霊をもっているにすぎず、人間は動物に何らまさるところはない。すべては空しく、 すべてはひとつのところに行く。すべては塵から成った。すべては塵に返る。 人間の霊は上に昇り、動物の霊は地の下に降ると誰が言えよう。 人間にとって最も幸福なのは、自分の業によって楽しみを得ることだとわたしは悟った。 それが人間にふさわしい分である。死後どうなるのかを、誰が見せてくれよう。 (日本聖書協会訳）
https://w.atwiki.jp/carstereo/pages/143.html
So this is christmas And what have you done Another year s over New one s just begun So this is christmas I hope you have fun The near and the dear ones The old and the young A very, merry christmas And a happy new year Let s hope it s a good one Without any fear And so this is christmas For weak and for strong The rich and the poor ones The road is so long And so happy christmas For black and for white For yellow and red ones Let s stop all the fights A very, merry christmas And a happy new year Let s hope it s a good one Without any fear So this is christmas And what have we done Another year s over New one s just begun And so happy christmas We hope you had fun The near and the dear ones The old and the young A very, merry christmas And a happy new year Let s hope it s a good one Without any fear
https://w.atwiki.jp/proko_translation/pages/54.html
How to Draw Neck Muscles - Anatomy and Motion 首の描き方 - 解剖学と動き https //www.youtube.com/watch?v=TvN71bOfC1Q http //www.proko.com/how-to-draw-neck-muscles-anatomy-and-motion/ 時間表記は有料版のものです。 Hi, I m Stan Prokopenko, and this is Proko. こんにちは。Stan Prokopenkoです。 Prokoチャンネルです。 Last time we learned that the trapezius makes the back wall of the neck. 前回、我々は、僧帽筋が首の後ろの壁を作っていることを学びました。 But, what the neck is all this stuff here?! しかし、首はそれだけで構成されているのでしょうか？ Let s swing over to the front and explore the rest of the neck. 前の方に立ち戻り、首の残りの部分を探索しましょう。 !--ここから有料-- !--ここまで-- There are a lot of small muscles in the neck that pop out when the neck tenses and moves around. We ll go over 10 muscles in the premium lesson. 首にはたくさんの小さな筋肉が存在し、 それは首が緊張したり動き回ったときに飛び出ます。 有料版では10以上の筋肉について学びます。 In this video, I ll focus on the 2 muscles that affect the surface the most along with some bones and cartilage. このビデオでは、私は二つの筋肉に集中します。 それはいくつかの骨と軟骨に沿って 最も表面に影響を及ぼします。 01 09 Bones and Cartilage 骨と軟骨 As always, anatomy starts with the bones. 例によって、解剖学は骨から始まります。 Note that the spine inserts on the back of the skull, completely behind the jaw. 脊椎は、頭蓋骨の後ろ、顎の完全に背後に停止していることに 注目してください。 The throat sits in front of the spine, making up for half the width of the neck. 喉は脊椎の前に存在し、首の半分の幅を占めています。 The mandible, or jawbone, will be an important attachment point today. 下顎、またはあごの骨は、 今日の授業では大変重要な付着点となるでしょう。 So will the "hook" of the mastoid process behind it. その後ろの乳様突起もまた重要な「鉤」となるでしょう。 You can easily feel the mastoid process on your own head. 皆さんは、頭にある乳様突起を簡単に確認することができます。 It s the hard, bony area on the back of the skull, just behind the bottom of your ear. 乳様突起は固く、頭蓋骨後ろの骨ばった範囲で、 耳の最下部のちょうど後ろです。 Some neck muscles attach to the clavicles. 首の筋肉のいくつかは鎖骨に付着しています。 Remember that there s a small gap between the clavicles where the manubrium sits, about one eyeball wide, before they flow out into that Cupid s bow shape and where is that music coming from? 覚えているでしょうか、 鎖骨がキューピットの弓の形になる前に、 鎖骨の間には隙間があり、そこには胸骨柄が存在し、 その隙間は眼球一個の幅であり、 そしてこの音楽はどこから流れてきているのか？ Here we see the Adam s apple aka the thyroid cartilage that surrounds and protects the voicebox. ここで、我々はアダムのリンゴ、またの名を甲状軟骨を見て取れます。 それは喉頭を包み保護しています。 !--訳注-- laryngeal prominence(喉頭隆起) = Adam s apple(アダムのリンゴ) = のどぼとけ laryngeal prominence(喉頭隆起) ↓ thyroid carilage(甲状軟骨)の前にある突起 !--訳中終わり-- !--アーティストのための解剖学より引用-- 喉頭の最も目立つかたちは 大きな甲状軟骨(thyroid carilage)である。 前面のその解剖学的形は、 船のへさきまたは三角帽に似ている。 その上縁に、喉頭隆起(laryngeal prominent) !--訳注 laryngeal prominenceか?-- と呼ばれるが、 一般にはアダムのリンゴ(Adam s apple)として知られる、 隆起様突出部の頸の最も目立つ目印がある。 その表面の形状は女性より男性の方が突出している。 !--引用終わり-- It sits just below the hyoid bone, in front of the spine and esophagus and all that but behind the muscular wall of the neck. 甲状軟骨は、舌骨のすぐ下に存在します。 食道と脊椎その他すべての前方で、 しかし、首の筋肉の壁の背後です。 The Adam s apple is larger and has a 90 degree angle on men, but women actually have one too. 喉ぼとけは、男性では、大きく90度の角度を持っていますが 女性にも同様のものはあります。 "Eve s apple" is just at a more open 120 degree angle so it s less noticeable. 「イブのリンゴ」はより広い120度の角度であり、 よって目立たなくなっています。 There s another cartilage called the cricoid cartilage right under the thyroid cartilage, which looks a lot like a class ring. 別な軟骨も存在します。 輪状軟骨と呼ばれ、ちょうど甲状軟骨の下に存在します。 それは卒業記念指輪のように見えます。 Gryffindor! There s a thyroid gland that cover the cricoid cartilage and soften it depending on how big the gland is. 輪状軟骨を覆う甲状腺が存在し、 腺がどれだけ大きいかによって輪状軟骨を柔らかな輪郭にします。 The hyoid is a small, horseshoe shaped bone above the Adam s apple. 舌骨は、小さく、蹄鉄の形をした骨で、 のどぼとけの上にあります。 It s the corner between the bottom plane of the jaw and front of the neck. それはあごの底の面と首の前面の角です。 It s an unusual little bone because it has no joints or direct attachments to other bones. 舌骨は普通ではない小さな骨です。 なぜならそれは関節も他の骨への直接の接続も持っていないからです。 !--ここから有料-- !--ここまで-- Time for muscles! There s no competition these three muscles are the largest and most important neck muscles for artists to know. 筋肉の時間です！ どれが優れているというわけではありません、 これらの三つの筋肉は、芸術家が知るべき 最も重要で大きな首の筋肉です。 The levator scapulae, sternocleidomastoideus, and trapezius are essential for expressing the forms and movements of the neck. 肩甲挙筋、胸鎖乳突筋、僧帽筋は、 首の動きと形を表現するのに本質的です。 We already covered the trapezius, so let s get on with the other two! 我々はすでに僧帽筋をやりましたので、 他の二つに取り掛かりましょう！ 05 02 Levator Scapulae 肩甲挙筋 !--ここから有料-- !--ここまで-- The levator scapulae is a diagonal muscle visible on the sides of the neck. 肩甲挙筋は、 斜めの筋肉で、首の側面で視認できます。 It originates from the top 4 cervical vertebrae, and inserts on the top-most point of the scapula, at that medial-superior corner. 肩甲挙筋は、上部四つの頚椎から起始し、 肩甲骨の最上部、上角に停止します。 The muscle twists on itself, so the fibers coming off of the highest point of the scapula attach the lowest on the neck. 筋肉それ自体がねじれています。 ですので、肩甲骨上で最も高い位置から生えた筋繊維は、 首に於いては肩甲挙筋の筋繊維の最も低い位置に付着します。 As for what it does... それが何をするかは... Levator Scapulay! Levator Scapulay... It s levator scapu-LAE, not levator scapu-LAY... Levator Scapulae! Yup, the levator scapulae levitates the scapula, or rather, lifts up the medial edge. はい、 肩甲挙筋は肩甲骨を魔法で浮き上がらせます。 厳密に言えば、内側縁を持ち上げます。 Sometimes it activates just to stabilize the scapula, so you ll see the levator scapulae popping out in a lot of different poses. 時々、肩甲挙筋は単に肩甲骨を安定させるために活動します。 ですので、皆さんは肩甲挙筋が様々な異なったポーズで 飛び出ているのを見るかもしれません。 If you re having trouble identifying neck muscles, the levator scapulae is the one that points to the ear. 皆さんが首の筋肉を特定するのに困っているのなら、 肩甲挙筋は、耳を指している物です。 It s buried under the sternomastoid anteriorly and by the trapezius posteriorly. 肩甲挙筋は、前方で胸鎖乳突筋、後方で僧帽筋の下に埋まっています。 But its middle third on the side of the neck is superficial. しかし中部三分の一、首の側面では皮下にあります。 !--ここから有料-- !--ここまで-- 07 17 Sternocleidomastoideus (The one that must not be named) 胸鎖乳突筋(名前を言ってはいけないもの) The sternocleidomastoideus Skelly NO! The sternocleidomastoideus... Skelly EEH! It sounds intimidating, but the sternocleidomastoideus is probably a muscle you re at least a little familiar with. その響きは恐ろしいですが、 胸鎖乳突筋は、おそらく皆さんが首の筋肉においては 多少は知っているのではないでしょうか。 It s the one that makes the neck s "V" shape as it goes from behind the ear to the pit of the neck. 胸鎖乳突筋は、首のV字型を作り、 耳の後ろから首のくぼみまで走っています。 Its three-part name describes its three attachment... その三つの部分の名前が、その三つの付着を物語っています。 It originates from the top of sternum, "sterno", as well as the medial third of the clavicles, "cleido", and inserts on the mastoid process of the skull, "mastoideus". 胸鎖乳突筋は、 胸骨(sternum)のてっぺんから起始しており(sterno)、 鎖骨(clavicle)の内側三分の一からも起始しており(cleido)、 そして、頭蓋骨の乳様突起(mastoid process)に停止します(mastoideus)。 Sternocleidomastoideus! 胸鎖乳突筋！ You can also call it sternomastoid for short. 短く言うとsternomastoidです。 It has two distinct origins, and that means two distinct muscular heads, with a small gap above the clavicle. 胸鎖乳突筋は、二つの異なる起始を持っており、 そのことは、鎖骨の上方に小さな隙間を持った 二つの区別できる筋頭があることを意味します。 It s superficial throughout its entire length, so the sternomastoid is a must-know muscle. それは全体を通して皮下に存在し、 ですので胸鎖乳突筋は知っておくべき筋肉です。 When it activates it rotates the head to the opposite side. それが活動するとき、 それは頭を反対の側へ旋回させます。 If both sides activate together, they flex the head forward. 両側が同時に働くとき、 頭を前方へ屈曲させます。 That s the sternocleidomastoideus. それが胸鎖乳突筋です。 !--ここから有料-- !--ここまで--
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ip_dplmc_info|Feature Diplomacy Mod ip_dplmc_info_text|The Diplomacy mod adds several essential features to the game. Most of them are accessed via your minister and several other new potential employees a chamberlain, a constable, and a chancellor. You gain the opportunity to hire a chamberlain when you receive your first village, a constable when you gain your first castle, and a chancellor when you gain your first town. If you dismiss one of your employees, you may be able to rehire them through a well-connected spouse or one of the travellers who frequent the taverns of Perisno.^^Aside from these the mod has other features as well, which can be accessed from the Camp menu.^^This mod uses Diplomacy Version 4.3 (Sept 22, 2012). ip_dplmc_autoloot|Feature Auto Loot ip_dplmc_autoloot_text|Auto Loot settings are managed through the Camp menu. It allows you to have your companions (named heroes, not ordinary soldiers) automatically select equipment from the looted items after a battle.^^In order for this feature to be enabled, one of the following must be true ^- Someone in your party must have a Looting score of 2 or better, someone in your party must have an Inventory Management skill of 3 or more.^- The player himself must have an Inventory Management skill of 2 or more. ip_dplmc_autosell|Feature Auto Sell ip_dplmc_autosell_text|The Auto Sell feature allows you to sell numerous items to a merchant all at once, instead of selling each item individually. Auto Sell settings are managed through the Town menu, where you can specify which types of items you want to be able to sell (e.g. you might not want to automatically sell horses) and a price limit (for example, you might not want to automatically sell any items that cost more than 200 aurums).^^There are two primary ways to use Auto Sell. If you speak to a Horse Merchant, Armorer, or Weapon Merchant in a town, there is a conversation option to sell items of a particular type. Also, when visiting a town, there will be an option in the Marketplace section of the menu to automatically sell your items throughout the town.^^For people who used Auto Sell in other mods, note that this sells from your own inventory, according to certain rules. Items you have equipped will never be sold, and neither will the first three items in your inventory. After that, autosell also skips anything that it thinks might be your personal equipment (since people often have more than one set). Regardless of whether you have them equipped, it won't sell your best bow, crossbow, armor, helmet, boots, or gloves. If you have a bow you can use, it won't sell your best three packs of arrows, and if you have a crossbow, it won't sell your best three packs of bolts. For shields, one-handed weapons, two-handed weapons, polearms, and horses, it won't sell your best or second-best item. Your best three throwing weapons also will not be sold. However, items that your character is unable to use are considered fair game. ip_lore1|Lore 1000 B.E. to 680 B.E. ip_lore1_text|Perisno is theorized to be the first inhabited territory in the world, with the first of these denizens being the ancient races of the land; giants, Naphali, dwarves and humans. The humans, known as Perilo, had numbers significantly smaller than the other races. The Naphali and dwarves lived in relative Isolation - The former confined to the deep western forests and the latter relegated to the tall southern mountains. There was little conflict between these different groups, owing to their geographical isolation, alongside the relatively sparse population density of the continent as a whole. Giant and dwarven history was not recorded in the Great Scrolls, so the two races were shrouded in mystery until much later.^^This balance of power began to shift with the Perilo growing in large numbers and occupying greater amounts of land. In the centuries following 1000 B.E., the increased competition for land drove both the humans and Naphali to assert themselves on the continent, driving large populations of giants eastward as early conflicts began to erupt. Although major powers were yet to emerge, the original Perilo - Who later named themselves the Kingdom of Perisno - had settled in the central territory of the continent in 700 B.E., while the Venetoran people and Klymorian Tribes started expanding their borders. The Venetoran people seceded from the Perilo early on, and thus claimed their own lands as disputes grew. Less is known about where the Klymorians originated. Of all the inhabitants, they're the most mysterious. ip_lore2|Lore 680 B.E. to 450 B.E. ip_lore2_text|The original Kingdom of Perisno came to be around the year 680 B.E. Under King Garrcick, they flourished and their extended peace lasted over four centuries. Smaller surrounding tribes were soon consumed by the ever expanding Kingdom of Perisno; King Garrcick claimed even more land through diplomacy. His armies faced no opposition from the minor, fragmented tribes, as they saw no reason to resist Garrcick's rule. It wasn't long until the central plains and forests belonged to his growing kingdom.^^In the year 450 B.E., a scouting party encountered a village belonging to the Klymorian Tribes - Eventually banding together to form the Klymorian Empire. The king at this time, Haggenhold, third of his name, was leading a kingdom witnessing it's most prosperous era yet. He was a fair king, to an extent. Although he possessed a nasty temper, where he would be holed up in his castle for days without emerging. Upon discovering this new kingdom, Haggenhold deployed emissaries to learn more about the Klymorian people. Without any warning, they were slain and the bodies returned to the king with their heads severed. Such a gruesome act would lead to the inevitable spark of the greatest war the continent had ever witnessed. ip_lore3|Lore 450 B.E. to 0 B.E. ip_lore3_text|In the year 447 B.E., Prince Kangrive of Perisno was leading a scouting party on the orders of King Haggenhold to scout out the vast woodlands to the West. He grew increasingly suspicious of the surrounding lands and what lay beyond charted territory. This led to his discovery of the Naphali (eventually known as Elintor). NOTE, more in depth lore will be made public soon. This is just the main Intro/Overview. The years spanning 447 B.E. to 0 B.E. were embroiled in fierce, endless wars that led to the fall of both kingdoms. ip_morale|Note Morale ip_morale_text|Morale represents the ability and willingness of the troops in a party to summon up the endurance, bravery, and discipline they need to face the stresses of battle and the march. It is not the same thing as the troops' happiness. Elite troops may grumble and whine about the hardships of campaigning -- but then stand together as one when the arrows start to fly. On the other hand, a commander who gives his men everything they want may find that they grow soft, and waiver before the enemy's charge.^^ Morale's greatest impact is on a party's behavior in battle, determining how aggressively troops engage the enemy, and how likely they are to break and run if they perceive the tide of battle turning against them. Morale also affects a party's march speed, as a less motivated party will move more slowly, as the men are not pushing themselves to their physical limit, and pause more frequently, as it waits for stragglers to catch up. Finally, a party with very low morale will start to suffer desertions.^^ Some factors that affect morale are intuitive. For example, a charismatic commander with a reputation for winning battles can infuse his or her men with a sense of confidence. Leaders who give their men well ample and varied supplies of food, and pay them on time, demonstrate that they care about their troops' welfare, and are less likely to lead them into disaster.^^ Other factors are less intuitive -- particularly those related to a party's sense of group cohesion. In a small tight-knit party, for example, men will often fight hard against daunting odds to avoid showing cowardice before their comrades-in-arms. A large party on the other hand may see its cohesion strained, as the commander has less time to supervise the men, listen to their grievances, and resolve their disputes. Frequent battles will strengthen the bonds between men, while long periods without combat will see the troops become bored and quarrelsome.^^ The morale report, accessibly by hitting the 'reports' button will give the player a sense of the factors affecting his or her men's morale. ip_economy|Note Economy ip_economy_text|Towns and villages in Perisno need a wide variety of goods for their populations to remain healthy and productive. First in importance is food. Grain is the staple crop of Perisno, but people also need fat and protein in the form of meat, fish, or cheese. It takes almost as much work to preserve meat as to produce it in the first place, so salt is also in high demand. After food comes clothing heavy wool, lighter linens, or luxurious velvet. Finally, people need the tools of their trade ironware, pottery, leatherware, and, of course, arms, armor, and horses for war.^^Most agricultural products are produced in the villages, while artisans in the towns specialize in manufactured or artisanal goods like fabrics or ironware. Also, different resources can be found in different parts of the country. Consequently, the key to prosperity in Perisno is trade -- both between the villages and the towns, and between the major towns themselves.^^When trade flows, goods will be available and affordable, the population of a center will be healthy and energetic, and migrants will flock from the nearby regions. The center will produce more, consume more, and be able to contribute more in taxes to their lords. When trade dries up, towns and villages will see their workers flee to seek work elsewhere, and economic activity will drift to a stand-still. Thus, it is in the interests of rulers to protect trade routes from the hazards of war and banditry. A smart merchant, however, may want to seek out towns which have become isolated from the rest of the land, as he or she may be able to turn a tidy profit from the resulting price imbalances.^^Because villagers usually plan to take their goods to market in towns, village markets will be rather quiet places, and villagers will buy cheap and sell dear. Serious merchants will stick to the towns to make a profit, although some parties may decide to make a quick stop in a village to acquire supplies.^^A player who wants to know about the factors affecting a region's prosperity can speak to the guildmaster of the local town. Other information can be gleaned from passers-by, although they might not know very much outside of their own particular trade. ip_foraging|Note Foraging ip_foraging_text|To sustain and keep large armies happy you will need high morale, and one thing that helps build a high morale is food. Introducing Foraging, where you and your troops live off of the land. Foraging will not provide food items, it simply reduces the food consumed at each meal. This is an Agility based party skill with max level of 10. The skill level (modified by party bonus) sets a hard limit of the maximum number of food unit that can be foraged. For example, even if you can forage 30 food units from the area and you have only 1 level you foraging, you'll get a 5 units reduction to food consumption. The amount foraged has a bonus of x1.5 if camping (standard camp, waiting 24h on siege). The amount of food that can be foraged depends on local resources ip_courtship|Note Courtship ip_courtship_text|Players may wish to marry into one of Perisno's noble families. Marriage is not necessary for a player to rise in power and stature, but it does provide players with an opportunity to improve their relation with lords and establish a claim to the throne.^^Marriage requirements will be different for males and females. A male character will usually need to pursue a traditional path of courtship. He should establish a reputation in Perisnon aristocratic society, get on good terms with his bride's parents or guardians, and then woo the lady according to local custom. If a player grows impatient, he may attempt to take a shortcut -- but there will be consequences in his relations with other lords.^^A male character should keep in mind that other lords will be competing with him for the affections of the kingdom's ladies. Also, a lady's tastes are unpredictable, and a player may also find that the object of his love does not love him in return. Romance, in Perisno as elsewhere, does not always prosper. Of course, a player may resort to other, less gentlemanly means of winning a lady's heart, but again, that will have a serious impact on his reputation.^^To get started on the path of courtship, a male player should try to get involved in the social life of the Perisnon aristocracy, attending feasts and tournaments. Also, wandering troubadours and poets can serve as a useful repository of information on courtship, and keep the player up to date about the latest gossip.^^Female characters can also marry -- but they should keep in mind that Perisnon society is very traditional, and, as adventurers, they have chosen a very unconventional path for a woman. A female character may have to look for a while to find a lord who is open-minded enough to marry her.^^On the bright side, a female character does not have to go through the elaborate rituals of courtship, and she also may gain more from a marriage than her male counterpart. For a woman adventurer, marriage can be a quick path to power -- and an unscrupulous character may be able to use her husband as a tool of her political ambitions. ip_politics|Note Politics ip_politics_text|The realms of Perisno, although they represent different cultures, all adhere to the same basic political system feudalism. Feudalism is based on the relationships between individuals the oaths of loyalty given by a vassal to his or her liege. In exchange for this oath, the vassal will usually receive a fief, a parcel of land whose income will be used by the vassal to raise troops to support the liege in time of war. A liege also has an obligation to protect his vassals, and to treat them justly.^^This is how it works in theory, anyway. In practice, vassals will not always work in their factions' interests, particular as they are often quarreling with one another. Nobles have different personalities, and sometimes those personalities clash. Or, perhaps two nobles were once friends, but fell out over in the aftermath of a setback or a defeat -- or because they both were wooing the same lady. Jealousies will also surface as they vie for the favor of the king -- perhaps over newly conquered lands, or over who will be given the coveted office of marshal, the lord in charge of organizing large-scale campaigns.^^When one realm in Perisno makes war on another, the political unity of the each kingdom is as important as the quality or number of its soldiers in determining the outcome. In a cohesive kingdom, nobles will join together in a large force to sweep their opponents before them. In a kingdom divided by petty quarrels, lords will fail to respond to the marshal's summons, or drift away to attend to their own business if a campaign is not going well. A faction's political cohesion will also impact warfare when campaigns are not in progress. In a divided faction, lords will be less likely to join together on raids and patrols, and come to each other's defense.^^If it seems self-defeating for nobles to bicker and quarrel when the enemy is just over the horizon, keep this in mind -- ultimately, a noble's loyalty goes not to a particular faction or culture, but to himself and to his family. If a noble fears that his faction is collapsing, or if he is being neglected by his liege, he can usually find a reason to withdraw his oath of allegiance, and change sides. Players should keep this in mind, as they may find that there are opportunities to turn discontented former enemies into allies. ip_fog_of_war|Feature Fog of War ip_fog_of_war_text|Fog of War can be toggled between on and off (You won't be able to toggle it once you have started the game, unless you access the cheat menu). Fog of War is exactly what it suggests. You simply travel around the world to uncover new areas on the world map. It is recommended to enable this feature as Perisno has a unique feature where you can buy maps to reveal the lands, and thus giving the player a better playthrough with more surprises. ip_character_backgrounds|Note Character Backgrounds ip_character_backgrounds_text|A player character in Perisno may choose from a variety of social backgrounds to originate from. This choice will affect not just his or her starting skills and equipment, but also the course of his or her career as an adventurer.^^War and politics in Perisno are traditionally dominated by male aristocrats. A nobleman player character may find that he is invited into this 'old boys' club' fairly quickly, but women and commoners may face a few extra hurdles on the way. If you choose to start the game as a male nobleman, you can think of it as the 'easy' setting. Starting as a noblewoman or a male commoner is somewhat more difficult, and starting as a female commoner is probably the most challenging way to begin a game.^^However, women have some starting advantages. Simply by taking up arms, a female warrior will draw attention to herself, and she may find that she can build up her reputation faster than a male. Also, it is traditionally easier for a woman to marry up the social ladder than it is for a man, and a woman may find she can gain more from a strategic marital alliance than her male counterpart.^^Finally, keep in mind that the game does not place any limits on the upward mobility of characters based on their background. Noble or common, male or female, married or unmarried -- anyone can rise to become ruler of all Perisno, if they are sufficiently brave, lucky, or resourceful. ip_military_campaigns|Note Military Campaigns ip_military_campaigns_text|When kingdoms in Perisno go to war, their armies have two basic offensive options. They can try to attack villages and lay waste to the countryside, damaging their enemy's prestige and economy. Or, they can try to seize and hold castles or towns, taking territory This second option can involve long, bloody sieges, but will yield more decisive results.^^It is important to note that the realms of Perisno do not field standing armies, which remain in the field as long as the ruler desires. Rather, Perisnon realms are protected by feudal levies comprised of the major nobles and their individual retinues. Sometimes, these nobles launch their own private attacks into enemy territory, but the most decisive events will usually take place when the great hosts are assembled. The kingdom's marshal, a noble appointed by the king, will summon the host before the campaign and lead them out to battle. However, he should be careful not to keep them in the field too long. Otherwise, the host will begin to disintegrate, as the vassals drift off to pursue their own business, and the army will be vulnerable to a counter-attack.^^For this reason, the rhythm of wars in Perisno often resemble the rhythm of a duel between two individual combatants. One side will gather its strength and seek to land a blow against the enemy's territory. If the marshal spends too little time gathering the vassals, he may not be able to do any real damage. If he spends too much time, then the campaign may end before it has even begun. A large realm will have an advantage over a smaller one, just as a brawny combatant has an edge over a smaller foe, but a realm's political cohesion can also be a factor, just as a fighter with great stamina can outlast her opponent. Sometimes, the armies of two realms will meet head on, resulting in a major battle in which both numbers and morale will decide the outcome.^^Kingdoms will have imperfect intelligence about their enemies. Attacking lords will need to frequently scout enemy territory to determine which fortresses may be vulnerable. An army defending its homeland will benefit from the alarms raised by castles and towns, which broadcast intelligence about enemy movements in the area. Such intelligence will be imprecise, however, particularly when it comes to numbers. A defending force which sets out to raise a siege or rescue a village may be able to overwhelm an unprepared attacker -- or it may miscalculate, and find that it is the one to be overwhelmed. Attackers, in turn, must be careful how far they advance into enemy territory, with aggressive marshals venturing further than cautious ones.^^Players will be expected to join in their faction's military campaign, either by joining the host, or by scouting ahead into enemy territory. Some players may find that their realm's marshal is too cautious, or too aggressive, for their tastes. In this case, they can intrigue with other lords to try to replace the marshal, or build support to become the marshal themselves.^^Most wars are of limited duration. A king who goes to war will, for the sake of honor, feel obligated to pursue the conflict for a short while. However, unless he is soundly beating his enemy. he may soon start looking for a way out of the conflict, lest he leave himself vulnerable to an attack by a third party. Perisno's rulers are keenly aware that today's ally may be tomorrow's enemy, and vice versa. ip_tolranianlore|Lore Kingdom of Tolrania ip_tolranianlore_text|The Tolranians escaped the tyranny of the old, decaying Hakkon Empire. Haunted by their experiences in Hakkon, the leaders were determined to start life anew in Perisno.^^Entries from the journal of Captain Otto Waveshore ^^Day One ^^Enough is enough. We are fleeing the crumbling Hakkon Empire. We will start a new life elsewhere, in a place far from Hakkon. Far enough, so that they値l lose our trail for good. We have begun to set sail, a motley bunch of men leaving on commandeered ships, graciously secured by our good friend Admiral Themistocles. He will face severe punishment for what he has done, but Themistocles knew the risks, same as all of us. As I look upon the endless sea, I fear most of us will not live to lay eyes upon our new home.^^Unknown Day ^^I have lost track of how many days we have been at sea. It feels as though ages have passed since we fled to the open waters. Half the ships were sunk. Either by marauding pirates, colossal monsters from the depths, or violent storms. Every day the crew offer prayers to Priapus, our God of Sailors.^^Unknown Day ^^It is unbelievable... We have caught sight of land at long last! The men are settling down in this new, lush land, which we named Perisno. No signs of native life have been discovered thus far, but right now it is the least of my worries. I fear that our successors will not live on. My health is failing, and I think this will be my last entry. - Captain Otto Waveshore^^Tolrania was founded in the year 323. They are a Republic, swearing to never repeat the mistakes of the Hakkon Empire far across the sea. For seven years, the Tolranian people prospered in this new land, free of the tyranny of Hakkon and King Comrey. Trade deals were struck with the Maccavians, and they thrived because of it. The population quadrupled in the coming years, and soon Tolrania was expanding. In the year 330, something unexpected happened a Hakkon armada was following them into Perisno.^^At first the Tolranians were shocked, then angered. They anguished over the revelation of the Hakkon fleet痴 size.^^These were knights and nobles similarly dissatisfied with King Comrey, and set out to a new world. Almost every Tolranian there were second generation, and few of the first generation were still alive. However, their fathers told stories of the horrors in Hakkon.^^With no other option, they turned to the local Elintoran Naphali for aid. The Naphali archers were a mercenary company hired to do battle against the Hakkon forces. In a famous battle, the combined Tolranian-Elintoran Naphali force routed the Hakkon army.^^Hakkon was not defeated for good, but time was needed to rebuild their armies. The Tolranian people rejoiced, continuing to thrive.^^However, there would be a slight turn of fortune, as an outlaw group began to form near the woods of Tolrania. These outlaws declared the Tolranian government corrupt and disorderly. They deemed the name 然epublic・itself hypocritical. The government ruled like a kingdom, and the other factions acknowledged this. Tolrania was dubbed 銭ingdom of Tolrania・by the surrounding factions. Soon the Tolranians alone remained in calling themselves a republic.^^The unified outlaws, led by an enigmatic man named Nibor Hood, became a large organization that were constantly a thorn in the Tolranian痴 side.^^Tolrania is ruled by a king, after the idea of a republic was abandoned. They possess a strong military, and their Kingsmen are the envy of the world. They field a diverse military; horse archers, foot archers, and infantry. The Tolranian military is composed of peasants recruited from villages. For heavy cavalry, they rely on their top tier noble troops. The forests teem with outlaws, and the lords are too lazy to stop them. The choice is yours to either unite Tolrania or destroy it. ip_drachenlore|Lore Reich Des Drachen ip_drachenlore_text|The Reich Des Drachen originates in a land far from Perisno. Their homeland is known as the Isle of the Dragon, where many strange and exotic creatures dwelled. The Reich are a very mysterious group and almost nothing - other than where they originate - is known about them. They arrived at Perisno in the year 363. It was clear from the moment they landed that their intentions were not to trade, but to conquer. With the massive armada they brought, the Reich deployed thousands of soldiers onto Perisnoan soil. With the help of their Dragons, The Reich was able to push back the Illicans and take over most of their cities. The surrounding factions were wary of this new threat, but did not act out of fear. The Illicans fought back with vigilance, committing nearly their entire number of Falki Birds to fight back against the Dragons. This helped somewhat, as accounts show nearly 50 dragons were slain in the war. Though to no avail, The Reich occupies all Illican Lands.^^The Reich has a strong military composed of infantry, spearmen and heavy cavalry. They are an extremely disciplined force that never flees under any circumstances. The government is a monarchy, and their mysterious emperor rules through divine right. He claims the dragon Gods have proclaimed him king and it is his right to rule the world under their decree. His right hand man is the mysterious High Priest of the Dragon. It is rumored that the High Priest is plotting to overthrow the Emperor, who he thinks is unworthy. He searches for a capable mercenary or adventurer to assist him. ip_draharalore|Lore Drahara ip_draharalore_text|The Draharan people have always resided in Perisno. They池e a loosely united confederation of desert tribes. They overlook the western world, which they refer to as 賎hareeb.・Drahara is a reclusive nation, mostly confined to their deserts, never daring to venture more than a few miles into forests and grasslands. They're hardy people, thriving in the harshest environments. Most tribes are nomadic, but a few of the larger tribes have settled in cities near abundant resources. The Draharans are religious, believing in spirits and gods. Spread throughout the Draharan desert, ancient shrines and majestic temples can be found dedicated to them. Drahara is a term used for an ethnic group of people and many tribesmen consider it offensive to be called Draharan, instead of their respective clan or tribe name. That was tradition for centuries, but around the year 354 everything changed.^^An unnamed man walked into the capital city of the largest Draharan tribe and proclaimed himself a man sent by the gods. He could work wonders, perform miracles, and soon many became his followers. The man dreamt of a day where the Draharans ruled Perisno, forcing all the unworthy Ghareebians of the West to bow to their rule. The people were enraptured, his voice carried power, and everyone that heard him believed his words and pledged their allegiance. After five years, all the tribes had united under this man痴 leadership and their armies were ready to march. First, he immediately used the newly assembled military to annihilate every bandit party in the desert that they could catch. All desert rats and vultures that robbed others were rooted out and executed. It wasn稚 long before Drahara soon became free of such men, but it is rumored the persecuted bandits are still hiding in reclusive corners, waiting for revenge. The unnamed man continued to assert himself, and further establish dominance, training an elite guard of camel riders for himself. He had the elephant riders・tribe pledge their allegiance and even the infamous Desert Assassins as well. They were ready to march to war by the year 395.^^Drahara became a confederation under their new, mysterious ruler. Each lord has their personal army, but all fought for one cause; conquest of the West. Although, there were a few souls that doubted this mysterious man and proclaimed their suspicions. The strongest man opposed to this new ruler was named Baibars. He voiced his protests against the unnamed man, stating he had no right to rule. Baibars was cast out and shunned, but remains alive waiting for someone to aid him. He now travels from kingdom to kingdom, attempting to find support.^^The Draharan military is simple, composed of archers, spearmen, and cavalry. However, due to the desert heat, they are not equipped with heavy armor. It is a basic army all around, but many lords enlist household troops originating from their own tribe. ip_maccavialore|Lore Maccavia ip_maccavialore_text|Maccavia is a free cosmopolitan realm governed by a monarch, senate of nobles, and free men respectively. They are a faction of noble knights, religious individuals, diplomats and wealthy merchants. Maccavia was once a kingdom of northmen, sailors, and pirates. Yet with a change of fate, they laid down roots in the winterlands. They conquered and prospered for many years. Every man was the lord of their destiny, free to rule their life as they pleased. So long as they paid taxes, lived orderly, abided by the laws of the republic, and worked towards progress, that is.^^Maccavia is currently undergoing a religious schism between the New Gods followers and their values at odds with those of the Old Gods. Chivalry, love, duty, benevolence, family, order, grace and kindness are the virtues of the New Gods. Opposing them are the Old Gods values of war, honor, strength, ambition, domination, secrets and plots.^^Many nobles among the Maccavian Republic are followers of the faith and Gods - With those who practice the Old Gods beliefs being warmongering nobles bent on raiding, conquering, fighting, and demanding strength from their allies. They池e loyal hounds of the Maccavian Republic dictator. Opposing them are the New Gods nobles, followers of the new faith, who prefer to prosper and grow rich. They値l show kindness and grace, but also intolerance for followers of a different faith. Especially the Maccavian nobles that follow the Old Gods. To them, they池e savages in opulent clothing. Inversely, Old God followers view those of the New Gods as cowards and weaklings. This conflict of ideals has been destroying the republic; good and evil mixed in a common goal.^^The Maccavian army is one of the best equipped in all Perisno. They carry curious contraptions and receive heavy weapon training. Every citizen is instructed in the use of weapons, horseback riding, literacy, and logistics. Their martial training is without equal. Numerous Maccavian soldiers are followers of the Old Gods, but not many of them rise through the military ranks, because most die in battle. Opposite of them, the New Gods disciples rise through the ranks quickly, with the drawback of less strength.^^The Maccavian army is split into divisions based on specialties of the trainee. Those who show a promising level of skill in a certain field are assigned to that division. If they show aptitude and perception, they値l be trained to use a crossbow. The individuals with exemplary amounts of strength get assigned to the sword, spear and knight division respectively. And all Maccavian soldiers are trained in the use of heavy armor.^^Maccavian Squires are sons of nobles, training since childhood to excel in every division of martial arts. They池e educated, devout disciples of the faiths and Gods. As a result, they池e recruited with a steep price. With extensive training they will become Maccavian knights.^^Squires of the Old Gods become Maccavian Black Knights and their counterparts become Maccavian Knights of Steel.^^Onto politics of the republic; King Agathor Krex is the dictator of Maccavia. While he desires to have full control of the republic, backed by his loyal hound disciples of the Old Gods, the New Gods followers dislike him and try to sabotage every attempt he makes for more power. None openly challenge his rule, but most would certainly follow a New God claimant. ip_elintoranlore|Lore Elintor ip_elintoranlore_text|The Elintoran Naphali are native to Perisno. They池e extremely secretive and knowledge accumulated on them is scarce. The closest association any Perisnoans have had with them are the Tolranians. Both kingdoms fought side by side to defeat a massive Hakkon Army that invaded in the year 332. The notorious battle, dubbed 腺attle of Halfith・from then on, saw the Tolranians and Elintoran Naphali combined forces to defeat the larger Hakkon army. That fight solidified the might of Naphali archers in Tolranian minds. It was because of them that they managed to defeat the Hakkon army. They fired volley after volley at the legionnaires and when they sent in the lancers, they were outmaneuvered by Tolranian cavalry archers. After securing victory, the Elintorans returned to their reclusive way of life and eventually good relations with the Tolranians were broken. Forty years later, they池e fighting a bitter war against them for unclear reasons.^^Currently, the Elintoran nation is ruled by Eriallen Arwen. It is not unusual for women to hold positions of power in the Naphali hierarchy. Some of the most notorious Elintoran rulers were, in fact, queens. However, times are changing in the Elintoran province. Some people, including the claimant, hold the belief that men should rule. ip_geldarinlore|Lore Geldar ip_geldarinlore_text|The Geldarin Naphali are a rebellious offshoot of the Elintorans that currently inhabit a small peninsula beneath Forniron, the Elintoran capital. They池e a strange group and nobody knows the exact reason for defecting. Rumors pose the reason was civil war, others suggest it was because the Geldarin being a completely different species who faced persecution. Whatever the cause, both factions detest each other and to this day, Geldarin Naphali patrols continuously plague Elintor near Forniron. It is rumored Eriallen Arwen holds great disdain for the Geldarins and one day plans to wipe them from the face of Perisno once and for all. At a glance, these Naphali aren稚 so different, with the exception of armor styles. Even so, they despise the Elintorans a great deal and attack any of their parties on sight. Like the Elintoran Naphali, the Geldarins are master archers. They match, and perhaps even surpass, those of the Elintorans. ip_hakkonlore|Lore Hakkon Empire ip_hakkonlore_text|The Hakkon people originated from the Continent of Athassia. In a few centuries, the Hakkonese people rose from a minor island nation to a superpower on the continent. Sailing technology was revolutionized and the Hakkonese Navy grew in great numbers. They quickly dominated surrounding minor island tribes and were poised to take the Athassian mainland. ^^After taking the mainland, the Hakkonese and their tribes united and became the Calintrik (Sall-an-Trick) Empire. However, one tribe known as the Tolranians, who had resided on the mainland Athassia, became increasingly concerned by the tyrical rule opposed upon them by the empire. As oppression grew, the Tolranians had no choice but to seek a new home. They sailed east, towards the Perisno mainland.^^The Hakkon Empire grew in size over the years and was immensely prosperous. They frequently clashed with the Tolranians, losing many battles, but the empire was powerful, able to rebuild quickly and efficiently.^^Aaramis Talcinous, at the age of 41, became the first Emperor of the Calintrik Empire. His lineage would rule for more than three centuries. Emperor Comrey Talcinous was on the throne in 329, but as time went by he quickly became overweight. Neglecting his position, his ministers had begun ruling the kingdom in his stead until a more suitable heir could be selected. Nobles and soldiers who no longer wished to serve Emperor Comrey Talcinous had begun their move by departing the continent with a massive fleet, which was made up of a large number Hakkonese. They arrived in Perisno by the year 330 and by sheer force, sacked the Elintoran City Lille and the Capital, Forniron, as they sailed through the waterways leading into Perisno. Elintor, taken completely by surprise, had no answer for the naval force and was forced to retreat. The Hakkon Empire grew in size over the years and was immensely prosperous, but frequently clashed with Tolrania and Elintor as they controlled the waterways. ip_valahirlore|Lore The Valahir Clan ip_valahirlore_text|Hailing from Nisaynia, the Valahir people are a dominant clan. The Volheere Raiders are only an offshoot of their clan and even though they left the island because of harsh weather and no food, the Valahir Clan still rules and survives by demanding tribute from conquered tribes. Now, though, they致e set their sights on Perisno with their abundant resources. However, many are reluctant to make the journey. The Valahir Clan is ruled by Clan Leader Ingveld and his vassals known as Aethlings. Their troops are all archers and infantry. Valahir heavy infantry can match the Maccavian Northguards in strength. Should the Valahir clan rally under Ingveld, the Maccavians - and possibly the whole continent - is in danger... ip_falconlore_1|Lore Realm of The Falcon. Part 1 ip_falconlore_1_text|The Realm of the Falcon seceded from Elintor in the early days of its founding, when the Naphali first began asserting themselves more and more. In the year 323, a few Elintoran nobles concluded that ceaseless wars and fruitless negotiations, led only by the intention to continue the bloodshed for the sake of honor, could no longer be their way and couldn稚 provide the future they dreamed of for their people. They decided it was better to live a poor and simple life rather than be invaders and power hungry plunderers in territory that wasn稚 their own. Elintor, constantly at war, was too preoccupied to stop the deserter痴 exodus from Forniron. They quickly vanished into the great woods on the Elintor border, adjoining the territories later inhabited by the Hakkon, finally settling at the base of the mountains.^^The isolation they chose protected them from the persecution of Elintor and other kingdoms, as planned. They were only considered another band of outlaws. Neither Elintor or other factions thought it worthwhile to devote resources into hunting them. The splinter group were left in peace - A peace which allowed them to flourish, taking advantage of their good relations with a few Tolranian lords to establish trade routes. After all, the Tolranians came to Perisno for the same reason. Those nobles and their followers had split with Elintor - And the fact that some Tolranian lords opposed these endless wars - made them sympathize and protect each other.^^As they settled down, they discovered people living in the woods nearby. A group of individuals with their own rites and beliefs.^^They were already followers of the New Gods, living in tandem with nature. These people, alongside their beliefs, quickly assimilated into the Realms・culture and today nobody could assuredly tell who aligned with whom. One thing is certain; their beliefs were similar and therefore brought no reason for strife. From the beginning, the Realm Of The Falcon not only respected denizens of the continent, but their animals as well, being partly Naphali still. They used their empathy to form bonds of friendship with the very animals they depended on, rather than dominating them. Established bonds of trust were proven to be stronger and more effective. Another reason for this may have had something to do with the ever growing number of refugees from all corners of Perisno, lending their knowledge and manpower. These desperate people nurse dreams of hope for a better future for themselves and their children upon hearing rumors of peaceful life in the Realm Of The Falcon. They were Tolranian peasants, Maccavian smiths and traders from the Reich fleeing harsh tax burdens and inhumane treatment from their lords.^^In only a few years, this growing community blossomed into a sovereign state that at last christened itself with the name Realm Of The Falcon, originating from the falcons that assist their nobles during hunts. Hunting on horseback was a discipline the lords carried over from Elintor and the falcon represented wit, agility and chivalry・But, a growing community also required adequate protection. In 340, in response to more frequent caravan raids by the Hakkon Empire on the previously unknown trade routes, the lord痴 council made the decision to field an army incomparable to any other and difficult to defeat. Still lacking strength in numbers compared to other states, the Realm decided that only a strong core of cavalry would be a large enough deterrent from outside invasion and reduce vulnerability to surprise attacks. Heavy-heartedly, a conscription was implemented, knowing full well death in their lord痴 wars was the reason so many defected to the Realm Of The Falcon in the first place. ip_falconlore_2|Lore Realm of The Falcon. Part 2 ip_falconlore_2_text|Nevertheless, most citizens of the Realm understood and in 341 the first recruits mounted their formidable horses, descendants of the Naphali ones first brought by their masters from Elintor. It was part of the reason caravans were raided so often.^^Horses were the most important trade good of the Realm Of The Falcon and the Golden Hall in the capital痴 center would never have been constructed were it not for the income that horse trading generated. This was only possible, because more and more terrain of the great woods needed to be cleared to make way for the growing number of people that had to be sustained with crops. These acres were also best suited for breeding horses. From 341 on, more clashes with the Hakkon Empire occurred and fears grew within the Realm Of The Falcon that open war was unavoidable; only postponed by the Empire because of continuous wars with the other kingdoms.^^War broke out in 345, but the Realm痴 strategy of enhanced cavalry was most effective. A Marshal was elected by the lords that held the authority of a king. Only temporarily, though, because these lords believed in a more democratic style and remembered the consequences in laying too much power into the hands of a single individual. The elected man wasn稚 even a noble, but the oldest son of a Maccavian family that migrated to the Realm Of The Falcon in 325. He proved himself to be extremely skilled, as he climbed the ranks of the newly built army unbelievably fast. The man showed extraordinary intelligence, tactical intuition, as well as courage. His name was Gunnar and after his victory at the battle of Amarna, he was honored with the title 禅he Falcon・after conquering the city. It was later returned in exchange for recognition and guaranteed safety of their trade routes.^^The Hakkon Empire vastly underestimated the Realm痴 strength and the determined militancy of its priests in particular. Their appearance alone can instill terror into anyone. The Empire was ignorant enough to engage Gunnar痴 army in an open-field-battle, which led to their shameful defeat.^^Following a peace treaty, the army was quickly rebuilt and the Realm flourished through trade like never before. The trade routes were considered safe, at least from further Hakkon raids. This, of course, incited desires within other kingdoms to aspire for the wealth created only through means of cautious diplomacy. The Realm Of The Falcon avoided another war until, in 395, it happened. Rumors of a new invading force approaching Perisno reached the Realm. The people shuddered at the rumored atrocities said to be committed by the unknown foe and much harder to defeat than any known army on the continent. Again, the lords decided to deploy Gunnar as opposition to this new great danger that had swept over the already war-torn lands of Perisno... ip_kuulanlore|Lore Kuu-lan Horde ip_kuulanlore_text|The story of the Kuu-lan Horde begins far from Perisno, On the Continent of Czestadtia. For centuries, the nomadic inhabitants lived in peace on the continent until a volcanic eruption forced them out of their prosperous grassy plains and closer to other nomadic tribes on the rather sparce land that was yet to be touched by volanacic ash.^^However, tensions grew as the once isolated nomadic families were forced to interact with each other as the population grew. Around the year 29, families began banding together - forming tribes - as the first violent conflicts erupted and dark times engulfed Czestadtia.^^One day, a prophet by the name of Kesser appeared and began preaching peace, begging the people to cease their senseless violence. He stated that a God would punish their wicked ways, but the nomads worshipped the spirits of their ancestors and didn稚 believe in Gods.^^YYear 36 - A massive volcano erupts on the continent . Kesser was the only survivor. The tribes from the unaffected areas of the continent gathered around him, concluding his miraculous survival as nothing short of divine intervention.^^Year 53 - Kesser passes away and his second in command, Dimir is named ruler. Immediately he reinforces his power by repressing several nomadic nobles and gaining the support of the Turan people and elders.^^Years 60-200 - Marked as the Golden age of the Turan Nomads.^^Year 223 - Kulak dies under mysterious circumstances and his regime is overthrown. Kulak痴 wife, son, and daughter escape. A temporary council of Khans becomes the new leadership of Turan to prevent contention and disorder until a new ruler is chosen.^^Year 239 - Saldar Olen rises to power. Many tribes secede from the Turan Nomads.^^Years 240-262 - Olen falls in battle against rebel tribes. His younger brother - Anyz - is chosen to be the new leader. His right to rule is supported by legends that he痴 a distant descendant of Kesser.^^Year 263 - Rebels unite under the Leadership of Baatur Bulat, who claims to be the son of Kulak, hailing from Dimir痴 dynasty.^^Year 280 - Anyz and his family are slaughtered by rebels. Olen痴 children escape. Kirran, the eldest, becomes an official, while his younger brother Kuulan becomes the leader of a band of Turan mercenaries. Dimir痴 dynasty is reinstated. Bulat痴 son - Mangi - becomes the new leader.^^Year 330 - The brothers lead an army of their fellow tribesmen, under Turan banners, to the continent of Perisno. The fleet is delayed by a storm and Kirran痴 ship sinks with his entire family. Kuulan dies after choking during a feast. His five sons - Aksakal, Karasakal, Boshman, Akin and Kengesh - ascend to leadership of the nomads. In following tradition, Boshman Baatur - the third son of Kuulan - becomes the ruler. Other nomads support him and form a faction in honor of the deceased leader - the Kuu-lan Horde. ip_giantslore|Lore Sut Bakhal Giants ip_giantslore_text|The giants of Perisno are an ancient race. Perhaps of the oldest inhabitants. Although, there are definitely contesting claims to that. Giants as a race, or 全uti・in their tongue - which means children of Sut, an earthen mother Goddess - are tall, muscular, with defined angular features and deep set eyes. Their size far outpaces humans, both in overall height and mass, as well as proportionally wider shoulders in males and females with wider hips in comparison to other races. Physiologically, they breed slower than the races and have a lower female to male birth rate ratio. Female giants often have twins when giving birth to infants. This has made the race of giants highly protective of their females, often keeping the giantesses away from activities that may endanger them. They will frequently be in charge of the home, supplies, and work as craftgiants. Most of the clothing, weapons, armor and day to day tools that aren稚 imported through trade are crafted by the hands of giantesses.^^Male giants, on the other hand, traditionally hunt and go off to war, and are generally less valued than the women. However, despite this, most political positions are held by the males, as the struggles for leadership and intricacies of power are not lost on giant kind - a race most others of Perisno think stupid and simple. Giantesses often take on the roles of venerated advisors instead of direct leadership, because of the rather large target direct political positions within the clan. Although that isn稚 to say that the female giants don稚 contest power among themselves.^^Giants form a largely power based society, either focusing on martial might, imposing your will as a male, skills as a craftgiant, able mother, or oracle in the case of giantesses.^^Giants used to be spread all across Perisno in close knit familial tribes and clans living a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, with some clans settled in paltry villages across the continent. Now, their main homeland is the Chiefdom of Sut. However, over the centuries, with the rise of Naphali supremacy and later human expansionism, giants faced persecution. Many races felt intimidated by them, as well as their rather violent capacity in warfare. Prejudice was common against the Suti, especially for realms such as the Reich and other major powers who often - if not outright killing giants on sight - enslaved them to work in grueling conditions until their mind and body were broken. While the clans of Sut settled and prospered in their mountainous homes and forests, the rest of giantkind across Perisno were driven to the East of the continent in a mass migration.^^Giants refer to this migration as the 糎alk of Suffering・ or Gurthu置k Asht談ar in their tongue. Preyed upon by bandits and marauders this migration was characterized by its brutalization of the Suti people as they sought refuge. Even worse, the Sut giants denied their kin permission to settle in their lands. They feared overcrowding would cause more suffering through mass starvation. The rest of the giants bitterly cling to the memory, causing a great rift between the Suti people. At last they came to settle on the Eastern coasts of Bakhal, which roughly translates to 薦xiled Land・in the giant痴 language.^^The Bakhal people suffered in squalor for years until a warlord going by the name Vharska united them in a battle of succession, forging a might confederation of the dispersed tribes with the motive of reclaiming lost glory for giant kind and to exact vengeance upon those who had persecuted their race; preaching fiery rhetoric of hatred and retribution against their enemies. It didn稚 take long for Vharska started to push his militarized people out into other lands, subsuming nearby coastal settlements straight from the sea. They proceeded to conquer, enslave and pillage the lands of humans and other races. His direct descendant carries on the will of his father, clinging to Vharska痴 rhetoric with fondness. The Bakhal nurture dreams of conquering all Perisno for the sake of giant kind and paying back the people of Sut for their betrayal all those years ago, and extinguishing the flame of the other races for good. ip_perisnokingdomlore|Lore Kingdom of Perisno ip_perisnokingdomlore_text|The final faction to emerge within the land of Perisno, bearing the name and will of the ancients. This kingdom will be formed once the player becomes a monarch under his/her own banner.^^History records it as the one true kingdom within the continent痴 borders. The Kingdom of Perisno was once a glorious and prosperous empire, until it痴 sudden collapse. Likely due to internal struggles for power. Given the current state of war consuming the land today, the resurrection of the Perisnoan Empire is likely nothing more than a vain dream. Nigh impossible, even.^^However, sequestered within the mountains that border Hakkon and Drahara, an ancient ruin remains from the once mighty empire The Third Legion. They池e a noble group of descendants from the ancient empire, still roaming the land, opposing every faction and force in hopes of reforming the kingdom and restoring their ancestors・legacy to one of glory once more.^^Perisno Pilgrims, another group that wishes for the empire痴 return, are similarly people descended from the empire. However, these 善ilgrims・- unlike The Third Legion - are descendants of the common people of the kingdom. They long for the empire痴 peaceful rebirth and, unlike their noble counterparts, search for a hero with the skill and determination to raise it from the ashes, more glorious than ever before.^^Perisno, being a flexible nation, has the option of their policies to be determined by the ruler. It can be a monarchy or a republic. The ruler can bring justice and prosperity to the people, or cruelty and despair for eons to come. ip_cretaslore|Lore Cretas Monarchy ip_cretaslore_text|The Cretas Commonwealth is a monarchy led by King Aolas. After two long, arduous wars against Elintor and the Reich, a set of military alterations known as the 全chiathan Reforms・were put into effect. These reforms emphasized the role of spearmen, heavy infantry, and shieldbearers for protection against Elintoran Rangers and Drachen Dragoners. ip_zannlore|Lore Zann Empire ip_zannlore_text|Emperor Zann is the bastard child of the God Emperor Shang Jin, who was the conqueror and unifier of the wild steppes of Moshowki, located in Nisaynia, massive Sine tribes, and the reclusive - yet powerful - Shun-Ha dwellers. Emperor Zann launched a campaign to overthrow his father approximately halfway into the new year. Five cycles later, he is fighting a losing war against an enemy he underestimated. With word reaching Zann of the vulnerable state of the overseas continent called Perisno due to near ceaseless war, he makes the decision to retreat there, conquering as he goes. In order to prevent this, Shang Jin sends one of his most skilled Black Warriors - His nephew, Shi Jin - to warn the Perisnoan kingdoms of this looming threat.^^Zann remains behind with a core group of generals for the purpose of looting what he can from Nadire before departing for Perisno痴 shores. He will appear one month after the Imperial army vanguard; surely believing that is all the time it will take to subjugate Perisno. The Jin Empire follows Zann after their invasion of Perisno, concluding it痴 necessary to purge their enemy from the continent and world as a whole.^^It is up to the player to ally themselves with the Jin to halt the Zann invasion, or even choose to annihilate both. The Zann痴 armies are hybrids of Mongolian, Japanese, and Chinese style soldiers. They致e come with formidable archers, experienced mounted archers, and intimidating infantry. They池e lacking in heavy cavalry, however, but that is their only flaw. On all other fronts, their army maintains balanced cohesion. Their style of combat is drastically different from the average Perisnoan army and this is either a good or bad thing. ip_aroulolore|Lore Aroulo Ojibwakan ip_aroulolore_text|Work in progress. ip_kaikothlore|Lore Kaikoth Confederation ip_kaikothlore_text|The Dwarves are native inhabitants of Perisno. They formerly held a position of great import within the Perisno Empire, through their commerce of metals and jewels, and exemplary relations with the Empire痴 human leaders. They once occupied twelve great cities, deep in the mountains, to serve as testaments of their eminence. No blacksmith belonging to another race could match the skilled dwarven craftsmanship. They refined rough minerals into opulent jewelry and forged exquisite armor. Later, when the Perisno Empire cracked and dissolved, the dwarves still felt the shockwaves of the collapse, despite never officially being part of it. The Naphali took the opportunity to attack. They displayed such savagery that it drove much of the dwarven population from their land and cities in the wake of the onslaught. However, the dwarves - proud as they were - couldn稚 bear to witness the enemy plunder their land and inhabit their cities. The dwarves employed 壮corched-earth・tactics as they retreated. Since the dwarves could no longer hold the land, neither could the Naphali lay down roots in territory that never belonged to them and closed the routes to cover their mass exodus.^^For the first time in centuries, the dwarves unanimously decided to elect a king. Each dwarven city was independent, but during the dark ages of the dwarven nation, the Tarhns gathered to elect one of them as their king. After some deliberation, they all agreed to select Bluin, Tarhn of the town of Nimazar. As their respected king and marshal, Bluin I led a massive army of dwarves with the goal of reclaiming their lands and beating the Naphali back. However, the dwarves had not waged war in centuries and even though the warriors were proud, they didn稚 have the strength. Thousands of dwarves were massacred in combat with the Naphali, leaving them vulnerable to other invaders. By the time Tolrania and Hakkon landed on the continent, the dwarves were mere shadows of their former glory. King Bluin fell in a desperate battle to save the Southern dwarven cities. Now, the twelve previously almighty cities were three Nimazar, Anik-d皞, and Hornogoth.^^Their king was dead, and his son - Tarhn Bruin II - would be in line to take the throne. When his father died, the dwarven Tarhns faced an unlikely situation. A king was killed without nominating a royal heir. For Tarhn bruin it was clear that, if his father had nominated an heir, it would have been him. However, the Tarhn of Nimazar claimed the throne rightfully belonged to him. According to law and tradition, the Tarhns had to assemble to choose the next king. Tarhn Bergnar, Tarhn of Nimazar, pushed for the assembly of the dwarven rulers. He used all his might to persuade the powerful family that ruled Anik-d皞 to support his claims to the throne. Much to the dismay of Bruin II, Bergnar was elected as the new king.^^Upon taking the throne, the new king had one statement to make 選 will reclaim what is rightfully ours.・ ip_minorfactionlore_1|Lore Minor Factions. Part 1 ip_minorfactionlore_1_text|^- The Volheere Raiders -^^The Volheere raiders call the continent of Nisaynia, which is near Perisno, their home. They're formidable people, surviving through harsh wintry conditions. Somehow, they pull through it yearly, yet the past decade has been particularly harsh on them. They believe their God, Woden, has forsaken them and view themselves as no longer worthy people. The raiders believe they are not 蘇oly・enough to reside on the land of Nisaynia, where their Gods roam. The entire Volheere people sailed away and by chance landed on Perisno痴 shores. Upon first contact with the continent, they sacked everything they could find. Since then, they致e established themselves as a minor power in Perisno. Their berserkers are a feared group. The leader, Ulfednar, is a formidable man. It will take the might of a strong hero to defeat the Volheere and wipe them off the face of the earth.^ ^- The Illica Falki -^^They've befriended a mystical bird-like beast living on the mountain called the Falki. Young children from the clan are chosen by a child Falki, grow up together, and become companions. When both reach adulthood, they will be sent to hunt all around the mountain ranges. In the past, the Illicans used to be a mighty clan among all of Perisno's native inhabitants. First it was the Elintoran Naphali and after that, the Reich Des Drachen invaded and attempted to force them into submission. The Illica clan was forced back to their home known as Castle Sky. Because of this, the Illica clan despises all foreigners who make the journey to Perisno. They have a terrible relationship with the Elintor Naphali and Reich Des Drachen. They will often deploy various parties to sabotage the Reich's caravans and even attack the Reich lords' armies.^^Zeladeck, Illica's greatest Falki Knight, was not an Illican to begin with. He was an orphan raised by a lumberjack couple, living in the forest near the mountain range belonging to the Illicans. One day, he found a large injured Falki in the forest, and tended to its wounds. Nursing the Falki all day long for half a year, Zeladeck and the Falki formed a close bond. The Falki then regained its strength, and took Zeladeck to the Illica clan, only to reveal that the Falki is a direct descendant of the Sky King, the strongest and most respected Falki. He was 10 at the time. Zeladeck was then trained, and with his gifted ability as a warrior - alongside the good teamwork between him and his Falki - soon became the greatest Falki Knight. All by the age of 19. Some time after that, he returned to his home, only to find an abandoned wreck where it once stood. Enraged, he alone went to the Reich, in order to find the whereabouts of his parents and take his revenge. Upon crossing into Reich lands, he met a Drachenritter whose skill was on-par with his and they fought an entire day, ending in a stalemate. Unsatisfied with the result, Zeladeck returned to Illica to assemble his followers and attempt to settle the score, once and for all.^ ^- The Wolf Knights -^^The Wolf Knights were formed recently by a man named Lupus, who claimed he could communicate with wolves. He founded his Order, the Wolf Knights, with the sole purpose of claiming the land around him as his own. His Order grew extremely powerful and soon the land he sought became theirs. Their formidable Wolf Constables are nigh impossible to stop and some claim they致e been blessed with the strength and speed of wolves. Rumors have been spread that they ride wolves into battle as well. Although there is no proof. The Wolf Knights are waging with their neighbors The Reich, Drahara, and Maccavia. Proven in countless battles, even the formidable Drachen Dragoners are no match for the Wolf Knights. The Order fervently guards their secrets and nobody knows the location of their fort. The player should be weary of these knights wandering Reich territory, typically in parties of five to ten. Even five of these knights and one constable can wreak havoc on a well trained army. ip_minorfactionlore_2|Lore Minor Factions. Part 2 ip_minorfactionlore_2_text|^- The Syrin Nomads -^^The Syrin Nomads are currently migrating from their homeland the Scabrous Plains. After centuries of residing there they were forced out by another nation. Traveling through the vast and cruel deserts, the situation they found themselves in was becoming hopeless. One day, though, they chanced upon a settlement. The occupants said they were ruled by the Draharans. The Syrins, led by Queen Zolona, decided it would become the perfect home for them. So began the war between the Draharan nation and Nomads in the year 395. The war rages still, with Zolona ravaging the countryside, angry for her failures besieging the Draharan castle. It is up to the player to either aid or eliminate the Syrin Nomads.^ ^- The Desouk Slavers -^^It is unknown when the Desouk Slavers started their business, but they致e profited greatly from it. In fact, they are so successful at their trade that most of their parties consist of many slaves. The Slavers do their dark business only for gold and are mortal enemies of the Manhunters, and rival slave trader groups. They mainly occupy territory around Desouk, but their influence is spreading steadily and soon their slave trade network may even find their way through Tolrania. They will be a minor nuisance to the player, but a nuisance nevertheless.^ ^- The Mosoru Riders -^^Mosuro Riders inhabit the desert lands separating the dwarven nation from the rest of Perisno. They池e a fierce, proud people, who care nothing for outsiders. The Riders are a solitary group that claimed the entirety of the desert beyond the mountains as theirs. If you find yourself in their homeland, you may regret it. The Mosoru ride horses; both male and female warriors participate in battle. Male riders are equipped with two swords and no shield. The female riders, on the other hand, come equipped with a sword and bow.^ ^- The Ukundu -^^The Ukundu people are native to the continent of Nisaynia. Although the land is shared with the Volheere Raiders and the Rafkla Clan, the Ukundu live in the remote jungles of Nisaynia far from the reaches of the other two clans and even further from Perisno. Only through tales picked up by Ukundu travelers did the recently returned King Raflklazan learn of the prosperous and dangerous land of Perisno. Having already conquered their jungle and surrounding area, the king of Ukundu was keenly awaiting an opportunity to expand his influence and power. Therefore, upon hearing of the opportunities for blood and glory in this foreign continent, he swiftly assembled a force of his best warriors and embarked on a voyage. Now on the Perisno mainland, an area of operations was established around Eastern Draharan territory. Ukundu war parties are a menace to smaller armies and their leader is rumored to patrol the deserts with an army of five hundred exotic warriors.^^The Ukundu痴 army is exceptional for two reasons. First, it痴 mostly composed of women. In Ukundu culture, men traditionally assume the roles of artisans, while women are trained to ride and hunt with sword and spear. Although men tend to be stronger in one-on-one combat, women have a unique talent, which is explained by the second reason veteran Ukundu troops ride into battle atop tigers. This species of tiger endemic to Ukundu jungles are ferocious, swift animals. However, they are highly resistant to being ridden by human men. Even King Rafklazan himself must resort to riding a horse. Only in extremely rare cases will a male be accepted onto the back of an Ukundu tiger. ip_minorfactionlore_3|Lore Minor Factions. Part 3 ip_minorfactionlore_3_text|^- The Grazir Worshippers Order of the Eagle -^^The Grazir Worshippers have always been in Perisno, proselytizing and attempting to spread their vile beliefs. Most sensible ignored them and passed on stories of the Worshippers to scare them, but there are always some foolish men that fall under the beliefs of Grazirs. The Grazir Worshippers are ordered in a hierarchy, with the Grazir Lord overseeing the order. None of them are actually Grazir, but rumors swirl that recent research has been conducted by the Grazir Worshippers to summon Grazir through the Underworld. Whether this is true or not remains for the player to decide - and find out.^^The Order of the Eagle was founded around the year 308 to combat the growing number of Grazir Worshippers. They started out righteous and pure, vowing to uphold justice and honor across the land. That was a long time ago. Now, the Order and Grazir Worshippers only have one difference their beliefs. The Order of the Eagle are now vile and greedy, led by the Patriarch, and use intimidation to force other lords into giving them funds for their numerous campaigns against 蘇eretic・ The Order have been mortal enemies of the Worshippers since their founding and still remains so. However, word has spread of a secret weapon they池e creating to permanently destroy the Grazir Worshippers. Whether this is true or not remains to be seen by the player as they progress through Perisno.^ ^- The New God Old God Followers -^^Tensions among the Maccavian lords are becoming more and more evident to all. It痴 a nation on the brink of civil war and their neighbors watch with hungry eyes as it looms closer. On one side are the followers of the Old Gods, who do not tolerate the New Gods followers. Both think each other heretics and the strife have torn apart families and friends. King Agathor Krex leads the Maccavian Old Gods followers and the New Gods Followers are a Republic. Both factions have designated elite troops. Holy Crusaders for the New Gods and Divine Aethlings for the Old. It is for the player to decide whether they want to follow the path of the Old Gods or the new. Alternatively, neither side can be chosen.^ ^- The Ankars -^^The Ankars are a matriarchal society. Only women are allowed to lead or hold positions of power and leadership. Men are usually slaves and prisoners of wars that are executed after serving their purpose. Any male sons are similarly sentenced to death, with the women trained from an early age to fight. The Ankars also have priests to conduct these rituals and occasionally fight on the frontline, wielding huge swords, but little armor. They致e been in Perisno for many years and never wander past their territory located in the Tolranian forests. Orders like those of the Eagle and Wolf Knights view them as abominations that must be purged. Due to their location, they frequently clash with Tolrania and Tolranian Outlaws inhabiting the forests alongside the Ankars.^ ^- Mercenaries -^^While exploring Perisno, you値l notice there are often large parties of mercenaries roaming the continent. These heartless souls care for nothing but gold and would do any job to get it. There exists parties of both men and women mercenaries alike that wander perisno, seeking throats to slit and captains to hire them. Some parties are large, while others are small and concentrated, but every one of them pose a threat to the player. ip_minorfactionlore_4|Lore Minor Factions. Part 4 ip_minorfactionlore_4_text|^- The Lymbardian Knights -^^Lymbardian Knights are the local knights of their region; County of Lymbar. They owe their allegiance to no-one, even though their geographic location implies otherwise. The Order was founded by a count of Lymbard long ago - Before Tolrania sailed to Perisno and when the Venetoran Empire ruled. They致e patrolled their territory since the foundation of their order and continue to do so centuries later. They are hostile to anyone encroaching upon their land, and so naturally, they will be hostile towards the player. While the knights they field aren稚 the greatest, they値l still be able to pack a punch. Be weary of them, especially early on.^ ^- The Third Legion -^^The Third Legion is a remnant of the Ancient Venetor Empire, the first great power to inhabit Perisno. It is said that the Empire, under the prodigious Emperor Trilond, formerly ruled the better part of the world. There was not a remote corner of the continent that their fame hadn稚 preceded them. At the time, the Third Legion was Emperor Trilond痴 most prestigious army division. Several men of the Third served in his personal guard regiment. The leader of the Third, or Atanos, in the days of the Empire was a charismatic man named Octiem.^^However, in the year 67, Emperor Trilond fell ill in his old age. Preceding his death, tremendous infighting occurred within the Venetoran aristocracy over the matter of succession. By year 68, the provisional government failed to elect a candidate. Foreseeing certain doom in Venetor痴 future, Octiem痴 Third and a small group of civilian supporters fled the crumbling Empire and took refuge in southern Perisno, near modern day Amarna. They watched in shock as centuries of their built up civilization were a part of crumble in a series of rebellions. Soon, Octiem and his followers were the only remnants of the glorious Empire still intact to carry on its memory.^^Over the course of two centuries, the Third Legion and a few surviving members of the old Venetor Empire kept their traditions and customs safe. Operating out of an old military outpost that had been relatively untouched by the Empire痴 collapse. The Third courageously defended Perisno from increasingly prevalent threats to the continent. First it was the Grazir Worshippers, then the mischievous Elintoran Naphali. Now, the Third finds themselves surrounded by many diverse cultures that all pose a threat to the traditions of the old ways. Led by a direct descendant of Atanos Octiem, going by the same name, the Third desires to once again expand their powers from coast to Perisnoan coast, raising the long lost Venetor Empire from the ruins and expelling any opposition. ip_ridable_mounts|Feature Rideable Mounts ip_ridable_mounts_text|Horses - Found all over Perisno.^ Camels - Found in Drahara.^ Drakes - Found in Reich Des Drachen.^ Wolves - Found in Reich Des Drachen and Maccavia.^ Tigers - Found in Draharan towns.^ ip_T|h ip_T_text|e ip_credits|Perisno Dev Team Credits ip_credits_text|^- Perisno Development Team (v1.4.5) -^^ Michadr^ Empress Tofu^ Arlaygio^ cwr^ Bubbles^ Brishna^ Byzantium^ Firestorm^ ^^- Previous Perisno Developers Contributors -^^ Dark Hamlet^ Angry^ Uberejho^ Something Unusual^ Vulbjorn^ Syabr^ Reus^ Leonion^ Dare2Die^ Comrade Crimson^ Pitch Black^ Parcipal^ KonykSoldatyk^ Kesh^ mercury19^ Abot^ Gsanders^ habeo^ Revspartan^ Silberfalke^ Lord of Shadows^ Melanie Ward^ Zonnows^ Sinder87^ Largoras^ BrokenPhilosophy^ Matt15wish^ Lor Dric^ Zephilinox^ Tama^ Seoras^ dragos^ Gir Skywatcher^ JustJestering^ Keshan de Montfarah^ Daumor^ Thuro^ DarkGenius^ Lysandros^ Belendor^ Rakrak^ Lucas the Benevolent^ Xsavias^ Gryffindor^ hugrt^ Tpikol^ Knight of Calradia^ Dawn^ KoTuk^ Dark Omega^ Helengar CRiganian^ Friar Fish Fryer^ Mountainlights^^- Open Source Projects Contributions -^^ Portions of Silverstag by Windyplains^ Portions of Rigale by Cernunos/Cromcrom^ Portions of TLD OSP by TLD Team^ Portions of 1429 la Guerre de Cent Ans by FantasyWarrior^ Diplomacy 4.3 by Waihti^ Cinematic Compilation by DOMA ^ Native Expansion by soulmata^ Dynamic Troop Trees by Dunde^ Forts by Lumos^ Duel Kit by MartinF^ Female Faces by Corprus^ Modmerger by Sphere^ Battle Mini-map (and more) by Rubik^ Female Faces OSP by Corprus^ Freelancer by Taragoth^ Lor's Horses by Lor Dric^ Expanded Horizons 1.1 by Openshaw^ Utrehd's Castle Pack by Utrehd^ Bridge Battles by Arch3r^ Blood Enhancement Tweak 0.5 by neil v^ Formations AI by Motomaru^ Deathcam by Zephilinox MadVader^^See the full list of credits on the Perisno board on the TaleWorlds forums. ip_Patrons|Patrons ip_Patrons_text|^-(As of v.1.4+ -^^ Silverwind^ Brandon P.^ TurnipFactory^ NCscleeves^ Robotic T.^ Burt McGurt^ Leo V.^ Aurop^ Akume da' Cross^ Sinnbar^ Anput^ Ionut-Daniel P.^ Kallie The Gabe^ Redsimon^ Dark Emperor Z^ Micheal H.^ Argeddion^ MarcusSkatilsa^ Hintil^ Colin C^ Jurayj al-Younes^ Rafael Moura Araujo^ Yiwen Luo^ Hakkira^ Till L.- May 2022- June 2022^ Sheep- March 2021- May 2022^ Nelandros- Jun 2020-Mar 2022^ Nemain- Jan 2022-March 2022^ ErikvonLancaster- Mar 2021- Mar 20202^ EllaVil- March 2021-Feb 2022^^https //www.patreon.com/perisno
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ACT ONE 1. Overture Scene 1 Chorus of Israelites, men and women, lamenting the death of Mattathias, the father of Judas Maccabaeus. 2. Chorus of Israelites Mourn, ye afflicted children, the remains Of captive Judah, mourn in solemn strains; Your sanguine hopes of liberty give o er, Your hero, friend and father is no more. 3. Recitative Israelitish Man Well, may your sorrows, brethren, flow In all th expressive signs of woe Your softer garments tear, And squalid sackcloth wear, Your drooping heads with ashes strew, And with the flowig tear your cheeks bedew. Israelitish Woman Daughters, let your distressful cries And loud lament ascend the skies; Your tender bosoms beat, and tear, With hands remorseless, your dishevell d hair; For pale and breathless Mattathias lies, Sad emblem of his country s miseries! 4. Duet Israelitish Woman and Man From this dread scene, these adverse pow rs, Ah, whither shall we fly? O Solyma! Thy boasted tow rs In smoky ruins lie. 5. Chorus of Israelites For Sion lamentation make, With words that weep, and tears that speak. 6. Recitative Israelitish Man Not vain is all this storm of grief; To vent our sorrows, gives relief. Wretched indeed! But let not Judah s race Their ruin with desponding arms embrace. Distractful doubt and desperation Ill become the chosen nation, Chosen by the great I AM, The Lord of hosts, who, still the same, We trust, will give attentive ear To the sincerity of pray r. 7. Air Israelitish Man Pious orgies, pious airs, Decent sorrow, decent pray rs, Will to the Lord ascend, and move His pity, and regain His love. 8. Chorus of Israelites O Father, whose Almighty pow r The Heav ns, and earth, and seas adore; The hearts of Judah, thy delight, In one defensive band unite. And grant a leader bold, and brave, If not to conquer, born to save. 9. Accompagnato Simon I feel, I feel the deity within, Who, the bright cherubim between, His radiant glory erst display d; To Israel s distressful pray r He hath vouchsafe d a gracious ear, And points out Maccabaeus to their aid Judas shall set the captive free, And lead us all to victory. 10. Air Simon Arm, arm, ye brave! A noble cause, The cause of Heav n your zeal demands. In defence of your nation, religion, and laws, The Almighty Jehovah will strengthen your hands. Arm, arm. . . da capo 11. Chorus of Israelites We come, we come, in bright array, Judah, thy sceptre to obey. 12. Recitative Judas Maccabaeus Tis well, my friends; with transport I behold The spirit of our fathers, fam d of old For their exploits in war. Oh, may they fire With active courage you, their sons inspire As when the mighty Joshua fought, And those amazing wonders wrought, Stood still, obedient to his voice, the sun, Till kings he had destroy d, and kingdoms won. 13. Air Judas Maccabaeus Call forth thy pow rs, my soul, and dare The conflict of unequal war. Great is the glory of the conqu ring sword, That triumphs in sweet liberty restor d. Call forth. . . da capo 14. Recitative Israelitish Woman To Heav n s Almighty king we kneel, For blessings on this exemplary zeal. Bless him, Jehovah, bless him, and once more To thy own Israel liberty restore. 15. Air Israelitish Woman O liberty, thou choicest treasure, Seat of virtue, source of pleasure! Life, without thee, knows no blessing, No endearment worth caressing. 16. Air Israelitish Woman Come, ever-smiling liberty, And with thee bring thy jocund train. For thee we pant, and sigh for thee, With whom eternal pleasures reign. Come. . . da capo 17. Recitative Israelitish Man O Judas, may these noble views inspire All Israel with thy true heroic fire! 18. Air Israelitish Man Tis liberty, dear liberty alone, That gives fresh beauty to the sun; That bids all nature look more gay, And lovely life with pleasure steal away. 19. Duet Israelitish Woman and Man Come, ever-smiling liberty, And with thee bring thy jocund train. For thee we pant, and sigh for thee, With whom eternal pleasures reign. 20. Chorus of Israelites Lead on, lead on! Judah disdains The galling load of hostile chains. 21. Recitative Judas Maccabaeus So will d my father now at rest In the eternal mansions of the blest "Can ye behold," said he "the miseries, In which the long-insulted Judah lies? Can ye behold their dire distress, And not, at least, attempt redress?" Then, faintly, with expiring breath, "Resolve, my sons, on liberty, or death!" We come! Oh see, thy sons prepare The rough habiliments of war; With hearts intrepid, and revengeful hands, To execute, O sire, thy dread commands. 22. Semi-chorus of Israelitish Men Disdainful of danger, we ll rush on the foe, That Thy pow r, O Jehovah, all nations may know. 23. Recitative Judas Maccabaeus Ambition! If e er honour was thine aim, Challenge it here The glorious cause gives sanction to thy claim. 24. Air Judas Maccabaeus No unhallow d desire Our breasts shall inspire, Nor lust of unbounded pow r! But peace to obtain Free peace let us gain, And conquest shall ask no more. 25. Recitative Israelitish Man Haste we, my brethren, haste we to the field, Dependant on the Lord, our strength and shield. 26. Chorus of Israelites Hear us, O Lord, on Thee we call, Resolv d on conquest, or a glorious fall. ACT TWO 27. Chorus of Israelites Fall n is the foe; so fall Ty foes, O Lord, Where warlike Judas wields his righteous sword! 28. Recitative Israelitish Man Victorious hero! Fame shall tell, With her last breath, how Apollonius fell, And all Samaria fled, by thee pursued Through hills of carnage and a sea of blood; While thy resistless prowess dealt around, With their own leader s sword, the deathful wound. Thus, too, the haughty Seron, Syria s boast, Before thee fell with his unnumber d host. 29. Air Israelitish Man So rapid thy course is, Not numberless forces Withstand thy all-conquering sword. Though nations surround thee, No pow r shall confound thee, Till freedom again be restor d. So rapid. . . da capo 30. Recitative Israelitish Man Well may we hope our freedom to receive, Such sweet transporting views thy actions give. 31.Duet Israelitish Woman and Man Sion now her head shall raise, Tune your harps to songs of praise. 32. Chorus Israelites Sion now her head shall raise, Tune your harps to songs of praise. 33. Recitative Israelitish Woman Oh, let eternal honours crown his name Judas, first worthy in the rolls of fame. Say, "He put on the breast-plate as a giant, And girt his warlike harness about him; In his acts he was like a lion, And like a lion s whelp roaring for his prey." 34. Air Israelitish Woman From mighty kings he took the spoil, And with his acts made Judah smile. Judah rejoiceth in his name, And triumphs in her hero s fame. From mighty kings. . . da capo 35. Duet Israelitish Woman and Man Hail, hail, Judea, happy land! Salvation prospers in his hand. 36. Chorus Israelites Hail, hail, Judea, happy land! Salvation prospers in his hand. 37. Recitative Judas Maccabaeus Thanks to my brethren; but look up to Heav n; To Heav n let glory and all praise be giv n; To Heav n give your applause, Nor add the second cause, As once your fathers did in Midian, Saying, "The sword of God and Gideon." It was the Lord that for his Israel fought, And this our wonderful salvation wrought. 38. Air Judas Maccabaeus How vain is man, who boasts in fight The valour of gigantic might! And dreams not that a hand unseen Directs and guides this weak machine. How vain. . . da capo 39. Recitative First Messenger O Judas, O my brethren! New scenes of bloody war In all their horrors rise. Prepare, prepare, Or soon we fall a sacrifice To great Antiochus; from th Egyptian coast, (Where Ptolemy hath Memphis and Pelusium lost) He sends the valiant Gorgias, and commands His proud, victorious bands To root out Israel s strength, and to erase Ev ry memorial of the sacred place. 40. Air Israelitish Woman Ah! wretched, wretched Israel! fall n, how low, From joyous transport to desponding woe. 41. Chorus Israelites Ah! wretched, wretched Israel! fall n, how low, From joyous transport to desponding woe. 42. Recitative Simon Be comforted, nor think these plagues are sent For your destruction, but for chastisement. Heav n oft in mercy punisheth, that sin May feel its own demerits from within, And urge not utter ruin. Turn to God, And draw a blessing from His iron rod. 43. Air Simon The Lord worketh wonders His glory to raise; And still, as he thunders, Is fearful in praise. 44. Recitative Judas Maccabaeus My arms! Against this Gorgias will I go. The Idumean governor shall know How vain, how ineffective his design, While rage his leader, and Jehovah mine. 45. Air Judas Maccabaeus Sound an alarm! Your silver trumpets sound, And call the brave, and only brave, around. Who listeth, follow to the field again! Justice with courage is a thousand men. Sound an alarm. . . da capo 46. Chorus We hear, we hear the pleasing dreadful call, And follow thee to conquest; if to fall, For laws, religion, liberty, we fall. 47. Recitative Simon Enough! To Heav n we leave the rest. Such gen rous ardour firing ev ry breast, We may divide our cares; the field be thine, O Judas, and your sanctuary mine; For Sion, holy Sion, seat of God, In ruinous heaps, is by the heathen trod; Such profanation calls for swift redress, If e er in battle Israel hopes success. 48. Air Simon With pious hearts, and brave as pious, O Sion, we thy call attend, Nor dread the nations that defy us, God our defender, God our friend. 49. Recitative Israelitish Man Ye worshippers of God, Down, down with the polluted altars, down. Hurl Jupiter Olympius from his throne, Nor reverence Bacchus with his ivy crown And ivy-wreathed rod. Our fathers never knew Him, or his beastly crew, Or, knowing, scorn d such idol vanities. Israelitish Woman No more in Sion let the virgin throng, Wild with delusion, pay their nightly song To Ashtoreth, yclep t the Queen of Heav n. Hence to Phoenicia be the goddess driv n, Or be she, with her priests and pageants, hurl d To the remotest corner of the world, Ne er to delude us more with pious lies. 50. Air Israelitish Woman Wise men, flatt ring, may deceive us With their vain, mysterious art; Magic charms can ne er relieve us, Nor can heal the wounded heart. But true wisdom can relieve us, Godlike wisdom from above; This alone can ne er deceive us, This alone all pains remove. Wise men. . . da capo 51. Duet Israelitish Woman and Man Oh, never, never bow we down To the rude stock or sculptur d stone. We worship God, and God alone. 52. Chorus of Israelites We never, never will bow down To the rude stock or sculptur d stone. We worship God, and God alone. ACT THREE 53. Air Israelitish Man Father of Heav n! From Thy eternal throne, Look with an eye of blessing down, While we prepare with holy rites, To solemnize the feasts of lights. And thus our grateful hearts employ; And in Thy praise This altar raise, With carols of triumphant joy. Father of Heav n. . . da capo 54. Accompagnato Israelitish Man See, see yon flames, that from the altar broke, In spiring streams pursue the trailing smoke. The fragrant incense mounts the yielding air; Sure presage that the Lord hath heard our pray r. 55. Recitative Israelitish Woman Oh, grant it, Heav n, that our long woes may cease, And Judah s daughters taste the calm of peace, Sons, brothers, husbands to bewail no more, Tortur d at home, or havock d in the war. 56. Air Israelitish Woman So shall the lute and harp awake, And sprightly voice sweet descant run, Seraphic melody to make, In the pure strains of Jesse s son. 57. Recitative First Messenger From Capharsalama, on eagle wings I fly, With tidings of impetuous joy Came Lysias, with his host, array d In coat of mail; their massy shields Of gold and brass, flash d lightning o er the fields, While the huge tow r-back d elephants display d A horrid front. But Judas, undismay d, Met, fought, and vanquish d all the rageful train. Yet more, Nicanor lies with thousands slain; The blasphemous Nicanor, who defied The living God, and, in his wanton pride, A public monument ordain d Of victories yet ungain d. Second Messenger But lo, the conqueror comes; and on his spear, To dissipate all fear, He bears the vaunter s head and hand, That threaten d desolation to the land. 58. Chorus Youths See, the conqu ring hero comes! Sound the trumpets, beat the drums. Sports prepare, the laurel bring, Songs of triumph to him sing. Virgins See the godlike youth advance! Breathe the flutes, and lead the dance; Myrtle wreaths, and roses twine, To deck the hero s brow divine. Israelites See, the conqu ring hero comes! Sound the trumpets, beat the drums. Sports prepare, the laurel bring, Songs of triumph to him sing. See, the conqu ring hero comes! Sound the trumpets, beat the drums. 59. March 60. Soli (alto, tenor) Chorus of Israelites Sing unto God, and high affections raise, To crown this conquest with unmeasur d praise. 61. Recitative Judas Maccabaeus Sweet flow the strains, that strike my feasted ear; Angels might stoop from Heav n to hear The comely song we sing, To Israel s Lord and King. But pause awhile due obsequies prepare To those who bravely fell in war. To Eleazar special tribute pay; Through slaughter d troops he cut his way To the distinguish d elephant, and, whelm d beneath The stabbed monster, triumph d in a glorious death. 62. Air Judas Maccabaeus With honour let desert be crown d, The trumpet ne er in vain shall sound; But, all attentive to alarms, The willing nations fly to arms, And, conquering or conquer d, claim the prize Of happy earth, or far more happy skies. 63. Recitative Eupolemus Peace to my countrymen; peace and liberty. From the great senate of imperial Rome, With a firm league of amity, I come. Rome, whate er nation dare insult us more, Will rouse, in our defence, her vet ran pow r, And stretch her vengeful arm, by land or sea To curb the proud, and set the injur d free. 64. Chorus of Israelites To our great God be all the honour giv n, That grateful hearts can send from earth to Heav n. 65. Recitative Israelitish Woman Again to earth let gratitude descend, Praiseworthy is our hero and our friend. Come then, my daughters, choicest art bestow, To weave a chaplet for the victor s brow; And in your songs for ever be confess d The valour that preserv d, the pow r that bless d, Bless d you with hours, that scatter, as they fly, Soft quiet, gentle love, and boundless joy. 66. Air (Duet) Israelitish Woman (and Man) O lovely peace, with plenty crown d, Come, spread thy blessings all around. Let fleecy flocks the hills adorn, And vallies smile with wavy corn. Let the shrill trumpet cease, nor other sound But nature s songsters wake the cheerful morn. O lovely peace. . . da capo 67. Air Simon Rejoice, O Judah, and, in songs divine, With cherubim and seraphim harmonious join! 68. Chorus Israelites Hallelujah! Amen. ACT ONE 1. Overture Scene 1 Chorus of Israelites, men and women, lamenting the death of Mattathias, the father of Judas Maccabaeus. 2. Chorus of Israelites Mourn, ye afflicted children, the remains Of captive Judah, mourn in solemn strains; Your sanguine hopes of liberty give o er, Your hero, friend and father is no more. 3. Recitative Israelitish Man Well, may your sorrows, brethren, flow In all th expressive signs of woe Your softer garments tear, And squalid sackcloth wear, Your drooping heads with ashes strew, And with the flowig tear your cheeks bedew. Israelitish Woman Daughters, let your distressful cries And loud lament ascend the skies; Your tender bosoms beat, and tear, With hands remorseless, your dishevell d hair; For pale and breathless Mattathias lies, Sad emblem of his country s miseries! 4. Duet Israelitish Woman and Man From this dread scene, these adverse pow rs, Ah, whither shall we fly? O Solyma! Thy boasted tow rs In smoky ruins lie. 5. Chorus of Israelites For Sion lamentation make, With words that weep, and tears that speak. 6. Recitative Israelitish Man Not vain is all this storm of grief; To vent our sorrows, gives relief. Wretched indeed! But let not Judah s race Their ruin with desponding arms embrace. Distractful doubt and desperation Ill become the chosen nation, Chosen by the great I AM, The Lord of hosts, who, still the same, We trust, will give attentive ear To the sincerity of pray r. 7. Air Israelitish Man Pious orgies, pious airs, Decent sorrow, decent pray rs, Will to the Lord ascend, and move His pity, and regain His love. 8. Chorus of Israelites O Father, whose Almighty pow r The Heav ns, and earth, and seas adore; The hearts of Judah, thy delight, In one defensive band unite. And grant a leader bold, and brave, If not to conquer, born to save. 9. Accompagnato Simon I feel, I feel the deity within, Who, the bright cherubim between, His radiant glory erst display d; To Israel s distressful pray r He hath vouchsafe d a gracious ear, And points out Maccabaeus to their aid Judas shall set the captive free, And lead us all to victory. 10. Air Simon Arm, arm, ye brave! A noble cause, The cause of Heav n your zeal demands. In defence of your nation, religion, and laws, The Almighty Jehovah will strengthen your hands. Arm, arm. . . da capo 11. Chorus of Israelites We come, we come, in bright array, Judah, thy sceptre to obey. 12. Recitative Judas Maccabaeus Tis well, my friends; with transport I behold The spirit of our fathers, fam d of old For their exploits in war. Oh, may they fire With active courage you, their sons inspire As when the mighty Joshua fought, And those amazing wonders wrought, Stood still, obedient to his voice, the sun, Till kings he had destroy d, and kingdoms won. 13. Air Judas Maccabaeus Call forth thy pow rs, my soul, and dare The conflict of unequal war. Great is the glory of the conqu ring sword, That triumphs in sweet liberty restor d. Call forth. . . da capo 14. Recitative Israelitish Woman To Heav n s Almighty king we kneel, For blessings on this exemplary zeal. Bless him, Jehovah, bless him, and once more To thy own Israel liberty restore. 15. Air Israelitish Woman O liberty, thou choicest treasure, Seat of virtue, source of pleasure! Life, without thee, knows no blessing, No endearment worth caressing. 16. Air Israelitish Woman Come, ever-smiling liberty, And with thee bring thy jocund train. For thee we pant, and sigh for thee, With whom eternal pleasures reign. Come. . . da capo 17. Recitative Israelitish Man O Judas, may these noble views inspire All Israel with thy true heroic fire! 18. Air Israelitish Man Tis liberty, dear liberty alone, That gives fresh beauty to the sun; That bids all nature look more gay, And lovely life with pleasure steal away. 19. Duet Israelitish Woman and Man Come, ever-smiling liberty, And with thee bring thy jocund train. For thee we pant, and sigh for thee, With whom eternal pleasures reign. 20. Chorus of Israelites Lead on, lead on! Judah disdains The galling load of hostile chains. 21. Recitative Judas Maccabaeus So will d my father now at rest In the eternal mansions of the blest "Can ye behold," said he "the miseries, In which the long-insulted Judah lies? Can ye behold their dire distress, And not, at least, attempt redress?" Then, faintly, with expiring breath, "Resolve, my sons, on liberty, or death!" We come! Oh see, thy sons prepare The rough habiliments of war; With hearts intrepid, and revengeful hands, To execute, O sire, thy dread commands. 22. Semi-chorus of Israelitish Men Disdainful of danger, we ll rush on the foe, That Thy pow r, O Jehovah, all nations may know. 23. Recitative Judas Maccabaeus Ambition! If e er honour was thine aim, Challenge it here The glorious cause gives sanction to thy claim. 24. Air Judas Maccabaeus No unhallow d desire Our breasts shall inspire, Nor lust of unbounded pow r! But peace to obtain Free peace let us gain, And conquest shall ask no more. 25. Recitative Israelitish Man Haste we, my brethren, haste we to the field, Dependant on the Lord, our strength and shield. 26. Chorus of Israelites Hear us, O Lord, on Thee we call, Resolv d on conquest, or a glorious fall. ACT TWO 27. Chorus of Israelites Fall n is the foe; so fall Ty foes, O Lord, Where warlike Judas wields his righteous sword! 28. Recitative Israelitish Man Victorious hero! Fame shall tell, With her last breath, how Apollonius fell, And all Samaria fled, by thee pursued Through hills of carnage and a sea of blood; While thy resistless prowess dealt around, With their own leader s sword, the deathful wound. Thus, too, the haughty Seron, Syria s boast, Before thee fell with his unnumber d host. 29. Air Israelitish Man So rapid thy course is, Not numberless forces Withstand thy all-conquering sword. Though nations surround thee, No pow r shall confound thee, Till freedom again be restor d. So rapid. . . da capo 30. Recitative Israelitish Man Well may we hope our freedom to receive, Such sweet transporting views thy actions give. 31.Duet Israelitish Woman and Man Sion now her head shall raise, Tune your harps to songs of praise. 32. Chorus Israelites Sion now her head shall raise, Tune your harps to songs of praise. 33. Recitative Israelitish Woman Oh, let eternal honours crown his name Judas, first worthy in the rolls of fame. Say, "He put on the breast-plate as a giant, And girt his warlike harness about him; In his acts he was like a lion, And like a lion s whelp roaring for his prey." 34. Air Israelitish Woman From mighty kings he took the spoil, And with his acts made Judah smile. Judah rejoiceth in his name, And triumphs in her hero s fame. From mighty kings. . . da capo 35. Duet Israelitish Woman and Man Hail, hail, Judea, happy land! Salvation prospers in his hand. 36. Chorus Israelites Hail, hail, Judea, happy land! Salvation prospers in his hand. 37. Recitative Judas Maccabaeus Thanks to my brethren; but look up to Heav n; To Heav n let glory and all praise be giv n; To Heav n give your applause, Nor add the second cause, As once your fathers did in Midian, Saying, "The sword of God and Gideon." It was the Lord that for his Israel fought, And this our wonderful salvation wrought. 38. Air Judas Maccabaeus How vain is man, who boasts in fight The valour of gigantic might! And dreams not that a hand unseen Directs and guides this weak machine. How vain. . . da capo 39. Recitative First Messenger O Judas, O my brethren! New scenes of bloody war In all their horrors rise. Prepare, prepare, Or soon we fall a sacrifice To great Antiochus; from th Egyptian coast, (Where Ptolemy hath Memphis and Pelusium lost) He sends the valiant Gorgias, and commands His proud, victorious bands To root out Israel s strength, and to erase Ev ry memorial of the sacred place. 40. Air Israelitish Woman Ah! wretched, wretched Israel! fall n, how low, From joyous transport to desponding woe. 41. Chorus Israelites Ah! wretched, wretched Israel! fall n, how low, From joyous transport to desponding woe. 42. Recitative Simon Be comforted, nor think these plagues are sent For your destruction, but for chastisement. Heav n oft in mercy punisheth, that sin May feel its own demerits from within, And urge not utter ruin. Turn to God, And draw a blessing from His iron rod. 43. Air Simon The Lord worketh wonders His glory to raise; And still, as he thunders, Is fearful in praise. 44. Recitative Judas Maccabaeus My arms! Against this Gorgias will I go. The Idumean governor shall know How vain, how ineffective his design, While rage his leader, and Jehovah mine. 45. Air Judas Maccabaeus Sound an alarm! Your silver trumpets sound, And call the brave, and only brave, around. Who listeth, follow to the field again! Justice with courage is a thousand men. Sound an alarm. . . da capo 46. Chorus We hear, we hear the pleasing dreadful call, And follow thee to conquest; if to fall, For laws, religion, liberty, we fall. 47. Recitative Simon Enough! To Heav n we leave the rest. Such gen rous ardour firing ev ry breast, We may divide our cares; the field be thine, O Judas, and your sanctuary mine; For Sion, holy Sion, seat of God, In ruinous heaps, is by the heathen trod; Such profanation calls for swift redress, If e er in battle Israel hopes success. 48. Air Simon With pious hearts, and brave as pious, O Sion, we thy call attend, Nor dread the nations that defy us, God our defender, God our friend. 49. Recitative Israelitish Man Ye worshippers of God, Down, down with the polluted altars, down. Hurl Jupiter Olympius from his throne, Nor reverence Bacchus with his ivy crown And ivy-wreathed rod. Our fathers never knew Him, or his beastly crew, Or, knowing, scorn d such idol vanities. Israelitish Woman No more in Sion let the virgin throng, Wild with delusion, pay their nightly song To Ashtoreth, yclep t the Queen of Heav n. Hence to Phoenicia be the goddess driv n, Or be she, with her priests and pageants, hurl d To the remotest corner of the world, Ne er to delude us more with pious lies. 50. Air Israelitish Woman Wise men, flatt ring, may deceive us With their vain, mysterious art; Magic charms can ne er relieve us, Nor can heal the wounded heart. But true wisdom can relieve us, Godlike wisdom from above; This alone can ne er deceive us, This alone all pains remove. Wise men. . . da capo 51. Duet Israelitish Woman and Man Oh, never, never bow we down To the rude stock or sculptur d stone. We worship God, and God alone. 52. Chorus of Israelites We never, never will bow down To the rude stock or sculptur d stone. We worship God, and God alone. ACT THREE 53. Air Israelitish Man Father of Heav n! From Thy eternal throne, Look with an eye of blessing down, While we prepare with holy rites, To solemnize the feasts of lights. And thus our grateful hearts employ; And in Thy praise This altar raise, With carols of triumphant joy. Father of Heav n. . . da capo 54. Accompagnato Israelitish Man See, see yon flames, that from the altar broke, In spiring streams pursue the trailing smoke. The fragrant incense mounts the yielding air; Sure presage that the Lord hath heard our pray r. 55. Recitative Israelitish Woman Oh, grant it, Heav n, that our long woes may cease, And Judah s daughters taste the calm of peace, Sons, brothers, husbands to bewail no more, Tortur d at home, or havock d in the war. 56. Air Israelitish Woman So shall the lute and harp awake, And sprightly voice sweet descant run, Seraphic melody to make, In the pure strains of Jesse s son. 57. Recitative First Messenger From Capharsalama, on eagle wings I fly, With tidings of impetuous joy Came Lysias, with his host, array d In coat of mail; their massy shields Of gold and brass, flash d lightning o er the fields, While the huge tow r-back d elephants display d A horrid front. But Judas, undismay d, Met, fought, and vanquish d all the rageful train. Yet more, Nicanor lies with thousands slain; The blasphemous Nicanor, who defied The living God, and, in his wanton pride, A public monument ordain d Of victories yet ungain d. Second Messenger But lo, the conqueror comes; and on his spear, To dissipate all fear, He bears the vaunter s head and hand, That threaten d desolation to the land. 58. Chorus Youths See, the conqu ring hero comes! Sound the trumpets, beat the drums. Sports prepare, the laurel bring, Songs of triumph to him sing. Virgins See the godlike youth advance! Breathe the flutes, and lead the dance; Myrtle wreaths, and roses twine, To deck the hero s brow divine. Israelites See, the conqu ring hero comes! Sound the trumpets, beat the drums. Sports prepare, the laurel bring, Songs of triumph to him sing. See, the conqu ring hero comes! Sound the trumpets, beat the drums. 59. March 60. Soli (alto, tenor) Chorus of Israelites Sing unto God, and high affections raise, To crown this conquest with unmeasur d praise. 61. Recitative Judas Maccabaeus Sweet flow the strains, that strike my feasted ear; Angels might stoop from Heav n to hear The comely song we sing, To Israel s Lord and King. But pause awhile due obsequies prepare To those who bravely fell in war. To Eleazar special tribute pay; Through slaughter d troops he cut his way To the distinguish d elephant, and, whelm d beneath The stabbed monster, triumph d in a glorious death. 62. Air Judas Maccabaeus With honour let desert be crown d, The trumpet ne er in vain shall sound; But, all attentive to alarms, The willing nations fly to arms, And, conquering or conquer d, claim the prize Of happy earth, or far more happy skies. 63. Recitative Eupolemus Peace to my countrymen; peace and liberty. From the great senate of imperial Rome, With a firm league of amity, I come. Rome, whate er nation dare insult us more, Will rouse, in our defence, her vet ran pow r, And stretch her vengeful arm, by land or sea To curb the proud, and set the injur d free. 64. Chorus of Israelites To our great God be all the honour giv n, That grateful hearts can send from earth to Heav n. 65. Recitative Israelitish Woman Again to earth let gratitude descend, Praiseworthy is our hero and our friend. Come then, my daughters, choicest art bestow, To weave a chaplet for the victor s brow; And in your songs for ever be confess d The valour that preserv d, the pow r that bless d, Bless d you with hours, that scatter, as they fly, Soft quiet, gentle love, and boundless joy. 66. Air (Duet) Israelitish Woman (and Man) O lovely peace, with plenty crown d, Come, spread thy blessings all around. Let fleecy flocks the hills adorn, And vallies smile with wavy corn. Let the shrill trumpet cease, nor other sound But nature s songsters wake the cheerful morn. O lovely peace. . . da capo 67. Air Simon Rejoice, O Judah, and, in songs divine, With cherubim and seraphim harmonious join! 68. Chorus Israelites Hallelujah! Amen. (libretto Thomas Morell) Handel,George Frideric/Judas Maccabaeus
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サウンドトラック曲目リストディスク：1 ディスク：2 When There Was Me And You Artist High School Musical Cast Album High School Musical Year 2006 It s funny when you find yourself Looking from the outside I m standing here but all I want Is to be over there Why did I let myself believe Miracles could happen Cause now I have to pretend That I don t really care I thought you were my fairytale A dream when I m not sleeping A wish upon a star That s coming true But everybody else could tell That I confused my feelings with the truth When there was me and you I swore I knew the melody That I heard you singing And when you smiled You made me feel Like I could sing along But then you went and changed the words Now my heart is empty I m only left with used-to-be s And once upon a song Now I know you re not a fairytale And dreams were meant for sleeping And wishes on a star Just don t come true Cause now even I can tell That I confused my feelings with the truth Because I liked the view When there was me and you I can t believe that I could be so blind It s like you were floating While I was falling And I didn t mind Cause I liked the view Thought you felt it too When there was me and you ) サウンドトラック High School Musical 曲目リスト ディスク：1 1. Start of Something New 2. Get cha Head In The Game 3. What I ve Been Looking For 4. What I ve Been Looking For (Reprise) 5. Stick To The Status Quo 6. When There Was Me And You 7. Bop To The Top 8. Breaking Free 9. We re All In This Together 10. I Can t Take My Eyes Off Of You 11. Get cha Head In The Game (B5 Remix) ディスク：2 1. Start of Something New 2. Get cha Head In The Game 3. What I ve Been Looking For 4. When There Was Me And You 5. Bop To The Top 6. Breaking Free 7. We re All In This Together 8. I Can t Take My Eyes Off Of You 上へ