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K 過粘稠度〈hyperviscosity〉症候群
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Index Valentina Lisitsa Playlists Good performance on the piano concerto Valentina Lisitsa 【Video】 Valentina Lisitsa 【Virtuoso】 Valentina Lisitsa 【DVD】 My favorite Valentina Lisitsa Related Links Pianist Valentina Lisitsa Links Valentina Lisitsa 【Valentina Lisitsa Playlists】 Index . .
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#include iostream #include string #include list using namespace std; class Visitor; class Component { public virtual void Display(int indent_num) = 0; // 追加 virtual void Accept(Visitor *visitor) = 0; protected void indent(int num) { while (num--) { cout " "; } } string m_name; }; class Leaf public Component { public Leaf(const string name) { m_name = name; } virtual void Display(int indent_num) { indent(indent_num); cout "- Leaf (" m_name.c_str() ")" endl; } // 追加 virtual void Accept(Visitor *visitor); string GetName() { return m_name; } }; class Composite public Component { public Composite(const string name) { m_name = name; } virtual ~Composite() { list Component* iterator it = m_childs.begin(); while (it != m_childs.end()) { delete *it++; } } virtual void Display(int indent_num) { indent(indent_num); cout "+ Composite (" m_name.c_str() ")" endl; list Component* iterator it = m_childs.begin(); while (it != m_childs.end()) { ++indent_num; (*it++)- Display(indent_num); --indent_num; } } void Add(Component *obj) { m_childs.push_back(obj); } // 追加 virtual void Accept(Visitor *visitor); string GetName() { return m_name; } protected list Component* m_childs; }; //// 追加 visitor pattern class Visitor { public virtual void Visit(Leaf *component) = 0; virtual void Visit(Composite *component) = 0; }; class ConcreteVisitor public Visitor { public virtual void Visit(Leaf *component) { cout "[Leaf] " component- GetName().c_str() endl; } virtual void Visit(Composite *component) { cout "[Dir] " component- GetName().c_str() endl; } }; ////// 追加 void Leaf Accept(Visitor *visitor) { visitor- Visit(this); } void Composite Accept(Visitor *visitor) { visitor- Visit(this); list Component* iterator it = m_childs.begin(); while (it != m_childs.end()) { (*it++)- Accept(visitor); } } int main() { Composite *root_dir = new Composite("root_dir"); Composite *in_dir = new Composite("in_dir"); root_dir- Add(in_dir); root_dir- Add(new Leaf("file1")); in_dir- Add(new Leaf("file2")); in_dir- Add(new Leaf("file3")); //root_dir- Display(0); //in_dir- Display(0); ConcreteVisitor *visitor = new ConcreteVisitor; root_dir- Accept(visitor); //in_dir- Accept(visitor); delete visitor; delete root_dir; return 0; } 参考サイト デザインパターンを“喩え話”で分かり易く理解する http //www.netlaputa.ne.jp/~hijk/study/oo/designpattern.html TECHSCORE http //www.techscore.com/tech/DesignPattern/index.html/ Programing Place http //www.geocities.jp/ky_webid/index_old.html デザインパターンの骸骨たち http //www002.upp.so-net.ne.jp/ys_oota/mdp/
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What is the WaiWai issue? Astonishingly hideous newspaper articles published by one of Japanese "quality" papers on their English-language news site has infuriated many people. Some concerned people began online campaign to raise awareness of the issue, resulting in a large-scale protest movement. Mainichi Newspapers, one of Japan s four major "quality" newspapers, who has the 3rd largest readership, had published incredibly vulgar and indecent articles, many of which described Japanese women and girls as sexually promiscuous on the "WaiWai" corner of their English news site, Mainich Daily News. There were articles which gave tips for safe ways to buy under-age Japanese girls. There were also a report which described a traditional religious festival as having strangly strong sexual connotation. The problem is that these articles had been online for several years. The problematic articles have been already deleted -- Mainich Newspapers has apparently chosen to delete all the evidence. They re now claiming that a very small number of extreme people are making a fuss about a few not-so-appropriate articles. That is why the volunteers began to archive such articles so that we will be able to show Mainichi that their cover-up attempt is only in vain. Since 06/27/08
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Logical positivism and logical empiricism, which together formed neopositivism, was a movement in Western philosophy that embraced verificationism, an approach that sought to legitimize philosophical discourse on a basis shared with the best examples of empirical sciences. In this theory of knowledge, only statements verifiable either logically or empirically would be cognitively meaningful. Seeking to convert philosophy to this new scientific philosophy was aimed to prevent confusion rooted in unclear language and unverifiable claims.[1] The Berlin Circle and the Vienna Circle propounded logical positivism starting in the late 1920s. Interpreting Ludwig Wittgenstein s philosophy of language, logical positivists identified a verifiability principle or criterion of cognitive meaningfulness. From Bertrand Russell s logicism they sought reduction of mathematics to logic as well as Russell s logical atomism, Ernst Mach s phenomenalism—whereby the mind knows only actual or potential sensory experience, which is the content of all sciences, whether physics or psychology—and Percy Bridgman s musings that others proclaimed as operationalism. Thereby, only the verifiable was scientific and cognitively meaningful, whereas the unverifiable was unscientific, cognitively meaningless "pseudostatements"—metaphysic, emotive, or such—not candidate to further review by philosophers, newly tasked to organize knowledge, not develop new knowledge. Logical positivism became famed for vigorous scientific antirealism to purge science of talk about nature s unobservable aspects—including causality, mechanism, and principles—although that goal has been exaggerated[who said this?]. Still, talk of such unobservables would be metaphorical—direct observations viewed in the abstract—or at worst metaphysical or emotional. Theoretical laws would be reduced to empirical laws, while theoretical terms would garner meaning from observational terms via correspondence rules. Mathematics of physics would reduce to symbolic logic via logicism, while rational reconstruction would convert ordinary language into standardized equivalents, all networked and united by a logical syntax. A scientific theory would be stated with its method of verification, whereby a logical calculus or empirical operation could verify its falsity or truth. In the late 1930s, logical positivists fled Germany and Austria for Britain and United States. By then, many had replaced Mach s phenomenalism with Neurath s physicalism, and Carnap had sought to replace verification with simply confirmation. With World War II s close in 1945, logical positivism became milder, logical empiricism, led largely by Carl Hempel, in America, who expounded the covering law model of scientific explanation. The logical positivist movement became a major underpinning of analytic philosophy,[2] and dominated Anglosphere philosophy, including philosophy of science, while influencing sciences, into the 1960s. Yet the movement failed to resolve its central problems,[3][4][5] and its doctrines were increasingly assaulted, most trenchantly by W V O Quine, Norwood Hanson, Karl Popper, Thomas Kuhn, and Carl Hempel. Contents [hide] 1 Roots 1.1 Language 1.2 Logicism 1.3 Empiricism 2 Origins 2.1 Vienna 2.2 Berlin 2.3 Rivals 2.4 Export 3 Principles 3.1 Analytic/synthetic gap 3.2 Observation/theory gap 3.3 Cognitive meaningfulness 3.3.1 Verification 3.3.2 Confirmation 3.3.3 Weak verification 4 Philosophy of science 4.1 Explanation 4.2 Unity of science 4.3 Theory reduction 5 Critics 5.1 Quine 5.2 Hanson 5.3 Popper 5.4 Kuhn 5.5 Putnam 6 Retrospect 7 Footnotes 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Roots[edit] Language[edit] Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, by the young Ludwig Wittgenstein, introduced the view of philosophy as "critique of language", offering the possibility of a theoretically principled distinction of intelligible versus nonsensical discourse. Tractatus adhered to a correspondence theory of truth (versus a coherence theory of truth). Wittgenstein s influence also shows in some versions of the verifiability principle.[6][7] In tractarian doctrine, truths of logic are tautologies, a view widely accepted by logical positivists who were also influenced by Wittgenstein s interpretation of probability although, according to Neurath, some logical positivists found Tractatus to contain much metaphysics.[8] Logicism[edit] Gottlob Frege began the program of reducing mathematics to logic, continued it with Bertrand Russell, but lost interest in this logicism, and Russell continued it with Alfred North Whitehead in their monumental Principia Mathematica, inspiring some of the more mathematical logical posivists, such as Hans Hahn and Rudolf Carnap.[9] (Carnap s early anti-metaphysical works employed Russell s theory of types.)[10] Carnap envisioned a universal language that could reconstruct mathematics and thereby encode physics.[9] Yet Kurt Gödel s incompleteness theorem showed this impossible except in trivial cases, and Alfred Tarski s undefinability theorem shattered all hopes of reducing mathematics to logic.[9] Thus, a universal language failed to stem from Carnap s 1934 work Logische Syntax der Sprache (Logical Syntax of Language).[9] Still, some logical positivists, including Carl Hempel, continued support of logicism.[9] Empiricism[edit] In Germany, Hegelian metaphysics was a dominant movement, and Hegelian successors such as F H Bradley explained reality by postulating metaphysical entities lacking empirical basis, drawing reaction in the form of positivism.[11] Starting in the late 19th century, there was "back to Kant" movement. Ernst Mach s positivism and phenomenalism were a major influence. Origins[edit] Vienna[edit] The Vienna Circle, gathering around University of Vienna and Café Central, was led principally by Moritz Schlick. Schlick had held a neo-Kantian position, but later converted, via Carnap s 1928 book Der logische Aufbau der Welt—that is, The Logical Structure of the World—which became Vienna Circle s "bible", Aufbau. A 1929 pamphlet written by Otto Neurath, Hans Hahn, and Rudolf Carnap summarized the Vienna Circle s positions. Another member of Vienna Circle to later prove very influential was Carl Hempel. A friendly but tenacious critic of the Circle was Karl Popper, whom Neurath nicknamed the "Official Opposition". Carnap and other Vienna Circle members, including Hahn and Neurath, saw need for a weaker criterion of meaningfulness than verifiability.[12] A radical "left" wing—led by Neurath and Carnap—began the program of "liberalization of empiricism", and they also emphasized fallibilism and pragmatics, which latter Carnap even suggested as empiricism s basis.[12] A conservative "right" wing—led by Schlick and Waismann—rejected both the liberalization of empiricism and the epistemological nonfoundationalism of a move from phenomenalism to physicalism.[12] As Neurath and somewhat Carnap posed science toward social reform, the split in Vienna Circle also reflected political views.[12] Berlin[edit] The Berlin Circle was led principally by Hans Reichenbach. Rivals[edit] Both Moritz Schlick and Rudolf Carnap had been influenced by and sought to define logical positivism versus the neo-Kantianism of Ernst Cassirer—the then leading figure of Marburg school, so called—and against Edmund Husserl s phenomenology. Logical positivists especially opposed Martin Heidegger s obscure metaphysics, the epitome of what logical positivism rejected. In the early 1930s, Carnap debated Heidegger over "metaphysical pseudosentences".[13] Despite its revolutionary aims, logical positivism was but one view among many vying within Europe, and logical positivists initially spoke their language.[13] Export[edit] As the movement s first emissary to the New World, Moritz Schlick visited Stanford University in 1929, yet otherwise remained in Vienna and was murdered at the University, reportedly by a deranged student, in 1936.[13] That year, a British attendee at some Vienna Circle meetings since 1933, A J Ayer saw his Language, Truth and Logic, written in English, import logical positivism to the Anglosphere. By then, Nazi political party s 1933 rise to power in Germany had triggered flight of intellectuals.[13] In exile in England, Otto Neurath died in 1945.[13] Rudolf Carnap, Hans Reichenbach, and Carl Hempel—Carnap s protégé who had studied in Berlin with Reichenbach—settled permanently in America.[13] Upon Germany s annexation of Austria in 1939, remaining logical positivists, many of whom were also Jewish, were targeted and continued flight. Logical positivism thus became dominant in the Anglosphere. Principles[edit] Analytic/synthetic gap[edit] Concerning reality, the necessary is a state true in all possible worlds—mere logical validity—whereas the contingent hinges on the way the particular world is. Concerning knowledge, the a priori is knowable before or without, whereas the a posteriori is knowable only after or through, relevant experience. Concerning statements, the analytic is true via terms arrangement and meanings, thus a tautology—true by logical necessity but uninformative about the world—whereas the synthetic adds reference to a state of facts, a contingency. In 1739, Hume cast a fork aggressively dividing "relations of ideas" from "matters of fact and real existence", such that all truths are of one type or the other.[14][15] By Hume s fork, truths by relations among ideas (abstract) all align on one side (analytic, necessary, a priori), whereas truths by states of actualities (concrete) always align on the other side (synthetic, contingent, a posteriori).[14] At any treatises containing neither, Hume orders, "Commit it then to the flames, for it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion".[14] Thus awakened from "dogmatic slumber", Kant quested to answer Hume s challenge—but by explaining how metaphysics is possible. Eventually, in his 1781 work, Kant crossed the tines of Hume s fork to identify another range of truths by necessity—synthetic a priori, statements claiming states of facts but known true before experience—by arriving at transcendental idealism, attributing the mind a constructive role in phenomena by arranging sense data into the very experience space, time, and substance. Thus, Kant saved Newton s law of universal gravitation from Hume s problem of induction by finding uniformity of nature to be a priori knowledge. Logical positivists rejected Kant s synthethic a priori, and staked Hume s fork, whereby a statement is either analytic and a priori (thus necessary and verifiable logically) or synthetic and a posteriori (thus contingent and verifiable empirically).[14] Observation/theory gap[edit] Early, most logical positivists proposed that all knowledge is based on logical inference from simple "protocol sentences" grounded in observable facts. In the 1936 and 1937 papers "Testability and meaning", individual terms replace sentences as the units of meaning.[12] Further, theoretical terms no longer need to acquire meaning by explicit definition from observational terms the connection may be indirect, through a system of implicit definitions.[12] (Carnap also provides an important, pioneering discussion of disposition predicates.)[12] Cognitive meaningfulness[edit] Verification[edit] The logical positivists initial stance was that a statement is "cognitively meaningful" only if some finite procedure conclusively determines its truth.[16] By this verifiability principle, only statements verifiable either by their analyticity or by empiricism were cognitively meaningful. Metaphysics, ontology, as well as much of ethics failed this criterion, and so were found cognitively meaningless. Moritz Schlick, however, did not view ethical or aesthetic statements as cognitively meaningless.[17] Cognitive meaningfulness was variously defined having a truth value; corresponding to a possible state of affairs; naming a proposition; intelligible or understandable as are scientific statements.[18] Ethics and aesthetics were subjective preferences, while theology and other metaphysics contained "pseudostatements", neither true nor false. This meaningfulness was cognitive, although other types of meaningfulness—for instance, emotive, expressive, or figurative—occurred in metaphysical discourse, dismissed from further review. Thus, logical positivism indirectly asserted Hume s law, the principle that is statements cannot justify ought statements, but are separated by an unbridgeable gap. A J Ayer s 1936 book asserted an extreme variant—the boo/hooray doctrine—whereby all evaluative judgments are but emotional reactions. Confirmation[edit] In an important pair of papers in 1936 and 1937, "Testability and meaning", Carnap replaced verification with confirmation, on the view that although universal laws cannot be verified they can be confirmed.[12] Later, Carnap employed abundant logical and mathematical methods in researching inductive logic while seeking to provide and account of probability as "degree of confirmation", but was never able to formulate a model.[19] In Carnap s inductive logic, every universal law s degree of confirmation is always zero.[19] In any event, the precise formulation of what came to be called the "criterion of cognitive significance" took three decades (Hempel 1950, Carnap 1956, Carnap 1961).[12] Carl Hempel became a major critic within the logical positivism movement.[20] Hempel elucidated the paradox of confirmation. Weak verification[edit] The second edition of A J Ayer s book arrived in 1946, and discerned strong versus weak forms of verification. Ayer concluded, "A proposition is said to be verifiable, in the strong sense of the term, if, and only if, its truth could be conclusively established by experience", but is verifiable in the weak sense "if it is possible for experience to render it probable".[21] And yet, "no proposition, other than a tautology, can possibly be anything more than a probable hypothesis".[21] Thus, all are open to weak verification. Philosophy of science[edit] Upon the global defeat of Nazism, and removed from philosophy rivials for radical reform—Marburg neo-Kantianism, Husserlian phenomenology, Heidegger s "existential hermeneutics"—while hosted in the climate of American pragmatism and commonsense empiricism, the neopositivists shed much of their earlier, revolutionary zeal.[1] No longer crusading to revise traditional philosophy into a new scientific philosophy, they became respectable members of a new philosophy subdiscipline, philosophy of science.[1] Receiving support from Ernest Nagel, logical empiricists were especially influential in the social sciences.[22] Explanation[edit] Comtean positivism had viewed science as description, whereas the logical positivists posed science as explanation, perhaps to better realize the envisioned unity of science by covering not only fundamental science—that is, fundamental physics—but the special sciences, too, for instance biology, anthropology, psychology, sociology, and economics.[23] The most widely accepted concept of scientific explanation, held even by neopositivist critic Karl Popper, was the deductive-nomological model (DN model).[24] Yet DN model received its greatest explication by Carl Hempel, first in his 1942 article "The function of general laws in history", and more explicitly with Paul Oppenheim in their 1948 article "Studies in the logic of explanation".[24] In DN model, the stated phenomenon to be explained is the explanandum—which can be an event, law, or theory—whereas premises stated to explain it are the explanans.[25] Explanans must be true or highly confirmed, contain at least one law, and entail the explanandum.[25] Thus, given initial conditions C1, C2 . . . Cn plus general laws L1, L2 . . . Ln, event E is a deductive consequence and scientifically explained.[25] In DN model, a law is an unrestricted generalization by conditional proposition—If A, then B—and has empirical content testable.[26] (Differing from a merely true regularity—for instance, George always carries only $1 bills in his wallet—a law suggests what must be true,[27] and is consequent of a scientific theory s axiomatic structure.[28]) By the Humean empiricist view that humans observe sequence of events, not cause and effect—as causality and causal mechanisms are unobservable—DN model neglects causality beyond mere constant conjunction, first event A and then always event B.[23] Hempel s explication of DN model held natural laws—empirically confirmed regularities—as satisfactory and, if formulated realistically, approximating causal explanation.[25] In later articles, Hempel defended DN model and proposed a probabilistic explanation, inductive-statistical model (IS model).[25] DN model and IS model together form covering law model,[25] as named by a critic, William Dray.[29] (Derivation of statistical laws from other statistical laws goes to deductive-statistical model (DS model).)[30] Georg Hendrik von Wright, another critic, named it subsumption theory,[31] fitting the ambition of theory reduction. Unity of science[edit] Logical positivists were generally committed to "Unified Science", and sought a common language or, in Neurath s phrase, a "universal slang" whereby which all scientific propositions could be expressed.[32] The adequacy of proposals or fragments of proposals for such a language was often asserted on the basis of various "reductions" or "explications" of the terms of one special science to the terms of another, putatively more fundamental. Sometimes these reductions consisted of set-theoretic manipulations of a few logically primitive concepts (as in Carnap s Logical Structure of the World (1928)). Sometimes, these reductions consisted of allegedly analytic or a priori deductive relationships (as in Carnap s "Testability and meaning"). A number of publications over a period of thirty years would attempt to elucidate this concept. Theory reduction[edit] As in Comptean positivism s envisioned unity of science, neopositivists aimed to network all special sciences through the covering law model of scientific explanation. And ultimately, by supplying boundary conditions and supplying bridge laws within the covering law model, all the special sciences laws would reduce to fundamental physics, the fundamental science. Critics[edit] After the Second World War s close in 1945, key tenets of logical positivism, including its atomistic philosophy of science, the verifiability principle, and the fact/value gap, drew escalated criticism. It was clear that empirical claims cannot be verified to be universally true.[12] Thus, as initially stated, the verifiability criterion made universal statements meaningless, and even made statements beyond empiricism for technological but not conceptual reasons meaningless, which would pose significant problems for science.[20][33][34] These problems were recognized within the movement, which hosted attempted solutions—Carnap s move to confirmation, Ayer s acceptance of weak verification—but the program drew sustained criticism from a number of directions by the 1950s. Even philosophers disagreeing among themselves on which direction general epistemology ought to take, as well as on philosophy of science, agreed that the logical empiricist program was untenable, and it became viewed as selfcontradictory.[35] The verifiability criterion of meaning was itself unverified.[35] Notable critics were Nelson Goodman, Willard Van Orman Quine, Norwood Hanson, Karl Popper, Thomas Kuhn, J L Austin, Peter Strawson, Hilary Putnam, Ludwig von Mises, and Richard Rorty. Quine[edit] Although quite empiricist, American logician Willard Van Orman Quine published the 1951 paper "Two dogmas of empiricism",[36] which challenged conventional empiricist presumptions. Quine attacked the analytic/synthetic division, which the verificationist program had been hinged upon in order to entail, by consequence of Hume s fork, both necessity and apriocity. Quine s ontological relativity explained that every term in any statement has its meaning contingent on a vast network of knowledge and belief, the speaker s conception of the entire world. Quine later proposed naturalized epistemology. Hanson[edit] In 1958, Norwood Hanson s Patterns of Discovery undermined the division of observation versus theory,[37] as one can predict, collect, prioritize, and assess data only via some horizon of expectation set by a theory. Thus, any dataset—the direct observations, the scientific facts—is laden with theory. Popper[edit] An early, tenacious critic was Karl Popper whose 1934 book Logik der Forschung, arriving in English in 1959 as The Logic of Scientific Discovery, directly answered verificationism. Popper heeded the problem of induction as rendering empirical verification logically impossible.[38] And the deductive fallacy of affirming the consequent reveals any phenomenon s capacity to host over one logically possible explanation. Accepting scientific method as hypotheticodeduction, whose inference form is denying the consequent, Popper finds scientific method unable to proceed without falsifiable predictions. Popper thus identifies falsifiability to demarcate not meaningful from meaningless but simply scientific from unscientific—a label not in itself unfavorable. Popper finds virtue in metaphysics, required to develop new scientific theories. And an unfalsifiable—thus unscientific, perhaps metaphysical—concept in one era can later, through evolving knowledge or technology, become falsifiable, thus scientific. Popper also found science s quest for truth to rest on values. Popper disparages the pseudoscientific, which occurs when an unscientific theory is proclaimed true and coupled with seemingly scientific method by "testing" the unfalsifiable theory—whose predictions are confirmed by necessity—or when a scientific theory s falsifiable predictions are strongly falsified but the theory is persistently protected by "immunizing stratagems", such as the appendage of ad hoc clauses saving the theory or the recourse to increasingly speculative hypotheses shielding the theory. Popper s scientific epistemology is falsificationism, which finds that no number, degree, and variety of empirical successes can either verify or confirm scientific theory. Falsificationism finds science s aim as corroboration of scientific theory, which strives for scientific realism but accepts the maximal status of strongly corroborated verisimilitude ("truthlikeness"). Explicitly denying the positivist view that all knowledge is scientific, Popper developed the general epistemology critical rationalism, which finds human knowledge to evolve by conjectures and refutations. Popper thus acknowledged the value of the positivist movement, driving evolution of human understanding, but claimed that he had "killed positivism". Kuhn[edit] With his landmark, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas Kuhn critically destabilized the verificationist program, which was presumed to call for foundationalism. (Actually, even in the 1930s, Otto Neurath had argued for nonfoundationalism via coherentism by likening science to a boat that scientists must rebuild at sea[citation needed].) Although Kuhn s thesis itself was attacked even by opponents of neopositivism, in the 1970 postscript to Structure, Kuhn asserted, at least, that there was no algorithm to science—and, on that, even most of Kuhn s critics agreed. Powerful and persuasive, Kuhn s book, unlike the vocabulary and symbols of logic s formal language, was written in natural language open to the laypersons.[39] Ironically, Kuhn s book was first published in a volume of Encyclopedia of Unified Science—a project begun by logical positivists—and some sense unified science, indeed, but by bringing it into the realm of historical and social assessment, rather than fitting it to the model of physics.[39] Kuhn s ideas were rapidly adopted by scholars in disciplines well outside natural sciences,[39] and, as logical empiricists were extremely influential in the social sciences,[22] ushered academia into postpositivism or postempiricism.[39] Putnam[edit] The "received view" operates on the correspondence rule that states, "The observational terms are taken as referring to specified phenomena or phenomenal properties, and the only interpretation given to the theoretical terms is their explicit definition provided by the correspondence rules".[11] According to Hilary Putnam, a former student of Reichenbach and of Carnap, the dichotomy of observational terms versus theoretical terms introduced a problem within scientific discussion that was nonexistent until this dichotomy was stated by logical positivists.[40] Putnam s four objections Something is referred to as "observational" if it is observable directly with our senses. Then an observation term cannot be applied to something unobservable. If this is the case, there are no observation terms. With Carnap s classification, some unobservable terms are not even theoretical and belong to neither observation terms nor theoretical terms. Some theoretical terms refer primarily to observation terms. Reports of observation terms frequently contain theoretical terms. A scientific theory may not contain any theoretical terms (an example of this is Darwin s original theory of evolution). Putman also alleged that positivism was actually a form of metaphysical idealism by its rejecting scientific theory s ability to garner knowledge about nature s unobservable aspects. With his "no miracles" argument, posed in 1974, Putnam asserted scientific realism, the stance that science achieves true—or approximately true—knowledge of the world as it exists independently of humans sensory experience. In this, Putnam opposed not only the positivism but other instrumentalism—whereby scientific theory as but a human tool to predict human observations—filling the void left by positivism s decline. Retrospect[edit] By the late 1960s, the neopositivist movement had clearly run its course.[41] Interviewed in the late 1970s, A J Ayer supposed that "the most important" defect "was that nearly all of it was false".[42][43] Although logical positivism tends to be recalled as a pillar of scientism,[44] Carl Hempel was key in establishing the philosophy subdiscipline philosophy of science[13] where Thomas Kuhn and Karl Popper brought in the era postpositivism.[39] John Passmore found logical positivism to be "dead, or as dead as a philosophical movement ever becomes".[42] Logical positivism s fall reopened debate over the metaphysical merit of scientific theory, whether it can offer knowledge of the world beyond human experience (scientific realism) versus whether it is but a human tool to predict human experience (instrumentalism).[45][46] Meanwhile, it became popular among philosophers to rehash the faults and failures of logical positivism without investigation of it.[47] Thereby, logical positivism has been generally misrepresented, sometimes severely.[48] Arguing for their own views, often framed versus logical positivism, many philosophers have reduced logical positivism to simplisms and stereotypes, especially the notion of logical positivism as a type of foundationalism.[48] In any event, the movement helped anchor analytic philosophy in the Anglosphere, and returned Britain to empiricism. Minus logical positivists, tremendously influential outside philosophy, especially in psychology and social sciences, intellectual life of the 20th century would be unrecognizable.[13] Footnotes[edit] ^ Jump up to a b c Michael Friedman, Reconsidering Logical Positivism (New York Cambridge University Press, 1999), p xiv. Jump up ^ See "Vienna Circle" in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Jump up ^ Smith, L.D. (1986). Behaviorism and Logical Positivism A Reassessment of the Alliance. Stanford University Press. p. 314. ISBN 9780804713016. LCCN 85030366. The secondary and historical literature on logical positivism affords substantial grounds for concluding that logical positivism failed to solve many of the central problems it generated for itself. Prominent among the unsolved problems was the failure to find an acceptable statement of the verifiability (later confirmability) criterion of meaningfulness. Until a competing tradition emerged (about the late 1950 s), the problems of logical positivism continued to be attacked from within that tradition. But as the new tradition in the philosophy of science began to demonstrate its effectiveness—by dissolving and rephrasing old problems as well as by generating new ones—philosophers began to shift allegiances to the new tradition, even though that tradition has yet to receive a canonical formulation. Jump up ^ Bunge, M.A. (1996). Finding Philosophy in Social Science. Yale University Press. p. 317. ISBN 9780300066067. LCCN lc96004399. To conclude, logical positivism was progressive compared with the classical positivism of Ptolemy, Hume, d Alembert, Compte, John Stuart Mill, and Ernst Mach. It was even more so by comparison with its contemporary rivals—neo-Thomisism, neo-Kantianism, intuitionism, dialectical materialism, phenomenology, and existentialism. However, neo-positivism failed dismally to give a faithful account of science, whether natural or social. It failed because it remained anchored to sense-data and to a phenomenalist metaphysics, overrated the power of induction and underrated that of hypothesis, and denounced realism and materialism as metaphysical nonsense. Although it has never been practiced consistently in the advanced natural sciences and has been criticized by many philosophers, notably Popper (1959 [1935], 1963), logical positivism remains the tacit philosophy of many scientists. Regrettably, the anti-positivism fashionable in the metatheory of social science is often nothing but an excuse for sloppiness and wild speculation. Jump up ^ "Popper, Falsifiability, and the Failure of Positivism". 7 August 2000. Retrieved 30 June 2012. The upshot is that the positivists seem caught between insisting on the V.C. [Verifiability Criterion]—but for no defensible reason—or admitting that the V.C. requires a background language, etc., which opens the door to relativism, etc. In light of this dilemma, many folk—especially following Popper s "last-ditch" effort to "save" empiricism/positivism/realism with the falsifiability criterion—have agreed that positivism is a dead-end. Jump up ^ For example, compare "Proposition 4.024" of Tractatus, asserting that we understand a proposition when we know the outcome if it is true, with Schlick s asserting, "To state the circumstances under which a proposition is true is the same as stating its meaning". Jump up ^ "Positivismus und realismus", Erkenntnis 3 1–31, English trans in Sarkar, Sahotra, ed, Logical Empiricism at its Peak Schlick, Carnap, and Neurath (New York Garland Publishing, 1996), p 38. Jump up ^ For summary of the effect of Tractatus on logical positivists, see the Entwicklung der Thesen des "Wiener Kreises". ^ Jump up to a b c d e Jaako Hintikka, "Logicism", in Andrew D Irvine, ed, Philosophy of Mathematics (Burlington MA North Holland, 2009), pp 283–84. Jump up ^ See Rudolf Carnap, "The elimination Of metaphysics through logical analysis of language", Erkenntnis, 1932;2, reprinted in Logical Positivism, Alfred Jules Ayer, ed, (New York Free Press, 1959), pp 60–81. ^ Jump up to a b Frederick Suppe, "The positivist model of scientific theories", in Scientific Inquiry, Robert Klee, ed, (New York Oxford University Press, 1999), pp 16-24. ^ Jump up to a b c d e f g h i j Sarkar, S; Pfeifer, J (2005). The Philosophy of Science An Encyclopedia 1. Taylor Francis. p. 83. ISBN 9780415939270. ^ Jump up to a b c d e f g h Friedman, Reconsidering Logical Positivism (Cambridge U P, 1999), p xii. ^ Jump up to a b c d Antony G Flew, A Dictionary of Philosophy, rev 2nd edn (New York St Martin s Press, 1984), "Hume s fork", p 156. Jump up ^ Helen B Mitchell, Roots of Wisdom A Tapestry of Philosophical Traditions A Tapestry of Philosophical Traditions, 6th edn (Boston Wadsworth, 2011), "Hume s fork and logical positivism", pp 249-50. Jump up ^ For a classic survey of other versions of verificationism, see Carl G Hempel, "Problems and changes in the empiricist criterion of meaning", Revue Internationale de Philosophie, 1950;41 41-63. Jump up ^ See Moritz Schlick, "The future Of philosophy", in The Linguistic Turn, Richard Rorty, ed, (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1992), pp 43-53. Jump up ^ Examples of these different views can be found in Scheffler s Anatomy of Inquiry, Ayer s Language, Truth, and Logic, Schlick s "Positivism and realism" (reprinted in Sarkar 1996 and Ayer 1959), and Carnap s Philosophy and Logical Syntax. ^ Jump up to a b Mauro Murzi "Rudolf Carnap (1891—1970)", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 12 Apr 2001. ^ Jump up to a b Fetzer, James (2012). Edward N. Zalta, ed. "Carl Hempel". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2012 ed.). It would fall to Hempel to become perhaps the most astute critic of that movement and to contribute to its refinement as logical empiricism... Hempel himself attained a certain degree of prominence as a critic of this movement... The analytic/synthetic distinction and the observational/theoretical distinction were tied together by the verifiability criterion of meaningfulness... By this standard, sentences that are non-analytic but also non-verifiable, including various theological or metaphysical assertions concerning God or The Absolute, qualify as cognitively meaningless. This was viewed as a desirable result. But, as Hempel would demonstrate, its scope was far too sweeping, since it also rendered meaningless the distinctively scientific assertions made by laws and theories... The analytic/synthetic distinction took a decided hit when the noted logician, Willard van Orman Quine, published "Two dogmas of empiricism" (1953), challenging its adequacy... While the analytic/synthetic distinction appears to be justifiable in modeling important properties of languages, the observational/theoretical distinction does not fare equally well. Within logical positivism, observation language was assumed to consist of names and predicates whose applicability or not can be ascertained, under suitable conditions, by means of direct observation... Karl Popper (1965, 1968), however, would carry the argument in a different direction by looking at the ontic nature of properties... Hempel (1950, 1951), meanwhile, demonstrated that the verifiability criterion could not be sustained. Since it restricts empirical knowledge to observation sentences and their deductive consequences, scientific theories are reduced to logical constructions from observables. In a series of studies about cognitive significance and empirical testability, he demonstrated that the verifiability criterion implies that existential generalizations are meaningful, but that universal generalizations are not, even though they include general laws, the principal objects of scientific discovery. Hypotheses about relative frequencies in finite sequences are meaningful, but hypotheses concerning limits in infinite sequences are not. The verifiability criterion thus imposed a standard that was too strong to accommodate the characteristic claims of science and was not justifiable... Both theoretical and dispositional predicates, which refer to non-observables, posed serious problems for the positivist position, since the verifiability criterion implies they must be reducible to observables or are empirically meaningless... The need to dismantle the verifiability criterion of meaningfulness together with the demise of the observational/theoretical distinction meant that logical positivism no longer represented a rationally defensible position. At least two of its defining tenets had been shown to be without merit. Since most philosophers believed that Quine had shown the analytic/synthetic distinction was also untenable, moreover, many concluded that the enterprise had been a total failure. Among the important benefits of Hempel s critique, however, was the production of more general and flexible criteria of cognitive significance... Hempel suggested multiple criteria for assessing the cognitive significance of different theoretical systems, where significance is not categorical but rather a matter of degree... The elegance of Hempel s study laid to rest any lingering aspirations for simple criteria of cognitive significance and signaled the demise of logical positivism as a philosophical movement. Precisely what remained, however, was in doubt. Presumably, anyone who rejected one or more of the three principles defining positivism—the analytic/synthetic distinction, the observational/theoretical distinction, and the verifiability criterion of significance—was not a logical positivist. The precise outlines of its philosophical successor, which would be known as "logical empiricism", were not entirely evident. Perhaps this study came the closest to defining its intellectual core. Those who accepted Hempel s four criteria and viewed cognitive significance as a matter of degree were members, at least in spirit. But some new problems were beginning to surface with respect to Hempel s covering-law explication of explanation and old problems remained from his studies of induction, the most remarkable of which was known as "the paradox of confirmation". ^ Jump up to a b Ayer, Language, Truth and Logic, 1946, p 50–51. ^ Jump up to a b Novick, That Noble Dream (Cambridge U P, 1988), p 546. ^ Jump up to a b James Woodward, "Scientific explanation"—sec 1 "Background and introduction", in Zalta EN, ed,The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2011 edn ^ Jump up to a b James Woodward, "Scientific explanation"—Article overview, Zalta EN, ed, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2011 edn ^ Jump up to a b c d e f Suppe, Structure of Scientific Theories (U Illinois P, 1977), pp 619–21. Jump up ^ Eleonora Montuschi, Objects in Social Science (London New York Continuum, 2003), pp 61–62. Jump up ^ Bechtel, Philosophy of Science (Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988), p 25. Jump up ^ Bechtel, Philosophy of Science (Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988), pp 27–28. Jump up ^ Georg Hendrik von Wright, Explanation and Understanding (Ithaca NY Cornell University Press, 1971), p 11. Jump up ^ Stuart Glennan, p 276, in Sarkar S Pfeifer J, eds, The Philosophy of Science An Encyclopedia, Volume 1 A–M (New York Routledge, 2006). Jump up ^ Manfred Riedel, pp 3–4, in Manninen J Tuomela R, eds, Essays on Explanation and Understanding Studies in the Foundation of Humanities and Social Sciences (Dordrecht D Reidel Publishing, 1976). Jump up ^ For a review of "unity of science" to, see Gregory Frost-Arnold, "The large-scale structure of logical empiricism Unity of science and the rejection of metaphysics". Jump up ^ John Vicker (2011). Edward N Zalta, ed. "The problem of induction". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2011 ed.). This initial formulation of the criterion was soon seen to be too strong; it counted as meaningless not only metaphysical statements but also statements that are clearly empirically meaningful, such as that all copper conducts electricity and, indeed, any universally quantified statement of infinite scope, as well as statements that were at the time beyond the reach of experience for technical, and not conceptual, reasons, such as that there are mountains on the back side of the moon. These difficulties led to modification of the criterion The latter to allow empirical verification if not in fact then at least in principle, the former to soften verification to empirical confirmation. Jump up ^ Uebel, Thomas (2008). Edward N. Zalta, ed. "Vienna Circle". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 ed.). What Carnap later called the "liberalization of empiricism" was underway and different camps became discernible within the Circle... In the first place, this liberalization meant the accommodation of universally quantified statements and the return, as it were, to salient aspects of Carnap s 1928 conception. Everybody had noted that the Wittgensteinian verificationist criterion rendered universally quantified statements meaningless. Schlick (1931) thus followed Wittgenstein s own suggestion to treat them instead as representing rules for the formation of verifiable singular statements. (His abandonment of conclusive verifiability is indicated only in Schlick 1936a.) A second element that began to do so soon was the recognition of the problem of the irreducibility of disposition terms to observation terms... A third element was that disagreement arose as to whether the in-principle verifiability or support turned on what was merely logically possible or on what was nomologically possible, as a matter of physical law etc. A fourth element, finally, was that differences emerged as to whether the criterion of significance was to apply to all languages or whether it was to apply primarily to constructed, formal languages. Schlick retained the focus on logical possibility and natural languages throughout, but Carnap had firmly settled his focus on nomological possibility and constructed languages by the mid-thirties. Concerned with natural language, Schlick (1932, 1936a) deemed all statements meaningful for which it was logically possible to conceive of a procedure of verification; concerned with constructed languages only, Carnap (1936-37) deemed meaningful only statements for whom it was nomologically possible to conceive of a procedure of confirmation of disconfirmation. Many of these issues were openly discussed at the Paris congress in 1935. Already in 1932 Carnap had sought to sharpen his previous criterion by stipulating that those statements were meaningful that were syntactically well-formed and whose non-logical terms were reducible to terms occurring in the basic observational evidence statements of science. While Carnap s focus on the reduction of descriptive terms allows for the conclusive verification of some statements, his criterion also allowed universally quantified statements to be meaningful, provided they were syntactically and terminologically correct (1932a, §2). It was not until one of his Paris addresses, however, that Carnap officially declared the meaning criterion to be mere confirmability. Carnap s new criterion required neither verification nor falsification but only partial testability so as now to include not only universal statements but also the disposition statements of science... Though plausible initially, the device of introducing non-observational terms in this way gave rise to a number of difficulties which impugned the supposedly clear distinctions between logical and empirical matters and analytic and synthetic statements (Hempel 1951). Independently, Carnap himself (1939) soon gave up the hope that all theoretical terms of science could be related to an observational base by such reduction chains. This admission raised a serious problem for the formulation of a meaning criterion how was one to rule out unwanted metaphysical claims while admitting as significant highly abstract scientific claims? ^ Jump up to a b Hilary Putnam (1985). Philosophical Papers Volume 3, Realism and Reason. Philosophical Papers. Cambridge University Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780521313940. LCCN lc82012903. Jump up ^ W V O Quine, "Two dogmas of empiricism", Philosophical Review 1951;60 20-43, collected in Quine, From a Logical Point of View (Cambridge MA Harvard University Press, 1953). Jump up ^ Novick, That Noble Dream (Cambridge U P, 1988), p 527. Jump up ^ Popper then denies that science requires inductive inference or that it actually exists, although most philosophers believe it exists and that science requires it [Samir Okasha, The Philosophy of Science A Very Short Introduction (NY OUP, 2002), p 23]. ^ Jump up to a b c d e Novick, That Noble Dream (Cambridge U P, 1988), pp 526-27. Jump up ^ Hilary Putnam, "Problems with the observational/theoretical distinction", in Scientific Inquiry, Robert Klee, ed (New York, USA Oxford University Press, 1999), pp 25-29. Jump up ^ Nicholas G Fotion (1995). Ted Honderich, ed. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford Oxford University Press. p. 508. ISBN 0-19-866132-0. ^ Jump up to a b Hanfling, Oswald (2003). "Logical Positivism". Routledge History of Philosophy. Routledge. pp. 193f. Jump up ^ "Ayer on Logical Positivism Section 4". 6 30. Jump up ^ Stahl et al, Webs of Reality (Rutgers U P, 2002), p 180. Jump up ^ Hilary Putnam, "What is realism?", in Jarrett Leplin, ed, Scientific Realism (Berkeley, Los Angeles, London University of California Press, 1984), p 140. Jump up ^ Ruth Lane, "Positivism, scientific realism and political science Recent developments in the philosophy of science", Journal of Theoretical Politics, 1996 Jul8(3) 361-82, abstract. Jump up ^ Friedman, Reconsidering Logical Positivism (Cambridge, 1999), p 1. ^ Jump up to a b Friedman, Reconsidering Logical Positivism (Cambridge, 1999), p 2.
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A B コメント A AbortableHttpRequest 基礎的なHTTP接続を停止することで強制終了させることが出来るHTTP要求を表すインターフェース. Interface representing an HTTP request that can be aborted by shutting down the underlying HTTP connection. AbsListView Base class that can be used to implement virtualized lists of items. AbsListView.LayoutParams AbsListView extends LayoutParams to provide a place to hold the view type. AbsListView.OnScrollListener Interface definition for a callback to be invoked when the list or grid has been scrolled. AbsListView.RecyclerListener A RecyclerListener is used to receive a notification whenever a View is placed inside the RecycleBin s scrap heap. AbsoluteLayout This class is deprecated. Use FrameLayout, RelativeLayout or a custom layout instead. AbsoluteLayout.LayoutParams Per-child layout information associated with AbsoluteLayout. AbsoluteSizeSpan AbsSavedState A Parcelable implementation that should be used by inheritance hierarchies to ensure the state of all classes along the chain is saved. AbsSeekBar AbsSpinner An abstract base class for spinner widgets. AbstractAuthenticationHandler AbstractClientConnAdapter Abstract adapter from operated to managed client connections. AbstractCollection E Class AbstractCollection is an abstract implementation of the Collection interface. AbstractConnPool An abstract connection pool. AbstractCookieAttributeHandler AbstractCookieSpec Abstract cookie specification which can delegate the job of parsing, validation or matching cookie attributes to a number of arbitrary CookieAttributeHandlers. AbstractCursor This is an abstract cursor class that handles a lot of the common code that all cursors need to deal with and is provided for convenience reasons. AbstractCursor.SelfContentObserver Cursors use this class to track changes others make to their URI. AbstractExecutorService Provides default implementation of ExecutorService execution methods. AbstractHttpClient Convenience base class for HTTP client implementations. AbstractHttpClientConnection Abstract client-side HTTP connection capable of transmitting and receiving data using arbitrary SessionInputBuffer and SessionOutputBuffer AbstractHttpEntity Abstract base class for entities. AbstractHttpMessage Basic implementation of an HTTP message that can be modified. AbstractHttpParams Abstract base class for parameter collections. AbstractHttpServerConnection Abstract server-side HTTP connection capable of transmitting and receiving data using arbitrary SessionInputBuffer and SessionOutputBuffer AbstractInputMethodService AbstractInputMethodService provides a abstract base class for input methods. AbstractInputMethodService.AbstractInputMethodImpl Base class for derived classes to implement their InputMethod interface. AbstractInputMethodService.AbstractInputMethodSessionImpl Base class for derived classes to implement their InputMethodSession interface. AbstractInterruptibleChannelAbstractInterruptibleChannel is the root class for interruptible channels. AbstractList E AbstractList is an abstract implementation of the List interface, optimized for a backing store which supports random access. AbstractMap K, V This class is an abstract implementation of the Map interface. AbstractMessageParser Message parser base class. AbstractMessageWriter AbstractMethodError Thrown by the virtual machine when an abstract method is called. AbstractPooledConnAdapter Abstract adapter from pool entries to managed client connections. AbstractPoolEntry A pool entry for use by connection manager implementations. AbstractPreferences This abstract class is a partial implementation of the abstract class Preferences, which can be used to simplify Preferences provider s implementation. AbstractQueue E AbstractQueue is an abstract class which implements some of the methods in Queue. AbstractQueuedSynchronizer Provides a framework for implementing blocking locks and related synchronizers (semaphores, events, etc) that rely on first-in-first-out (FIFO) wait queues. AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.ConditionObject Condition implementation for a AbstractQueuedSynchronizer serving as the basis of a Lock implementation. AbstractSelectableChannel AbstractSelectableChannel is the base implementation class for selectable channels. AbstractSelectionKey AbstractSelectionKey is the base implementation class for selection keys. AbstractSelector AbstractSelector is the base implementation class for selectors. AbstractSequentialList E AbstractSequentialList is an abstract implementation of the List interface. AbstractSessionInputBuffer Abstract base class for session input buffers that stream data from a InputStream. AbstractSessionOutputBuffer Abstract base class for session output buffers that stream data to an OutputStream. AbstractSet E An AbstractSet is an abstract implementation of the Set interface. AbstractVerifier Abstract base class for all standard X509HostnameVerifier implementations. AbstractWindowedCursor A base class for Cursors that store their data in CursorWindows. AccelerateDecelerateInterpolator An interpolator where the rate of change starts and ends slowly but accelerates through the middle. AccelerateInterpolator An interpolator where the rate of change starts out slowly and and then accelerates. AccessControlContext AccessControlContext encapsulates the ProtectionDomains on which access control decisions are based. AccessControlException AccessControlException is thrown if the access control infrastructure denies protected access due to missing permissions. AccessController AccessController provides static methods to perform access control checks and privileged operations. AccessibilityEvent This class represents accessibility events that are sent by the system when something notable happens in the user interface. AccessibilityEventSource This interface is implemented by classes source of AccessibilityEvents. AccessibilityManager System level service that serves as an event dispatch for AccessibilityEvents. AccessibilityService An accessibility service runs in the background and receives callbacks by the system when AccessibilityEvents are fired. AccessibilityServiceInfo This class describes an AccessibilityService. AccessibleObject AccessibleObject is the superclass of all member reflection classes (Field, Constructor, Method). Acl The Access Control List (ACL) interface definition. AclEntry The Access Control List Entry interface definition. AclNotFoundException The exception, that is thrown when a reference to a non-existent Access Control List (ACL) is made. Activity An activity is a single, focused thing that the user can do. ActivityGroup A screen that contains and runs multiple embedded activities. ActivityInfo Information you can retrieve about a particular application activity or receiver. ActivityInstrumentationTestCase T extends Activity This class is deprecated. new tests should be written using ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2, which provides more options for configuring the Activity under test ActivityInstrumentationTestCase2 T extends Activity This class provides functional testing of a single activity. ActivityManager Interact with the overall activities running in the system. ActivityManager.MemoryInfo Information you can retrieve about the available memory through getMemoryInfo(ActivityManager.MemoryInfo). ActivityManager.ProcessErrorStateInfo Information you can retrieve about any processes that are in an error condition. ActivityManager.RecentTaskInfo Information you can retrieve about tasks that the user has most recently started or visited. ActivityManager.RunningAppProcessInfo Information you can retrieve about a running process. ActivityManager.RunningServiceInfo Information you can retrieve about a particular Service that is currently running in the system. ActivityManager.RunningTaskInfo Information you can retrieve about a particular task that is currently "running" in the system. ActivityNotFoundException This exception is thrown when a call to startActivity(Intent) or one of its variants fails because an Activity can not be found to execute the given Intent. ActivityTestCase This is common code used to support Activity test cases. ActivityUnitTestCase T extends Activity This class provides isolated testing of a single activity. Adapter An Adapter object acts as a bridge between an AdapterView and the underlying data for that view. AdapterView T extends Adapter An AdapterView is a view whose children are determined by an Adapter. AdapterView.AdapterContextMenuInfo Extra menu information provided to the onCreateContextMenu(ContextMenu, View, ContextMenuInfo) callback when a context menu is brought up for this AdapterView. AdapterView.OnItemClickListener Interface definition for a callback to be invoked when an item in this AdapterView has been clicked. AdapterView.OnItemLongClickListener Interface definition for a callback to be invoked when an item in this view has been clicked and held. AdapterView.OnItemSelectedListener Interface definition for a callback to be invoked when an item in this view has been selected. Address A class representing an Address, i.e, a set of Strings describing a location. Adler32 The Adler-32 class is used to compute the Adler32 checksum from a set of data. AlarmManager This class provides access to the system alarm services. AlertDialog A subclass of Dialog that can display one, two or three buttons. AlertDialog.Builder AlgorithmParameterGenerator AlgorithmParameterGenerator is an engine class which is capable of generating parameters for the algorithm it was initialized with. AlgorithmParameterGeneratorSpi AlgorithmParameterGeneratorSpi is the Service Provider Interface (SPI) definition for AlgorithmParameterGenerator. AlgorithmParameters AlgorithmParameters is an engine class which provides algorithm parameters. AlgorithmParameterSpec The marker interface for algorithm parameter specifications. AlgorithmParametersSpi AlgorithmParametersSpi is the Service Provider Interface (SPI) definition for AlgorithmParameters. AliasActivity Stub activity that launches another activity (and then finishes itself) based on information in its component s manifest meta-data. AlignmentSpan AlignmentSpan.Standard AllClientPNames Collected parameter names for the HttpClient module. AllocationLimitError Is thrown when an allocation limit is exceeded. AllowAllHostnameVerifier The ALLOW_ALL HostnameVerifier essentially turns hostname verification off. AllPermission AllPermission represents the permission to perform any operation. AlphaAnimation An animation that controls the alpha level of an object. AlphabetIndexer A helper class for adapters that implement the SectionIndexer interface. AlreadyConnectedException An AlreadyConnectedException is thrown when an attempt is made to connect a SocketChannel that is already connected. AlteredCharSequence An AlteredCharSequence is a CharSequence that is largely mirrored from another CharSequence, except that a specified range of characters are mirrored from a different char array instead. AnalogClock This widget display an analogic clock with two hands for hours and minutes. AndroidCharacter AndroidCharacter exposes some character properties that are not easily accessed from java.lang.Character. AndroidException Base class for all checked exceptions thrown by the Android frameworks. AndroidRuntimeException Base class for all unchecked exceptions thrown by the Android frameworks. AndroidTestCase Extend this if you need to access Resources or other things that depend on Activity Context. AndroidTestRunner Animatable Interface that drawables suporting animations should implement. Animation Abstraction for an Animation that can be applied to Views, Surfaces, or other objects. Animation.AnimationListener An animation listener receives notifications from an animation. Animation.Description Utility class to parse a string description of a size. AnimationDrawable An object used to create frame-by-frame animations, defined by a series of Drawable objects, which can be used as a View object s background. AnimationSet Represents a group of Animations that should be played together. AnimationUtils Defines common utilities for working with animations. AnnotatedElement This interface provides reflective access to annotation information. Annotation Annotations are simple key-value pairs that are preserved across TextView save/restore cycles and can be used to keep application-specific data that needs to be maintained for regions of text. Annotation Defines the interface implemented by all annotations. Annotation Wrapper for a text attribute value which represents an annotation. AnnotationFormatError Indicates that an annotation in the binary representation of a class is syntactically incorrect and the annotation parser is unable to process it. AnnotationTypeMismatchException Indicates that an annotation type has changed since it was compiled or serialized. AnticipateInterpolator An interpolator where the change starts backward then flings forward. AnticipateOvershootInterpolator An interpolator where the change starts backward then flings forward and overshoots the target value and finally goes back to the final value. Appendable Declares methods to append characters or character sequences. Application Base class for those who need to maintain global application state. ApplicationInfo Information you can retrieve about a particular application. ApplicationInfo.DisplayNameComparator ApplicationTestCase T extends Application This test case provides a framework in which you can test Application classes in a controlled environment. AppWidgetHost AppWidgetHost provides the interaction with the AppWidget service for apps, like the home screen, that want to embed AppWidgets in their UI. AppWidgetHostView Provides the glue to show AppWidget views. AppWidgetManager Updates AppWidget state; gets information about installed AppWidget providers and other AppWidget related state. AppWidgetProvider A convenience class to aid in implementing an AppWidget provider. AppWidgetProviderInfo Describes the meta data for an installed AppWidget provider. ArcShape Creates an arc shape. ArithmeticException Thrown when the an invalid arithmetic operation is attempted. Array This class provides static methods to create and access arrays dynamically. Array A Java representation of the SQL ARRAY type. ArrayAdapter T A ListAdapter that manages a ListView backed by an array of arbitrary objects. ArrayBlockingQueue E A bounded blocking queue backed by an array. ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException Thrown when the an array is indexed with a value less than zero, or greater than or equal to the size of the array. ArrayList E ArrayList is an implementation of List, backed by an array. Arrays Arrays contains static methods which operate on arrays. ArrayStoreException Thrown when a program attempts to store an element of an incompatible type in an array. ArrowKeyMovementMethod Assert A set of assert methods. AssertionError Thrown when an assertion has failed. AssertionFailedError Thrown when an assertion failed. AssertionFailedError Thrown when an assertion failed. AssetFileDescriptor File descriptor of an entry in the AssetManager. AssetFileDescriptor.AutoCloseInputStream An InputStream you can create on a ParcelFileDescriptor, which will take care of calling ParcelFileDescritor.close() for you when the stream is closed. AssetFileDescriptor.AutoCloseOutputStream An OutputStream you can create on a ParcelFileDescriptor, which will take care of calling ParcelFileDescritor.close() for you when the stream is closed. AssetManager Provides access to an application s raw asset files; see Resources for the way most applications will want to retrieve their resource data. AssetManager.AssetInputStream AsynchronousCloseException An AsynchronousCloseException is thrown when the underlying channel for an I/O operation is closed by another thread. AsyncPlayer Plays a series of audio URIs, but does all the hard work on another thread so that any slowness with preparing or loading doesn t block the calling thread. AsyncQueryHandler A helper class to help make handling asynchronous ContentResolver queries easier. AsyncQueryHandler.WorkerArgs AsyncQueryHandler.WorkerHandler AsyncTask Params, Progress, Result AsyncTask enables proper and easy use of the UI thread. AsyncTask.Status Indicates the current status of the task. AtomicBoolean A boolean value that may be updated atomically. AtomicInteger An int value that may be updated atomically. AtomicIntegerArray An int array in which elements may be updated atomically. AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater T A reflection-based utility that enables atomic updates to designated volatile int fields of designated classes. AtomicLong A long value that may be updated atomically. AtomicLongArray A long array in which elements may be updated atomically. AtomicLongFieldUpdater T A reflection-based utility that enables atomic updates to designated volatile long fields of designated classes. AtomicMarkableReference V An AtomicMarkableReference maintains an object reference along with a mark bit, that can be updated atomically. AtomicReference V An object reference that may be updated atomically. AtomicReferenceArray E An array of object references in which elements may be updated atomically. AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater T, V A reflection-based utility that enables atomic updates to designated volatile reference fields of designated classes. AtomicStampedReference V An AtomicStampedReference maintains an object reference along with an integer "stamp", that can be updated atomically. Attr The Attr interface represents an attribute in an Element object. AttributedCharacterIterator Extends the CharacterIterator interface, adding support for iterating over attributes and not only characters. AttributedCharacterIterator.Attribute Defines keys for text attributes. AttributedString Holds a string with attributes describing the characters of this string. AttributeList This interface is deprecated. This interface has been replaced by the SAX2 Attributes interface, which includes Namespace support. AttributeListImpl This class is deprecated. This class implements a deprecated interface, AttributeList; that interface has been replaced by Attributes, which is implemented in the AttributesImpl helper class. Attributes The Attributes class is used to store values for manifest entries. Attributes Interface for a list of XML attributes. Attributes.Name The name part of the name/value pairs constituting an attribute as defined by the specification of the JAR manifest. Attributes2 SAX2 extension to augment the per-attribute information provided though Attributes. Attributes2Impl SAX2 extension helper for additional Attributes information, implementing the Attributes2 interface. AttributeSet A collection of attributes, as found associated with a tag in an XML document. AttributesImpl Default implementation of the Attributes interface. AudioFormat The AudioFormat class is used to access a number of audio format and channel configuration constants. AudioManager AudioManager provides access to volume and ringer mode control. AudioRecord The AudioRecord class manages the audio resources for Java applications to record audio from the audio input hardware of the platform. AudioRecord.OnRecordPositionUpdateListener Interface definition for a callback to be invoked when an AudioRecord has reached a notification marker set by setNotificationMarkerPosition(int) or for periodic updates on the progress of the record head, as set by setPositionNotificationPeriod(int). AudioTrack The AudioTrack class manages and plays a single audio resource for Java applications. AudioTrack.OnPlaybackPositionUpdateListener Interface definition for a callback to be invoked when the playback head position of an AudioTrack has reached a notification marker or has increased by a certain period. AUTH Constants and static helpers related to the HTTP authentication. AuthenticationException Signals a failure in authentication process AuthenticationHandler Authenticator An implementation of this class is able to obtain authentication information for a connection in several ways. Authenticator.RequestorType Enumeration class for the origin of the authentication request. AuthParamBean AuthParams This class implements an adaptor around the HttpParams interface to simplify manipulation of the HTTP authentication specific parameters. AuthPermission Governs the use of methods in this package and also its subpackages. AuthPNames Parameter names for HttpAuth. AuthPolicy AuthProvider AuthProvider is an abstract superclass for Java Security Provider which provide login and logout. AuthScheme This interface represents an abstract challenge-response oriented authentication scheme. AuthSchemeBase Abstract authentication scheme class that serves as a basis for all authentication schemes supported by HttpClient. AuthSchemeFactory AuthSchemeRegistry Authentication scheme registry that can be used to obtain the corresponding authentication scheme implementation for a given type of authorization challenge. AuthScope The class represents an authentication scope consisting of a host name, a port number, a realm name and an authentication scheme name which Credentials apply to. AuthState This class provides detailed information about the state of the authentication process. AutoCompleteTextView An editable text view that shows completion suggestions automatically while the user is typing. AutoCompleteTextView.Validator This interface is used to make sure that the text entered in this TextView complies to a certain format. AutoText This class accesses a dictionary of corrections to frequent misspellings. AvoidXfermode AvoidXfermode xfermode will draw the src everywhere except on top of the opColor or, depending on the Mode, draw only on top of the opColor. 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日本語デベロッパーズガイド Database SQL Command SQL Server MySQL SQLite NoSQL KVS (Key Value Store) Apache Cassandra GraphDB GraphQL Orient DB Neo4j NewSQL Cockroach DB In-Memory Data Grid Coherence Apache Geode Apache Ignire Infinispan GridGain System Design Enterprise Application Architecture Enterprise Integration Pattern (EIP) Pattern-Oriented Software Architecture（POSA） Pattern of Enterprise Application Architecture（PoEAA） SOA (Service Oriented Architecture) ROA (Resource Oriented Architecture CEP（complex event processing） マイクロサービス エンタープライズアーキテクチャ Software Development ソフトウェア開発方法論 Rapid Application Development (RAD) テスト駆動開発(Test Driven Development, TDD) ドメイン駆動開発(Domain Driven Development, DDD) ビルドツール 単体テスト(Unit Test) Others ITIL (IT Infrastructure Library) http //www.itmedia.co.jp/im/articles/0607/14/news135.html SRE (Site Reliability Engneering) 人文科学（humanities） 言語学（Language） German 歴史学（Hisotry） 世界史 古代 中世 近世 近代 現代 西洋美術史 哲学 政治学 社会科学（social science） 経済学（Economics） マクロ経済学 ミクロ経済学 計量経済学 経済指標 金融（Finance） 銀行 数理ファイナンス Trading Technical Analysis Portfolio Management 量子ファイナンス 金融市場 経済指標 金融商品 Fixed Income Bond Future Swap Money Market Foreign Exchange Options ブラック＝ショールズ・モデル Equity Derivative Commodity Structuring Credit Derivative Credit Risk Financial Utilities Financial Data Quandl FRED fpml TradingView 資産運用 株式投資 指数（インデックス） 投資信託 インデックスファンド ETF 仮想通貨 運用会社 プライベート・エクイティ・ファンド ヘッジファンド 不動産投資 建築 宅建士 会計・簿記 Accounting 簿記 税務 所得税 ビジネス 経営管理 経営戦略 オペレーションマネジメント 生産管理 品質管理 在庫管理 サプライチェーン・マネジメント（SCM） 顧客関係管理（CRM） 企業資源計画（ERP） アウトソーシング ビジネスインテリジェンス データウェアハウス OLAP（online analytical processing） OLTP（OnLine Transaction Processing） データマイニング プロジェクトマネジメント コンサルティング コーポレートファイナンス マーケティング デジタルマーケティング SEO（Search Engine Optimization） コンバージョン最適化 開業・法人設立 開業 法人設立 数学（Mathematics） 整数論（Number Theory） 代数学 (algebra) 集合論 線形代数学 ベクトル空間 行列 テンソル 抽象代数学（Abstract Algebra） 群論 (Group) 体論（Field） 環論 (Ring) 圏論（category） リー代数 表現論 解析学（Analytics） 微分積分学 実解析 複素解析 ベクトル解析 測度論 ルベーグ積分 関数解析 調和解析 微分方程式 常微分方程式 偏微分方程式 幾何学（Geometry） 古典幾何学 位相幾何（Topology） 微分幾何学（Differential Geometry） 代数幾何学（Algebraic Geometry） 応用数学 特殊関数 複雑系 統計学（Statistics） 確率(Stochastics) 統計学(Statistics) ベイズ統計学 多変量解析 回帰分析 主成分分析 因子分析 判別分析 自己回帰モデル Value at Risk カルマンフィルタ 自然科学（Science） 物理（Physics） Link 物理のかぎしっぽ EMANの物理学 古典力学 統計力学 解析力学（Analytics Mechanics） 電磁気学 熱力学 量子力学（Quantum Mechanics） 量子コンピュータ 物性物理学 固体物理学 宇宙物理学 原子核物理学 素粒子物理学 化学（Chemistry） 化学基礎 物理化学 無機化学 有機化学 高分子化学 生化学（生物化学） 生物学（Biology） 数理生物学 医学（Medicine） 免疫学 工学（Engineering） 機械工学 ロボット工学 航空工学 宇宙工学 電気工学 デジタル信号処理 システム工学 制御工学 その他工学 電気通信 ３Dプリンター 最適化（Optimization） 最適化問題 制約つき最適化問題 線形計画問題 変分問題 非線形最適化 凸最適化 組み合わせ最適化 メタヒューリスティック 進化的アルゴリズム 焼きなまし法 機械学習 ニューラルネットワーク リカレントニューラルネットワーク 深層学習 (Deep Learning) ボルツマンマシン 隠れマルコフモデル サポートベクターマシン 強化学習 アンサンブル学習 LightGBM XGBoost Life Home 賃貸物件 家具 家電 宅配ロッカー Network Setting プリント Shopping 園芸 Service 携帯電話 インターネットプロバイダー Kindle Money クレジットカード 銀行 税金 ふるさと納税 ネット副業 年金 NISA Food グルメ レストラン Cooking Travel 国内旅行 Entertainment ゲーム Other 海外転勤 Singapore 福利厚生 住所変更 Google Google Payment Help wiki 利用ガイド @wikiの基本操作 編集モード・構文一覧表 @wikiの設定・管理 @wiki ご利用ガイド よくある質問 @wiki更新情報 @wikiへのお問合せフォーム アットウィキモードでの編集方法 文字入力 画像入力 表組み ワープロモードでの編集方法 文字入力 画像入力 表組み プラグイン @wikiプラグイン一覧 @wikiかんたんプラグイン入力サポート まとめサイト作成支援ツール Tex 数式画像作成ツール HostMath
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Index TopPage ICPC PKU Problem UVA Problem Utility Contact Link ACM-Japan UVA PKU Google Code Jam ICPC国内予選突破の手引き Update 取得中です。
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◇1 扉◇1/1 まとめサイトインデックス ◇1/2 1補足 ツィッター系 ツィッターインデックス テーマ別スレ（試験運用中） ◇2 締切間近案件 ◇3 児童ポルノ規制法関係 ◇4 表現規制を求めている中間団体（通称・ジポ規制推進三羽烏） ◇5 アニメ・出版業界関係・その他 ◇6 ネット規制関係（ブロッキングスレと同期） ◇7 書籍・資料関係 ◇8 規制に反対する諸組織・団体◇8/1 規制に反対する諸組織・団体 その1 ◇8/2 規制に反対する諸組織・団体 その2 ◇9 各団体の活動・会合等報告◇9/1 これから開催される会合・会議 ◇9/2 既に開催され終了した会合・会議 ◇10 パブリックコメント、傍聴、公募、その他 ◇11 赤松健氏関連◇11/1 赤松氏関連・ツィッター ◇11/2 赤松氏関連・二次創作マーク関係 ◇11/3 赤松氏関連・Jコミ ◇12twitter/blogその他 個々個人の行動及び主張◇12/1 twitter/blogその他 個々個人の行動及び主張 その1 ◇12/2 twitter/blogその他 個々個人の行動及び主張 その2 ◇12/3 twitter/blogその他 個々個人の行動及び主張 その3 ◇12/4 twitter/blogその他 個々個人の行動及び主張 その4 +このまとめについて エロゲ表現規制対策本部スレのテンプレが肥大化し続け、スレ立て時のテンプレ貼りが大きな負担になっていることから、その内容を外部保管するために作られたページです。 表現規制反対のための情報や関連団体へのリンク、最新の情勢に関するツイートなどのまとめです。 編集方針 「1ページで全部見られること」を指針にしています。 また、コピペで編集すること、スレ側へのコピペもしやすい事から、1レス分を1パーツとしています。 掲載するのは主に学術的な話・これまでの経緯・論説・評論・団体等の公式発表・当事者本人のツイートなどです。 現在の情勢に関する確度が低い情報などは、スレの誰かがメモ帳にでも保管してればいいと思います。 また、スレ内限定の話は基本的に対象外です。 追加や編集を提起する時は「どこに追加するか（もしくは、どのパーツと入れ替えるか）」を明記した上でスレにレスしてください。 投下内容へのツッコミは推奨します。まとめに加える上で問題があるか審査してください。 最終的な掲載の可否は管理者が判断します。ご了承ください。 管理者 現在は同スレコテハンであるwiki編が管理しています。 ◇1 扉 ◇1/1 まとめサイトインデックス ○表現規制問題に今度どう向き合っていくべきなのか？ ttp //togetter.com/li/287049 ○エロゲ販売規制問題まとめwiki ttp //www28.atwiki.jp/erogekisei/ ○ブロッキング(検閲)問題まとめwiki ttp //www37.atwiki.jp/stop-blocking/ ○政治対策まとめWiki ttp //www12.atwiki.jp/eroge_politics/ ○漫画・アニメ・ゲーム・映画の表現規制問題まとめ：ブログ版 ttp //d.hatena.ne.jp/mxixtxbx/ ○非実在青少年問題まとめサイト（更新終了 後継サイトは上記ブログ版） ttp //mitb.mangalog.com/ ttp //mitb.bufsiz.jp/ ○『東京都青少年の健全な育成に関する条例』よく使われる用語のまとめ ttp //glossary.xxxxxxxx.jp/ ○児童ポルノ規制法に関連するできごとられつ表 ttp //cute.sh/gero48/ahi/kipo/nenpyou.htm ○エロゲ表現規制対策本部避難所3 ⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1355006939/ ○過去スレを読んで確認したい場合は以下 2ch DAT落ちスレ ミラー変換機 ttp //yellow.ribbon.to/~mirror/ ○ツィッタートピック・ツイッターインデックス 時系列別整理 2 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1363024301/ ○ツイッターインデックス 時系列別整理 大盛 3 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1369367318/ ○特定秘密保護法案関係情報集約スレ 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1386143840/ ◇1/2 1補足 ツィッター系 ツィッターインデックス テーマ別スレ（試験運用中） ○ツィッターインデックス 憲法関連 その1 詳細 ttp //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1372944245/ ○ツィッターインデックス 児ポ規制全般 その1 詳細 ttp //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1372919655/ ○ツィッターインデックス 児ポ規制法 その1 詳細 ttp //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1372920325/ ○ツィッターインデックス 青健法関連 その１ 詳細 ttp //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1372919869/ ○ツィッターインデックス TPP全般 その1 詳細 ttp //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1372921643/ ○ツィッターインデックス 選挙関連 その１ 詳細 ttp //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1372919776/ ○ツィッターインデックス 代議士 その１ 詳細 ttp //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1372919966/ ○ツィッターインデックス 規制反対団体 その1 詳細 ttp //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1372920248/ ○ツィッターインデックス 規制団体 その1 詳細 ttp //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1372920248/ ○ツィッターインデックス 規制反対運動 その1 詳細 ttp //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1372920465/ ○ツィッターインデックス 二次元業界人 その１ 詳細 ttp //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1372920079/ ○ツィッターインデックス 資料もしくは注意事項 その1 詳細 ttp //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1372920554/ ○ツィッターインデックス 事件 その1 詳細 ttp //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1372920633/ ○ツィッターインデックス 実況まとめ その1 詳細 ttp //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1372920766/ ○ツィッターインデックス その他 その1 詳細 ttp //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1372920998/ ◇2 締切間近案件 12/19まで 高知県人権施策基本方針の改定について http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1341619748/42 12/29,18時 表現規制反対クラスタ忘年会2013 http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1341619802/256 ◇3 児童ポルノ規制法関係 ○都条例レベルでの動き 関係リンク 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1345934389/12 ○国政レベルでの動き 関係リンク 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1345934423/26 ○地方自治体レベルでの動き 関係リンク 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1345934451/12 ○海外レベルでの動き 関係リンク 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1345934478/17 ○今年の動き 2013年01月29日 ユニセフが児童ポルノ単純所持規制のお願いを全議員に送付。 2013年02月03日 奥村弁護士が単純所持について取材を受けているとツイート。「今回は通るかもね」。 2013年02月06日 世襲情報。「民主が懐柔されてる」「規制派が児ポ法となんらかのバーターに工作しているらしい」 2013年02月13日 【免田さん救済法案と児童ポルノ単純所持罪がバーターに - 奥村徹弁護士の見解】 エグい自民のやり方に民主断固拒否 ttp //d.hatena.ne.jp/okumuraosaka/20130215#1360880350 2013年05月29日 自民公明維新により児童ポルノ法改正案提出 2013年06月04日 児童ポルノ法改正案差し戻し（自民法務部会） 2013年06月13日 民主党、公式に「自公案のジポ法改正案に反対表明」 2013年07月21日 参院選挙 自民大捷 民主大敗、共産躍進 2013年08月18日 松江市で、はだしのゲンの閉架問題勃発 2013年10月15日 第185回国会(臨時会)が開会（期間10/15～12/06） 2013年10月29日 児童ポルノ禁止法改正案は次の国会で成立狙いとの見方 東スポ 2013年11月25日 雑協、改正「児童ポルノ禁止法」の反対広告掲載を要請、PBから始まり後に角川も快諾 2013年11月27日 深夜、さんちゃんねるより、児ポ強行の可能性の話題が流れるものの、そのような事実は無し 2013年12月08日 第185回国会(臨時会)が事実上閉会。通常国会は2014/01/24頃に召集することで調整中 2013年12月25日 さんちゃんねる、次期国会で二次元規制を青環法に切り離して提出との見通し。2014/1/15になんらかの集会との情報。 2013年12月29日 コミックマーケット初日。例年にない規模で「販売保留→運営審査」が行われる。山田議員演説。 ◇4 表現規制を求めている中間団体（通称・ジポ規制推進三羽烏） ○ECPAT / STOP JAPAN 児童買春・児童ポルノ禁止法改正に関する緊急要望書 詳細 ttp //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1272465475/190-197 ○東京都青少年健全育成における有害図書指定に関する議事録 詳細 ttp //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1272465475/152 ○「非実写児童ポルノ」 の新造語の初出？ 詳細 ttp //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1272465475/205 ○日本ユニセフ関係 児童ポルノ排除対策公開シンポジウムについて 詳細 ttp //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1272465475/17-18 ○松沢成文氏/ニチユニの署名/その他 詳細 ttp //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1272465475/30 ○日本ユニセフ最近の動向 詳細 ttp //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1272465475/151 ○矯風会 公益法人に移行し「公益財団法人日本キリスト教婦人矯風会」へ 詳細 ttp //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1272465475/298 ○ECPAT（エクパット）関係 詳細 ttp //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1272465475/21 ○ECPAT（エクパット）の活動史 詳細 ttp //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1272465475/102-109 ○Polaris JAPAN その活動等 詳細 ttp //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1272465475/430 ○マイクロソフト ヤフー・マスコミ・ネット・タイアップ報道関係 詳細 ttp //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1272465475/441 ◇5 アニメ・出版業界関係・その他 ○アニメ・出版業界関係・その他 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1349543864/25 ○アニメコンテンツ エキスポ （ACE）関係 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1360236433/ ○2014年より「東京国際アニメフェア(TAF)」と「アニメ コンテンツ エキスポ(ACE)」が合流し 「AnimeJapan」が始まることが発表される 詳細⇒http //gigazine.net/news/20131009-animejapan-event/ ○Anime Japan 2014 詳細⇒http //anime-japan.jp/ ○雑協、改正「児童ポルノ禁止法」の反対広告掲載を要請、PBから始まり後に角川も快諾 井上伸一郎@HP0128 出版4団体が「特定秘密保護法案」の衆議院本会議の可決に抗議する声明を出しました。 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1384176651/6 ◇6 ネット規制関係（ブロッキングスレと同期） ○ネット規制関係 関係リンク 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1345934504/16 ○コンピュータ監視法 関係リンク 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1345934534/17 ○ブロッキング関係 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1349543190/6 ◇7 書籍・資料関係 ○現場弁護士の見解 ○奥村弁護士のジポ法制関係リンク・twitter発言ピックアップ集・その他 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1272465475/215-217 ○児童買春・児童ポルノ禁止法案の改正論議によせて 宮台真司 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1355006939/142 ○法学的参考書（わいせつ物関係の判例等）一覧 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1272465475/115 ○法や政治に関する本/オタク論に関する本 ○カマヤン氏推薦の高村氏の論文（アックス81号より） 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1272465475/340 ○新現実 WEB版 ActiBook 大塚栄志 戦時下いかにまんがは規制されたか 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1272465475/148 ○宮台真司×山本直樹 25,000字対談「性表現と都条例を考える」を緊急公開します。 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1272465475/31 ○反規制・規制派の両者の書籍系 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1272465475/116 ○ゲームと犯罪と子どもたち ――ハーバード大学医学部の大規模調査より 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1272465475/117 ○窓割れ理論等の社会実験 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1272465475/168 ○図書館関係 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1272465475/129 ○首相官邸・内閣府関係 教育国民会議 詳細 ttp //www.kantei.go.jp/jp/kyouiku/index.html 詳細⇒http //www.kantei.go.jp/jp/kyouiku/1bunkakai/dai4/1-4siryou1.html ○各都道府県の青少年健全育成政策+有害指定図書に関する資料・議事録・他系 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1272465475/405 ○学者・研究者系についての実際（専門は何か等）を知るための検索ツール 詳細⇒科学技術総合リンクセンター ttp //jglobal.jst.go.jp/?d=0 ◇8 規制に反対する諸組織・団体 ◇8/1 規制に反対する諸組織・団体 その1 ○MiAU（一般社団法人インターネットユーザー協会） 公式web ttp //miau.jp/ ツィッター ttp //twitter.com/miautan ○うぐいすリボン 公式web ttp //www.jfsribbon.org/ ツィッター ttp //twitter.com/jfsribbon ttp //twitter.com/ogi_fuji_npo facebook ttp //www.facebook.com/uguisu.ribbon ttp //www.facebook.com/ogino.kotaro ○コンテンツ文化研究会 公式web ttp //icc-japan.blogspot.com/ ツィッター ttp //twitter.com/iccjapan ○エンターテインメント立国推進協議会 公式web ttp //www.enterjapan.jp/ ツィッター ttp //twitter.com/InfoEnterjapan ○陳情.com 企画・制作 樽井良和 公式web ttp //chinjo.com/ ツィッター ttp //twitter.com/ChinjoDotCom 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1272465475/440 ○表現規制を考える関西の会 公式web ttp //syoukogo.b log133.fc2.com/ ○表現規制を考える関西の会「座談会のご報告」＋指針（コンテンツ研究会） 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1272465475/143 ◇8/2 規制に反対する諸組織・団体 その2 ○女子現代メディア文化研究会 公式web ttp //wmc-jpn.blogspot.jp/ ツィッター ttp //twitter.com/WmcJpn ○京都大学で楽しく表現規制に反対する会 公式web ttp //www.kusac.net/ 公式ブログ ttp //kusac.hatenablog.com/ ツィッター ttp //twitter.com/KUSAC_info ○メディア文化の自由を考える中国･四国の会 ツィッター ttp //twitter.com/setoutikai facebook ttp //www.facebook.com/setoutikai ○AFEE エンターテイメント表現の自由の会 （青少年に伝えたいエンタメの自由Wiki（仮）より名称変更＆サイトリプレース） URL ttp //afee.jp/ 旧URL ttp //www54.atwiki.jp/hyougennojiyu/ twitter ttp //twitter.com/AFEEjp facebook ttp //www.facebook.com/afeejp ◇9 各団体の活動・会合等報告 ◇9/1 これから開催される会合・会議 ◇9/2 既に開催され終了した会合・会議 ○日本では何ができるのか――北米でのコミック表現規制とCBLDFの取組 チャールズ・ブラウンスタイン氏講演会 ttp //www.comiket.co.jp/info-a/C84/lecture/ ○マンガ文化の自由を考える国際シンポジウム（終了） ttp //kokucheese.com/event/index/104499/ http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1341619802/203 ○10/28都議会、青少年健全育成条例についての質問と回答、西沢けいた都議 http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1341619948/119-120 ◇10 パブリックコメント、傍聴、公募、その他 内容精査、随時追加修正、修正版を優先、拡散等お願いします これは完全なデータではありません。各自地元・近隣のものを探して情報提供および応募・意見送付して下さい 各地方自治体・パブリックコメント募集及び結果一覧 ○男女共同参画パブリックコメント 募集中自治体一覧 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1341619671/ ○暴力団排除条例パブリックコメント 募集中自治体一覧 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1341619705/ ○青少年健全育成、人権、ネット、その他 募集中自治体一覧 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1341619748/ ○タウンミーティング・審議会・講演会・各種公募案件、他 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1341619802/ ○パブリックコメント意見公表 詳細⇒http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1341619948/ 12/19まで 高知県人権施策基本方針の改定について http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1341619748/42 12/29,18時 表現規制反対クラスタ忘年会2013 http //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1341619802/256 ◇11 赤松健氏関連 ◇11/1 赤松氏関連・ツィッター ○ツィッターインデックス 同人マーク及び赤松健氏関連 その1 詳細 ttp //jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/anime/7827/1387026259/3-6 ○赤松健 ?@KenAkamatsu 12月2日 今国会の会期末は１２月６日（金）なので、 児ポ法改正案は今回も一切審議されない見通しです。 ・・・いよいよ年明けから勝負ですね。(^^;) ○赤松健 ?@KenAkamatsu 12月2日 @sakaima 今、こちらが結構優勢なので、規制推進派の巻き返しがありそうなんですよ。 ○新京極くりす ?@kyogoku44 12月10日 @KenAkamatsu 先生漫画は大丈夫でしょうか？ RT @aritayoshifu １月からの通常国会に「児童ポルノ禁止法・改正案」が出される予定です。 自民党からは「アニメ」を削除するから賛成をと野党関係者に打診があったようです。 日本雑誌協会は反対しています。 ○赤松健 ?@KenAkamatsu 12月10日 @kyogoku44 @aritayoshifu 私が知る限り、２つの打診が自民党から他党に示されましたが、 「アニメ”だけ”を削除する」というのは聞いたことがありません。 「附則第２条を削除する」という打診はあったようです。 また、雑協の反対広告は、それらの打診とは無関係です。 2013/12/14 2045 現状迄 ◇11/2 赤松氏関連・二次創作マーク関係 主導公式団体 特定非営利活動法人コモンスフィア http //commonsphere.jp/archives/286 公式サイトの存在を 緊 急 拡 散 ！変なまとめサイトに誘導しないように配慮 ○@KenAkamatsu 明日は日本漫画家協会の理事会があり、 そこで「児ポ法改正案の現状」のプレゼンと、「推薦ゼロのまま漫画家協会に申し込めるサイト」の デモンストレーションをやる必要があるので、これだけは行かなくてはならない。 ttps //twitter.com/KenAkamatsu/status/369068954439806977 ttps //twitter.com/KenAkamatsu/status/369277494710378496 ○赤松健認証済みアカウント @KenAkamatsu しかしまあ、普通はＴＰＰの件なんて知らないですよね(^^;) RT @enosawa 同人マークのやつって、もしTPPによって著作権非親告罪化した場合の 対抗手段としての実験として始める、って話なのに、 その趣旨の部分がすっぽり抜け落ちた記事ばかりで訳わからない解釈が飛び交ってる。 ○後藤寿庵 @juangotoh ttps //twitter.com/juangotoh/status/369177239025238016 まとめサイト、というか２ｃｈの論調に、同人マークで中間搾取いう、 すげー飛躍した意見がいくつもある。あれは原作者が自作品に「二次創作していい」ことを表示するもの。 二次創作同人誌に付けるものではないし、当然金なんか取られない ◇11/3 赤松氏関連・Jコミ ttp //twitter.com/JComi_PR/status/396943496180809728 ttp //twitter.com/KenAkamatsu/status/396838129585246211 赤松健認証済みアカウント@KenAkamatsu 「Ｊコミで印刷できるってよ」のβテスト販売スタート！ - （株）Ｊコミの中の人 ttp //d.hatena.ne.jp/KenAkamatsu/20131103/p1 … ★惜しくも単行本化されなかった作品を「紙の書籍」として出現させ、 作者に５０％もの印税をお渡しするという画期的なシステム。ぜひ実証実験にご参加下さい(^^) ttp //twitter.com/KenAkamatsu/status/396836161336795136 ★「Ｊコミで印刷できるってよ」のβテスト販売スタート！（１１月３０日まで） - （株）Ｊコミの中の人 ttp //d.hatena.ne.jp/KenAkamatsu/20131103/p1 「Ｊコミで印刷できるってよ」システム（β）・・・この世に存在しないはずの単行本を、あなたの手元に一冊からお届け！ - （株）Ｊコミの中の人 ttp //d.hatena.ne.jp/KenAkamatsu/20131101/p1 Jコミ ttp //www.j-comi.jp/ 【漫画】未単行本化作品をオンデマンドで紙の単行本化する「Jコミで印刷できるってよ」 11月3日からβテスト ttp //anago.2ch.net/test/read.cgi/moeplus/1383264655/ 【話題】伝説のマンガ『燃える!お兄さん』が『Jコミ』で復活して無料で読める! アクセス殺到によりサーバダウンも ttp //anago.2ch.net/test/read.cgi/moeplus/1374043761/ 【出版】「燃える!お兄さん」Jコミで無料公開 危険なため当時修正されたセリフも作者のネーム通りに再現 ttp //anago.2ch.net/test/read.cgi/bizplus/1373985655/ Ｊコミ、ネット公開漫画の書籍化サービスを開始 ：日本経済新聞 ttp //www.nikkei.com/article/DGXNASFK01045_R01C13A1000000/ 未単行本化マンガをオンデマンド印刷で販売、「Jコミ」でβテスト開始 -INTERNET Watch ttp //internet.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/news/20131101_621914.html Ｊコミ、ネット公開漫画の書籍化サービスを開始 ttps //news.google.com/news?ncl=dk4Wt09--EePwiMA6PWZcq9cBhv4M q=j%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9F lr=Japanese hl=ja ◇12twitter/blogその他 個々個人の行動及び主張 ◇12/1 twitter/blogその他 個々個人の行動及び主張 その1 ○ヒビサマ今日の一言2013/08/18(日) 事実だから、必要だからでは弱い ttp //diary1.fc2.com/cgi-sys/ed.cgi/hibisama/?Y=2013 M=8 D=18 ○レイナ・テルゲマイヤー作「9歳のアメリカ人少女がはじめて『はだしのゲン』を読んだとき」 編集といえば出版編集だろjk時代の終焉に備えて GoRaina.com - Webcomics ttp //goraina.com/webcomics/beginnings.html ttp //lafs.hatenablog.com/entry/2013/08/18/005556 =Togetter系= 【表現規制】 誰にも批判されない作品を作るためには 【表現の自由】 http //togetter.com/li/548999 azukiglg氏の表現規制かく語りき http //togetter.com/li/494322 【差別語】 配慮が言葉を殺す構造について 【中傷語】 http //togetter.com/li/287031 【差別・侮蔑・嘲笑語】 言葉狩りについて 【善意がそれを拡散する】 http //togetter.com/li/188537 【不適切で不謹慎】 誰が言葉を殺すのか？ 【葬られ続ける禁止用語】 http //togetter.com/li/120698 ◇12/2 twitter/blogその他 個々個人の行動及び主張 その2 608 名前：wiki編 ◆RQa8P7EGVx0I [sage] 投稿日：2013/10/04(金) 12 33 46.12 ID ZX39odDd0 [1/2] tyokorata ?@tyokorata 12時間 艦これの二次創作やエロ同人が禁止という誤解を招くツイートが流れているけど、 単純に艦これAVを作ろうとしたひとたちが、ストップをかけられた事から来た、 腹いせの呪いを吐いているに過ぎないのであまり気にしないほうがいいと思う。 エロの二次創作は会社のお墨付きは不可能なので、黙認の形になる ttp //twitter.com/tyokorata/status/385024365370150912 牙城@EDF!EDF!! ?@Gajoh 10月2日 前に、『ファンの活動については、基本的に自由にやっていただきたいが、 ◯◯をやっていいですか？、と聞かれると、許可出来ない、と答えることしかできない。 オープンにやるなら我々も見ていないわけではないから。 本当にまずければ止めるので、できれば聞かないで欲しい』って言ってたな。広まれ。 ttp //twitter.com/Gajoh/status/385195993378996225 とりあえず再掲 艦これの現状はこれと以下420 420 名前：名無しさん＠初回限定[sage] 投稿日：2013/10/03(木) 07 27 37.90 ID Q64StlgT0 [1/2] どうもエが店頭で同人誌売れてもイベントでは売れないと騒いでるのを見て、 何言ってんだコイツと思っていたら、根本から勘違いしていやがる。 艦これの権利を管理しているDMMが、コスプレROMにアウトを出して、DL販売から削除したって話だよ 権利はDMMにあるから、即売会でもアウトだろうなって件のTwitterでつぶやかれていただけだ、バカw 事の経緯すら把握しとらんで阿鼻叫喚になってるのは、他の誰でもないエ一人だけとバレてしまいましたなw ついでにこれも貼っとく ttp //otakurevolution.blog17.fc2.com/blog-entry-2531.html 艦これの件は2次創作が問題なんじゃなくて、作ったやつが委託を通さないで通販していたのが商業ベースになるってのと、 コスプレのAVみたいなのが付いてくるのが問題らしいぞ。 DMM.R18で普通に艦これの同人誌がDLできるから、同人誌がNGではないな。 ◇12/3 twitter/blogその他 個々個人の行動及び主張 その3 316 ：イモー虫：2013/10/16(水) 13 52 48.94 ID evxUHmy3O ■超絶なる拡散を要請する 自民の改憲草案 ttp //www.jimin.jp/policy/pamphlet/pdf/kenpou_qa.pdf では人権の対象（憲法13条）が、 『個人（全ての国民は”個人“として尊重される）』から 『集団（全ての国民は” 人 “として尊重される）』に変更されている すなわち犯罪を描いたフィクション（コスプレＡＶや二次元文化など）終了のお知らせ しかしこの解釈に反論して来るアホゥがいるんだが。 ではなぜ『集団』としての意味がない『個人』から、 集団としての『意味”も“ある』『人』にしたのか？ 削除の必要性の説明が皆無 しかも人権の制約ロジックである、公共の福祉（社会秩序を守る『公共の利益』とは別物だぞ）が、 二元的制約論に変更されているからね。具体的に今は、 『自民党の麻生太郎を侮辱している表現→人権衝突←麻生太郎本人』 これが人権衝突の解りやすい解説なんだが（『名誉毀損罪の運用』を見ればわかる）、 自民党の麻生太郎を侮辱している表現では本人以外では人権が衝突出来ない。 もし改憲されたら 『男性（具体的な特定の個人は不要）を侮辱している表現→人権衝突←男性（具体的な特定の個人は不要）』 という図にもなり、『韓国人という括り』を侮辱したら、名誉毀損罪を成立させられるし、 『特定の個人を絵で表現し、侮辱した内容』でも、名誉毀損が成立した判例がある事から、 『児童』を『表現しているエロゲ』を規制しても合憲となる。 ◇12/4 twitter/blogその他 個々個人の行動及び主張 その4 203 名前：名無しさん＠初回限定[sage] 投稿日：2013/10/25(金) 00 23 10.77 ID kgBfbsJo0 [1/3] clow（闇ドッター）DL罰則化に反対 @clow これまで色々とつぶやいてきたことを元に、 表現規制についての見解をまとめてみました。 暫定版なので追記や修正が入ると思いますが、 基本的な考えは多分このままだろうと思います。 ttps //docs.google.com/document/d/1kCHRhNFTFt1byeRxyzCR3k2y5tIQfOy-PORE-knQ9Ms/edit?usp=sharing … 表現規制の妥当性はあるのか - Google ドライブ ttps //docs.google.com/document/d/1kCHRhNFTFt1byeRxyzCR3k2y5tIQfOy-PORE-knQ9Ms/edit?pli=1