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Vehicle Priest Self-Propelled Artillery Contents 1 Tactics 2 History 3 Requires 3.1 Priest 105mm SPG 4 Called In Using 4.1 105mm Priest Self-Propelled Gun 5 Vehicle Abilities 5.1 Priest 105mm Howitzer Barrage 5.2 Counter Battery 5.3 Creeping Barrage 5.4 Overwatch 25 Pounder Barrage 5.5 Victor Target 6 Vehicle Weapons 6.1 105mm Priest Howitzer 6.2 105mm Priest Overwatch 6.3 105mm Priest Supercharge 6.4 Creeping Barrage 6.5 M2HB Turret MG Priest Self-Propelled Artillery Health 400 Max Speed 4 Sight 35 Cost 30050 Acceleration 0.8 Detection 0/0 Time 30 Deceleration 5 Hotkey Population 12 Rotation 25 Target Type armour_priest Upkeep 10.752 Crush Human Critical Type armour Crush Mode Rear Damage Enabled true Tactics The Priest can only be called in with the Royal Canadian Artillery Support. Although having less range than the 25 Pounder, the Priest is mobile, making it less vulnerable to a counter attack. Even though the Priest is armed with a machine gun for defense, it is still vulnerable to infantry, and is extremely vulnerable to tanks. It is always a good idea to keep some kind of defense near the Priest. History The 105mm Howitzer Motor Carriage M7 was an American self-propelled artillery vehicle produced during World War II. It was given the official nickname Priest in British service, due to the pulpit-like machine gun ring and following on from the Bishop self propelled gun, the full designation when in British service was 105mm SP Gun, Priest. This developed into a tradition of naming self-propelled guns after ecclesiastic titles with the Sexton and Abbot. Requires Priest 105mm SPG [Expand][Hide] Cost 3 Time Hotkey Effects A 105mm Howitzer mounted on a lightly Armored Sherman chassis provides mobile fire support. ESee Upgrade Priest 105mm SPG for details. Called In Using 105mm Priest Self-Propelled Gun [Expand][Hide] Cost 625 Activation targeted Duration 0 Target tp_any Recharge 40 Hotkey Effects The 105mm Howitzer-armed Priest is used by all Allied Forces during the invasion period. The powerful howitzer can fire a variety of artillery barrages. ESee Ability 105mm Priest Self-Propelled Gun for details. Vehicle Abilities Priest 105mm Howitzer Barrage [Expand][Hide] Cost Activation targeted Duration _ Target tp_position Recharge 105 Hotkey B Effects The Priest s 105mm Howitzer will fire a barrage at specified targets. Can be fired into the fog of war. ESee Ability Priest 105mm Howitzer Barrage for details. Counter Battery [Expand][Hide] Cost Activation toggle Duration 3 Target tp_any Recharge 0 Hotkey N Effects Order this howitzer or mortar to handle counter battery duties, firing back automatically at enemy artillery. ESee Ability Counter Battery for details. Creeping Barrage [Expand][Hide] Cost 150 Activation targeted Duration _ Target tp_position Recharge 75 Hotkey C Effects Creeping barrages allow a well-trained gun crew to walk their artillery rounds along a predetermined firing path. ESee Ability Creeping Barrage for details. Overwatch 25 Pounder Barrage [Expand][Hide] Cost Activation targeted Duration _ Target tp_position Recharge 0 Hotkey O Effects Order this 25 pounder crew to automatically fire at any visible enemy units within the overwatch radius. ESee Ability Overwatch 25 Pounder Barrage for details. Victor Target [Expand][Hide] Cost Activation targeted Duration _ Target tp_any Recharge 180 Hotkey V Effects The Victor Target will order all heavy artillery pieces (25 Pounders and Priests) to fire simultaneously at the same point. Artillery rounds fired to bombard the Victor Target will ignore their usual range constraints. Artillery pieces ordered to Counterbattery or Overwatch an area will not join in the barrage. ESee Ability Victor Target for details. Vehicle Weapons 105mm Priest Howitzer [Expand][Hide] Weapon 105mm Priest Howitzer See Weapon 105mm Priest Howitzer for details. 105mm Priest Overwatch [Expand][Hide] Weapon 105mm Priest Overwatch See Weapon 105mm Priest Overwatch for details. 105mm Priest Supercharge [Expand][Hide] Weapon 105mm Priest Supercharge See Weapon 105mm Priest Supercharge for details. Creeping Barrage [Expand][Hide] Weapon Creeping Barrage See Weapon Creeping Barrage for details. M2HB Turret MG [Expand][Hide] Weapon M2HB Turret MG See Weapon M2HB Turret MG for details. Retrieved from http //coh-stats.com/Vehicle Priest_Self-Propelled_Artillery
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The Acts of the Apostles (Ancient Greek Πράξεις τῶν Ἀποστόλων, Práxeis tôn Apostólōn; Latin Āctūs Apostolōrum), often referred to simply as Acts, is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian church and the spread of its message to the Roman empire.[1] Acts is the second half of a two-part work, referred to as Luke-Acts, by the same anonymous author, referred to as Luke the Evangelist, and usually dated to around 80-90 CE.[2][3] The first part, the Gospel of Luke, tells how God fulfilled his plan for the world s salvation through the life, death and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth, the promised Messiah. Acts continues the story of Christianity in the 1st century, beginning with the Ascension of Christ. The early chapters, set in Jerusalem, describe the Day of Pentecost (the coming of the Holy Spirit) and the growth of the church in Jerusalem. Initially the Jews are receptive to the Christian message, but soon they turn against the followers of the Messiah. Rejected by the Jews, under the guidance of the Apostle Peter the message is taken to the Gentiles. The later chapters tell of Paul s conversion, his mission in Asia Minor and the Aegean, and finally his imprisonment in Rome, where, as the book ends, he awaits trial. Luke-Acts is an attempt to answer a theological problem, namely how the Messiah of the Jews came to have an overwhelmingly non-Jewish church; the answer it provides, and its central theme, is that the message of Christ was sent to the Gentiles because the Jews rejected it.[1] Contents [hide] 1 Composition and setting 1.1 Title, unity of Luke-Acts, authorship and date 1.2 Genre, sources and historicity of Acts 1.3 Audience and authorial intent 1.4 Manuscripts 2 Structure and content 2.1 Structure 2.2 Outline 2.3 Content 3 Theology 4 Comparison with other writings 4.1 Gospel of Luke 4.2 Pauline epistles 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Composition and setting[edit] Main article Authorship of Luke–Acts Ministry of the Apostles Russian icon by Fyodor Zubov, 1660 Title, unity of Luke-Acts, authorship and date[edit] The title "Acts of the Apostles" (Greek Πράξεις ἀποστόλων Praxeis Apostolon) was first used by Irenaeus in the late 2nd century. It is not known whether this was an existing title or one invented by Irenaeus; it does seem clear, however, that it was not given by the author.[4] The gospel of Luke and Acts make up a two-volume work which scholars call Luke-Acts.[3] Together they account for 27.5% of the New Testament, the largest contribution attributed to a single author, providing the framework for both the Church s liturgical calendar and the historical outline into which later generations have fitted their idea of the story of Jesus and the early church.[5] The author is not named in either volume.[6] According to Church tradition dating from the 2nd century, he was the "Luke" named as a companion of the apostle Paul in three of the letters attributed to Paul himself; this view is still sometimes advanced, but "a critical consensus emphasizes the countless contradictions between the account in Acts and the authentic Pauline letters."[7] (An example can be seen by comparing Acts accounts of Paul s conversion (Acts 9 1-31, 22 6-21, and 26 9-23) with Paul s own statement that he remained unknown to Christians in Judea after that event (Galatians 1 17-24).)[8] He admired Paul, but his theology was significantly different from Paul s on key points and he does not (in Acts) represent Paul s views accurately.[9] He was educated, a man of means, probably urban, and someone who respected manual work, although not a worker himself; this is significant, because more high-brow writers of the time looked down on the artisans and small business-people who made up the early church of Paul and were presumably Luke s audience.[10] The earliest possible date for the composition of Acts is set by the events with which it ends, Paul s imprisonment in Rome c.63 CE, but an early date is now rarely put forward.[11][12] The last possible date would be set by its first definite citation by another author, but there is no unanimity on this–some scholars find echoes of Acts in a work from c.95 CE called I Clement, while others see no indisputable citation until the middle of the 2nd century.[11] If Acts uses Josephus as a source, as has been proposed, then it must have been composed after 93 CE; it does not show any knowledge of Paul s letters, a fact which also supports a late date; and the social situation it reflects is one in which the faithful need "shepherds" to protect them from heretical (possibly Marcionite) "wolves", which again reflects a late date.[11] Most experts therefore date it to around 80-90 CE, although some suggest 90-110, [2] and there is evidence that it was still being substantially revised well into the 2nd century.[13] Genre, sources and historicity of Acts[edit] Luke (or more accurately the anonymous author of Luke-Acts) describes his work, Luke-Acts, as a "narrative" (diegesis). Acts, the second part, is widely thought of as a history, but it lacks exact analogies in Hellenistic or Jewish literature.[14] The title "Acts of the Apostles" (Praxeis Apostolon) would seem to identify it with the genre telling of the deeds and achievements of great men (praxeis), but it was not the title given by the author.[4] Luke seems to have taken as his model the works of two respected Classical authors, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, who wrote a well-known history of Rome, and the Jewish historian Josephus, author of a history of the Jews.[15] Like them he anchors his history by dating the birth of the founder (Romulus for Dionysius, Moses for Josephus, Jesus for Luke) and like them he tells how the founder is born from God, taught authoritatively, and appeared to witnesses after death before ascending to heaven.[15] By and large the sources for Acts can only be guessed at,[16] but Luke would have had access to the Septuagint (a Greek translation of the Jewish scriptures), the gospel of Mark and the collection of "sayings of Jesus" called the Q source.[17] He transposed a few incidents from Mark s gospel to the time of the Apostles – for example, the material about "clean" and "unclean" foods in Mark 7 is used in Acts 10, and Mark s account of the accusation that Jesus has attacked the Temple (Mark 14 58) is used in a story about Stephen (Acts 6 14).)[18] There are also points of contacts (meaning suggestive parallels but something less than clear evidence) with 1 Peter, the Letter to the Hebrews, and 1 Clement.[19] Other sources can only be inferred from internal evidence – the traditional explanation of the three "we" passages, for example, is that they represent eye-witness accounts.[20] The search for such inferred sources was popular in the 19th century, but by the mid-20th it had largely been abandoned.[21] Acts was read as a reliable history of the early church well into the post-Reformation era. By the 17th century, however, biblical scholars began to notice that it was incomplete and tendentious – its picture of a harmonious church is quite at odds with that given by Paul s letters, and it omits important events such as the deaths of both Peter and Paul. The mid-19th century scholar Ferdinand Baur suggested that Luke had re-written history to present a united Peter and Paul and advance a single orthodoxy against the Marcionites. (Marcion was a 2nd-century heretic who wished to cut Christianity off entirely from the Jews). Baur continues to have enormous influence, but today there is less interest in determining Luke s historical accuracy (although this has never died out) than in understanding his theological program.[22] Audience and authorial intent[edit] Luke was written to be read aloud to a group of Jesus-followers gathered in a house to share the Lord s supper.[15] The author assumes an educated Greek-speaking audience, but directs his attention to specifically Christian concerns rather than to the Greco-Roman world at large.[23] He begins his gospel with a preface addressed to Theophilus, informing him of his intention to provide an "ordered account" of events which will lead his reader to "certainty".[10] He did not write in order to provide Theophilus with historical justification – "did it happen?" – but to encourage faith – "what happened, and what does it all mean?"[24] Acts (or Luke-Acts) is intended as a work of "edification."[25] Edification means "the empirical demonstration that virtue is superior to vice,"[26] but is not all of Luke s purpose. He also engages with the question of a Christian s proper relationship with the Roman Empire, the civil power of the day could a Christian obey God and also Caesar? The answer is ambiguous.[27] The Romans never move against Jesus or his followers unless provoked by the Jews, in the trial scenes the Christian missionaries are always cleared of charges of violating Roman laws, and Acts ends with Paul in Rome proclaiming the Christian message under Roman protection; at the same time, Luke makes clear that the Romans, like all earthly rulers, receive their authority from Satan, while Christ is ruler of the kingdom of God. [28] Luke-Acts can be also seen as a defense of (or "apology" for) the Jesus movement addressed to the Jews the bulk of the speeches and sermons in Acts are addressed to Jewish audiences, with the Romans featuring as external arbiters on disputes concerning Jewish customs and law.[27] On the one hand Luke portrays the Christians as a sect of the Jews, and therefore entitled to legal protection as a recognised religion; on the other, Luke seems unclear as to the future God intends for Jews and Christians, celebrating the Jewishness of Jesus and his immediate followers while also stressing how the Jews had rejected God s promised Messiah.[29] Manuscripts[edit] There are two major textual variants of Luke-Acts, the Western text-type and the Alexandrian. The oldest complete Alexandrian manuscripts date from the 4th century and the oldest Western ones from the 6th, with fragments and citations going back to the 3rd. Western texts of Acts are 10% longer than Alexandrian texts, the additions tending to enhance the Jewish rejection of the Messiah and the role of the Holy Spirit, in ways that are stylistically different from the rest of Acts.[30] These conflicts suggest that Luke-Acts was still being substantially revised well into the 2nd century.[13] The majority of scholars prefer the Alexandrian (shorter) text-type over the Western as the more authentic, but this same argument would favour the Western over the Alexandrian for the gospel of Luke, as in that case the Western version is the shorter. The debate therefore continues.[30] Structure and content[edit] Acts 1 1-2a from the 14th century Minuscule 223 Structure[edit] Acts has two key structural principles. The first is the geographic movement from Jerusalem, centre of God s Covenantal people the Jews, to Rome, centre of the Gentile world. This structure reaches back to the author s preceding work, the Gospel of Luke, and is signaled by parallel scenes such as Paul s utterance in Acts 19 21, which echoes Jesus words 9 51 (Paul has Rome as his destination, as Jesus had Jerusalem). The second key element is the roles of Peter and Paul, the first representing the Jewish Christian church, the second the mission to the Gentiles.[31] Transition reprise of the preface addressed to Theophilus and the closing events of the gospel (Acts 1-1 26) Petrine Christianity the Jewish church from Jerusalem to Antioch (Acts 2 1-12 25) 2 1-8 1 - beginnings in Jerusalem 8 2-40 - the church expands to Samaria and beyond 9 1-31 - conversion of Paul 9 32-12 25 - the conversion of Cornelius, and the formation of the Antioch church Pauline Christianity the Gentile mission from Antioch to Rome (Acts 13 1-28 21) 13 1-14 28 - the Gentile mission is promoted from Antioch 15 1-35 - the Gentile mission is confirmed in Jerusalem 15 36-28 31 - the Gentile mission, climaxing in Paul s passion story in Rome (21 17-28 31) Outline[edit] Dedication to Theophilus (1 1–2) Resurrection appearances (1 3) Great Commission (1 4–8) Ascension (1 9) Second Coming Prophecy (1 10–11) Matthias replaced Judas (1 12–26) the Upper Room (1 13) Holy Spirit came at Pentecost (2), see also Paraclete Peter healed a crippled beggar (3 1–10) Peter s speech at the Temple (3 11–26) Peter and John before the Sanhedrin (4 1–22) Resurrection of the dead (4 2) Believers Prayer (4 23–31) Everything is shared (4 32–37) Ananias and Sapphira (5 1–11) Signs and Wonders (5 12–16) Apostles before the Sanhedrin (5 17–42) Seven Greeks appointed (6 1–7) Saint Stephen before the Sanhedrin (6 8–7 60) The "Cave of the Patriarchs" was located in Shechem (7 16) "Moses was educated in all the wisdom of the Egyptians" (7 22) First mentioning of Saul (Paul the Apostle) in the Bible (7 58) Paul the Apostle confesses his part in the martyrdom of Stephen (7 58-60) Saul persecuted the Church of Jerusalem (8 1–3) Philip the Evangelist (8 4–40) Simon Magus (8 9–24) Ethiopian eunuch (8 26–39) Conversion of Paul the Apostle (9 1–31, 22 1–22, 26 9–24) Paul the Apostle confesses his active part in the martyrdom of Stephen (22 20) Peter healed Aeneas and raised Tabitha from the dead (9 32–43) Conversion of Cornelius (10 1–8, 24–48) Peter s vision of a sheet with animals (10 9–23, 11 1–18) Church of Antioch founded (11 19–30) term "Christian" first used (11 26) Saint James the Great executed (12 1–2) Peter s rescue from prison (12 3–19) Death of Herod Agrippa I [in 44] (12 20–25) "the voice of a god" (12 22) Mission of Barnabas and Saul (13–14) "Saul, who was also known as Paul" (13 9) called "gods ... in human form" (14 11) Council of Jerusalem (15 1–35) Paul separated from Barnabas (15 36–41) 2nd and 3rd missions (16–20) Areopagus sermon (17 16-34) "God...has set a day" (17 30–31) Trial before Gallio c. 51–52 (18 12–17) Trip to Jerusalem (21) Before the people and the Sanhedrin (22–23) Before Felix–Festus–Agrippa II (24–26) Trip to Rome (27–28) called a god on Malta (28 6) Content[edit] See also Early Christianity and Jewish Christians The Gospel of Luke began with a prologue addressed to Theophilus; Acts likewise opens with an address to Theophilus and refers to "my earlier book", almost certainly the gospel. The apostles and other followers of Jesus meet and elect Matthias to replace Judas as a member of The Twelve. On Pentecost, the Holy Spirit descends and confers God s power on them, and Peter, along with John, preaches to many in Jerusalem, and performs Christ-like healings, casting out of evil spirits, and raising of the dead. At first many Jews follow Christ and are baptized, but the Christians begin to be increasingly persecuted by the Jews. Stephen is arrested for blasphemy, and after a trial, is found guilty and stoned by the Jews. Stephen s death marks a major turning point the Jews have rejected the message, and henceforth it will be taken to the Gentiles.[32] The message is taken to the Samaritans, a people rejected by Jews, and to the Gentiles. Saul of Tarsus, one of the Jews who persecuted the Christians, is converted by a vision to become a follower of Christ (an event which Luke regards as so important that he relates it three times). Peter, directed by a series of visions, preaches to Cornelius the Centurion, a Gentile God-fearer, who becomes a follower of Christ. The Holy Spirit descends on Peter and Cornelius, thus confirming that the message of eternal life in Christ is for all mankind. The Gentile church is established in Antioch (north-western Syria, the third-largest city of the empire), and here Christ s followers are first called Christians.[33] The mission to the Gentiles is promoted from Antioch and confirmed at meeting in Jerusalem between Paul and the leadership of the Jerusalem church. Paul spends the next few years traveling through western Asia Minor and the Aegean,preaching, converting Gentiles, and founding new churches. On a visit to Jerusalem he is set on by a Jewish mob. Saved by the Roman commander, he is accused by the Jews of being a revolutionary, the "ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes", and imprisoned. Paul asserts his right as a Roman citizen, to be tried in Rome and is sent by sea to Rome, where he spends another two years under house arrest, proclaiming the Kingdom of God and teaching the "Lord Jesus Christ". Acts ends abruptly without recording the outcome of Paul s legal troubles.[citation needed] Theology[edit] Paul s conversion, from Livre d Heures d Étienne Chevalier (c. 1450–1460), Jean Fouquet, in the Château de Chantilly. Prior to the 1950s Luke-Acts was seen as a historical work, written to defend Christianity before the Romans or Paul against his detractors; since then, however, the tendency has been to see the work as primarily theological.[34] Luke s theology is expressed primarily through his overarching plot, the way scenes, themes and characters combine to construct his specific worldview.[35] His "salvation history" stretches from the Creation to the present time of his readers, in three ages first, the time of "the Law and the Prophets" (Luke 16 16), the period beginning with Genesis and ending with the appearance of John the Baptist (Luke 1 5-3 1); second, the epoch of Jesus, in which the Kingdom of God was preached (Luke 3 2-24 51); and finally the period of the Church, which began when the risen Christ was taken into Heaven, and would end with his second coming.[36] Luke-Acts is an attempt to answer a theological problem, namely how the Messiah promised to the Jews came to have an overwhelmingly non-Jewish church; the answer it provides, and its central theme, is that the message of Christ was sent to the Gentiles because the Jews rejected it.[1] This theme is introduced at the opening of the gospel of Luke, when Jesus, rejected in Nazareth, recalls that the prophets were rejected by Israel and accepted by Gentiles; at the end of the gospel he commands his disciples to preach his message to all nations, "beginning from Jerusalem." He repeats the command in Acts, telling them to preach "in Jerusalem, in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the Earth." They then proceed to do so, in the order outlined first Jerusalem, then Judea, then Samaria, then the entire (Roman) world.[37] For Luke, the Holy Spirit is the driving force behind the spread of the Christian message, and he places more emphasis on it than do any of the other evangelists. The Spirit is "poured out" at Pentecost, on the first Samaritan and Gentile believers, and on disciples who had been baptised only by John the Baptist, each time as a sign of God s approval. The Holy Spirit represents God s power (At his ascension, Jesus tells his followers, "You shall receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you") through it the disciples are given speech to convert thousands in Jerusalem, forming the first church (the term is used for the first time in Acts 5).[38] Comparison with other writings[edit] Saint Paul Writing His Epistles, ascribed to Valentin de Boulogne, 17th century Gospel of Luke[edit] As the second part of the two-part work Luke-Acts, Acts has significant links to the gospel of Luke. Major turning points in the structure of Acts, for example, find parallels in Luke the presentation of the child Jesus in the Temple parallels the opening of Acts in the Temple, Jesus forty days of testing in the wilderness prior to his mission parallel the forty days prior to his Ascension in Acts, the mission of Jesus in Samaria and the Decapolis (the lands of the Samaritans and Gentiles) parallels the missions of the Apostles in Samaria and the Gentile lands, and so on (see Gospel of Luke). These parallels continue through both books.[39] There are also differences between Luke and Acts, amounting at times to outright contradiction. For example, the gospel seems to place the Ascension on Easter Sunday, immediately after the Resurrection, while Acts 1 puts it forty days later.[40] There are similar conflicts over the theology. While not seriously questioning the single authorship of Luke-Acts, these differences do suggest the need for caution in seeking too much consistency in books written in essence as popular literature.[41] Pauline epistles[edit] Acts agrees with Paul s letters on the major outline of Paul s career as Saul he is converted and becomes Paul the Christian missionary and apostle, establishing new churches in Asia Minor and the Aegean and struggling to free Gentile Christians from the Jewish Law. There are also agreements on many incidents, such as Paul s escape from Damascus, where he is lowered down the walls in a basket. But details of these same incidents are frequently contradictory for example, according to Paul it was a pagan king who was trying to arrest him in Damascus, but according to Luke it was, characteristically, the Jews (2 Corinthians 11 33 and Acts 9 24). Many of the disagreements are not so immediately obvious Acts speaks of "Christians" and "disciples", but Paul never uses either term, and there are striking differences in the accounts of Paul s relationship with the Jerusalem church and its leaders (Acts 9-15 vs. Galatians 1-2). Acts omits much from the letters, notably Paul s problems with his congregations (internal difficulties are said to be the fault of the Jews instead), and his apparent final rejection by the church leaders in Jerusalem (Acts has Paul and Barnabas deliver an offering that is accepted, a trip that has no mention in the letters). There are also major differences between Acts on Paul on Christology (the understanding of Christ s nature), eschatology (understanding of the "last things"), and apostleship.[42] See also[edit] Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles List of Gospels List of omitted Bible verses Textual variants in the Acts of the Apostles Acts of the Apostles (genre) Acts of Andrew Acts of Barnabas Acts of John Acts of the Martyrs Acts of Paul Acts of Paul and Thecla Acts of Peter Acts of Peter and Paul Acts of Peter and the Twelve Acts of Pilate Acts of Philip Acts of Thomas Acts of Timothy The Lost Chapter of the Acts of the Apostles References[edit] ^ Jump up to a b c Burkett 2002, p. 263. ^ Jump up to a b Charlesworth 2008, p. no page number. ^ Jump up to a b Burkett 2002, p. 195. ^ Jump up to a b Matthews 2011, p. 12. Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 556. Jump up ^ Burkett 2002, p. 196. Jump up ^ Theissen Merz 1998, p. 32. Jump up ^ Perkins 1998, p. 253. Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 590. ^ Jump up to a b Green 1997, p. 35. ^ Jump up to a b c Boring 2012, p. 587. Jump up ^ Theissen Merz 1996 [tr. 1998], p. 32. ^ Jump up to a b Perkins 2009, p. 250-253. Jump up ^ Aune 1988, p. 77. ^ Jump up to a b c Balch 2003, p. 1104. Jump up ^ Bruce 1990, p. 40. Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 577. Jump up ^ Witherington 1998, p. 8. Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 578. Jump up ^ Bruce 1990, p. 40-41. Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 579. Jump up ^ Holladay 2011, p. no page numbers. Jump up ^ Green 1995, p. 16-17. Jump up ^ Green 1997, p. 36. Jump up ^ Fitzmyer 1998, p. 55-65. Jump up ^ Aune 1988, p. 80. ^ Jump up to a b Pickett 2011, p. 6-7. Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 562. Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 563. ^ Jump up to a b Thompson 2010, p. 332. Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 569-570. Jump up ^ Burkett 2002, p. 265. Jump up ^ Burkett 2002, p. 266. Jump up ^ Buckwalter 1996, p. 6. Jump up ^ Allen 2009, p. 326. Jump up ^ Evans 2011, p. no page numbers. Jump up ^ Burkett 2002, p. 264. Jump up ^ Burkett 2002, p. 268-270. Jump up ^ Tremmel 2011, p. 59. Jump up ^ Zwiep 2010, p. 39. Jump up ^ Parsons 1993, p. 17-18. Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 581, 588-590.The Acts of the Apostles (Ancient Greek Πράξεις τῶν Ἀποστόλων, Práxeis tôn Apostólōn; Latin Āctūs Apostolōrum), often referred to simply as Acts, is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian church and the spread of its message to the Roman empire.[1] Acts is the second half of a two-part work, referred to as Luke-Acts, by the same anonymous author, referred to as Luke the Evangelist, and usually dated to around 80-90 CE.[2][3] The first part, the Gospel of Luke, tells how God fulfilled his plan for the world s salvation through the life, death and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth, the promised Messiah. Acts continues the story of Christianity in the 1st century, beginning with the Ascension of Christ. The early chapters, set in Jerusalem, describe the Day of Pentecost (the coming of the Holy Spirit) and the growth of the church in Jerusalem. Initially the Jews are receptive to the Christian message, but soon they turn against the followers of the Messiah. Rejected by the Jews, under the guidance of the Apostle Peter the message is taken to the Gentiles. The later chapters tell of Paul s conversion, his mission in Asia Minor and the Aegean, and finally his imprisonment in Rome, where, as the book ends, he awaits trial. Luke-Acts is an attempt to answer a theological problem, namely how the Messiah of the Jews came to have an overwhelmingly non-Jewish church; the answer it provides, and its central theme, is that the message of Christ was sent to the Gentiles because the Jews rejected it.[1] Contents [hide] 1 Composition and setting 1.1 Title, unity of Luke-Acts, authorship and date 1.2 Genre, sources and historicity of Acts 1.3 Audience and authorial intent 1.4 Manuscripts 2 Structure and content 2.1 Structure 2.2 Outline 2.3 Content 3 Theology 4 Comparison with other writings 4.1 Gospel of Luke 4.2 Pauline epistles 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Composition and setting[edit] Main article Authorship of Luke–Acts Ministry of the Apostles Russian icon by Fyodor Zubov, 1660 Title, unity of Luke-Acts, authorship and date[edit] The title "Acts of the Apostles" (Greek Πράξεις ἀποστόλων Praxeis Apostolon) was first used by Irenaeus in the late 2nd century. It is not known whether this was an existing title or one invented by Irenaeus; it does seem clear, however, that it was not given by the author.[4] The gospel of Luke and Acts make up a two-volume work which scholars call Luke-Acts.[3] Together they account for 27.5% of the New Testament, the largest contribution attributed to a single author, providing the framework for both the Church s liturgical calendar and the historical outline into which later generations have fitted their idea of the story of Jesus and the early church.[5] The author is not named in either volume.[6] According to Church tradition dating from the 2nd century, he was the "Luke" named as a companion of the apostle Paul in three of the letters attributed to Paul himself; this view is still sometimes advanced, but "a critical consensus emphasizes the countless contradictions between the account in Acts and the authentic Pauline letters."[7] (An example can be seen by comparing Acts accounts of Paul s conversion (Acts 9 1-31, 22 6-21, and 26 9-23) with Paul s own statement that he remained unknown to Christians in Judea after that event (Galatians 1 17-24).)[8] He admired Paul, but his theology was significantly different from Paul s on key points and he does not (in Acts) represent Paul s views accurately.[9] He was educated, a man of means, probably urban, and someone who respected manual work, although not a worker himself; this is significant, because more high-brow writers of the time looked down on the artisans and small business-people who made up the early church of Paul and were presumably Luke s audience.[10] The earliest possible date for the composition of Acts is set by the events with which it ends, Paul s imprisonment in Rome c.63 CE, but an early date is now rarely put forward.[11][12] The last possible date would be set by its first definite citation by another author, but there is no unanimity on this–some scholars find echoes of Acts in a work from c.95 CE called I Clement, while others see no indisputable citation until the middle of the 2nd century.[11] If Acts uses Josephus as a source, as has been proposed, then it must have been composed after 93 CE; it does not show any knowledge of Paul s letters, a fact which also supports a late date; and the social situation it reflects is one in which the faithful need "shepherds" to protect them from heretical (possibly Marcionite) "wolves", which again reflects a late date.[11] Most experts therefore date it to around 80-90 CE, although some suggest 90-110, [2] and there is evidence that it was still being substantially revised well into the 2nd century.[13] Genre, sources and historicity of Acts[edit] Luke (or more accurately the anonymous author of Luke-Acts) describes his work, Luke-Acts, as a "narrative" (diegesis). Acts, the second part, is widely thought of as a history, but it lacks exact analogies in Hellenistic or Jewish literature.[14] The title "Acts of the Apostles" (Praxeis Apostolon) would seem to identify it with the genre telling of the deeds and achievements of great men (praxeis), but it was not the title given by the author.[4] Luke seems to have taken as his model the works of two respected Classical authors, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, who wrote a well-known history of Rome, and the Jewish historian Josephus, author of a history of the Jews.[15] Like them he anchors his history by dating the birth of the founder (Romulus for Dionysius, Moses for Josephus, Jesus for Luke) and like them he tells how the founder is born from God, taught authoritatively, and appeared to witnesses after death before ascending to heaven.[15] By and large the sources for Acts can only be guessed at,[16] but Luke would have had access to the Septuagint (a Greek translation of the Jewish scriptures), the gospel of Mark and the collection of "sayings of Jesus" called the Q source.[17] He transposed a few incidents from Mark s gospel to the time of the Apostles – for example, the material about "clean" and "unclean" foods in Mark 7 is used in Acts 10, and Mark s account of the accusation that Jesus has attacked the Temple (Mark 14 58) is used in a story about Stephen (Acts 6 14).)[18] There are also points of contacts (meaning suggestive parallels but something less than clear evidence) with 1 Peter, the Letter to the Hebrews, and 1 Clement.[19] Other sources can only be inferred from internal evidence – the traditional explanation of the three "we" passages, for example, is that they represent eye-witness accounts.[20] The search for such inferred sources was popular in the 19th century, but by the mid-20th it had largely been abandoned.[21] Acts was read as a reliable history of the early church well into the post-Reformation era. By the 17th century, however, biblical scholars began to notice that it was incomplete and tendentious – its picture of a harmonious church is quite at odds with that given by Paul s letters, and it omits important events such as the deaths of both Peter and Paul. The mid-19th century scholar Ferdinand Baur suggested that Luke had re-written history to present a united Peter and Paul and advance a single orthodoxy against the Marcionites. (Marcion was a 2nd-century heretic who wished to cut Christianity off entirely from the Jews). Baur continues to have enormous influence, but today there is less interest in determining Luke s historical accuracy (although this has never died out) than in understanding his theological program.[22] Audience and authorial intent[edit] Luke was written to be read aloud to a group of Jesus-followers gathered in a house to share the Lord s supper.[15] The author assumes an educated Greek-speaking audience, but directs his attention to specifically Christian concerns rather than to the Greco-Roman world at large.[23] He begins his gospel with a preface addressed to Theophilus, informing him of his intention to provide an "ordered account" of events which will lead his reader to "certainty".[10] He did not write in order to provide Theophilus with historical justification – "did it happen?" – but to encourage faith – "what happened, and what does it all mean?"[24] Acts (or Luke-Acts) is intended as a work of "edification."[25] Edification means "the empirical demonstration that virtue is superior to vice,"[26] but is not all of Luke s purpose. He also engages with the question of a Christian s proper relationship with the Roman Empire, the civil power of the day could a Christian obey God and also Caesar? The answer is ambiguous.[27] The Romans never move against Jesus or his followers unless provoked by the Jews, in the trial scenes the Christian missionaries are always cleared of charges of violating Roman laws, and Acts ends with Paul in Rome proclaiming the Christian message under Roman protection; at the same time, Luke makes clear that the Romans, like all earthly rulers, receive their authority from Satan, while Christ is ruler of the kingdom of God. [28] Luke-Acts can be also seen as a defense of (or "apology" for) the Jesus movement addressed to the Jews the bulk of the speeches and sermons in Acts are addressed to Jewish audiences, with the Romans featuring as external arbiters on disputes concerning Jewish customs and law.[27] On the one hand Luke portrays the Christians as a sect of the Jews, and therefore entitled to legal protection as a recognised religion; on the other, Luke seems unclear as to the future God intends for Jews and Christians, celebrating the Jewishness of Jesus and his immediate followers while also stressing how the Jews had rejected God s promised Messiah.[29] Manuscripts[edit] There are two major textual variants of Luke-Acts, the Western text-type and the Alexandrian. The oldest complete Alexandrian manuscripts date from the 4th century and the oldest Western ones from the 6th, with fragments and citations going back to the 3rd. Western texts of Acts are 10% longer than Alexandrian texts, the additions tending to enhance the Jewish rejection of the Messiah and the role of the Holy Spirit, in ways that are stylistically different from the rest of Acts.[30] These conflicts suggest that Luke-Acts was still being substantially revised well into the 2nd century.[13] The majority of scholars prefer the Alexandrian (shorter) text-type over the Western as the more authentic, but this same argument would favour the Western over the Alexandrian for the gospel of Luke, as in that case the Western version is the shorter. The debate therefore continues.[30] Structure and content[edit] Acts 1 1-2a from the 14th century Minuscule 223 Structure[edit] Acts has two key structural principles. The first is the geographic movement from Jerusalem, centre of God s Covenantal people the Jews, to Rome, centre of the Gentile world. This structure reaches back to the author s preceding work, the Gospel of Luke, and is signaled by parallel scenes such as Paul s utterance in Acts 19 21, which echoes Jesus words 9 51 (Paul has Rome as his destination, as Jesus had Jerusalem). The second key element is the roles of Peter and Paul, the first representing the Jewish Christian church, the second the mission to the Gentiles.[31] Transition reprise of the preface addressed to Theophilus and the closing events of the gospel (Acts 1-1 26) Petrine Christianity the Jewish church from Jerusalem to Antioch (Acts 2 1-12 25) 2 1-8 1 - beginnings in Jerusalem 8 2-40 - the church expands to Samaria and beyond 9 1-31 - conversion of Paul 9 32-12 25 - the conversion of Cornelius, and the formation of the Antioch church Pauline Christianity the Gentile mission from Antioch to Rome (Acts 13 1-28 21) 13 1-14 28 - the Gentile mission is promoted from Antioch 15 1-35 - the Gentile mission is confirmed in Jerusalem 15 36-28 31 - the Gentile mission, climaxing in Paul s passion story in Rome (21 17-28 31) Outline[edit] Dedication to Theophilus (1 1–2) Resurrection appearances (1 3) Great Commission (1 4–8) Ascension (1 9) Second Coming Prophecy (1 10–11) Matthias replaced Judas (1 12–26) the Upper Room (1 13) Holy Spirit came at Pentecost (2), see also Paraclete Peter healed a crippled beggar (3 1–10) Peter s speech at the Temple (3 11–26) Peter and John before the Sanhedrin (4 1–22) Resurrection of the dead (4 2) Believers Prayer (4 23–31) Everything is shared (4 32–37) Ananias and Sapphira (5 1–11) Signs and Wonders (5 12–16) Apostles before the Sanhedrin (5 17–42) Seven Greeks appointed (6 1–7) Saint Stephen before the Sanhedrin (6 8–7 60) The "Cave of the Patriarchs" was located in Shechem (7 16) "Moses was educated in all the wisdom of the Egyptians" (7 22) First mentioning of Saul (Paul the Apostle) in the Bible (7 58) Paul the Apostle confesses his part in the martyrdom of Stephen (7 58-60) Saul persecuted the Church of Jerusalem (8 1–3) Philip the Evangelist (8 4–40) Simon Magus (8 9–24) Ethiopian eunuch (8 26–39) Conversion of Paul the Apostle (9 1–31, 22 1–22, 26 9–24) Paul the Apostle confesses his active part in the martyrdom of Stephen (22 20) Peter healed Aeneas and raised Tabitha from the dead (9 32–43) Conversion of Cornelius (10 1–8, 24–48) Peter s vision of a sheet with animals (10 9–23, 11 1–18) Church of Antioch founded (11 19–30) term "Christian" first used (11 26) Saint James the Great executed (12 1–2) Peter s rescue from prison (12 3–19) Death of Herod Agrippa I [in 44] (12 20–25) "the voice of a god" (12 22) Mission of Barnabas and Saul (13–14) "Saul, who was also known as Paul" (13 9) called "gods ... in human form" (14 11) Council of Jerusalem (15 1–35) Paul separated from Barnabas (15 36–41) 2nd and 3rd missions (16–20) Areopagus sermon (17 16-34) "God...has set a day" (17 30–31) Trial before Gallio c. 51–52 (18 12–17) Trip to Jerusalem (21) Before the people and the Sanhedrin (22–23) Before Felix–Festus–Agrippa II (24–26) Trip to Rome (27–28) called a god on Malta (28 6) Content[edit] See also Early Christianity and Jewish Christians The Gospel of Luke began with a prologue addressed to Theophilus; Acts likewise opens with an address to Theophilus and refers to "my earlier book", almost certainly the gospel. The apostles and other followers of Jesus meet and elect Matthias to replace Judas as a member of The Twelve. On Pentecost, the Holy Spirit descends and confers God s power on them, and Peter, along with John, preaches to many in Jerusalem, and performs Christ-like healings, casting out of evil spirits, and raising of the dead. At first many Jews follow Christ and are baptized, but the Christians begin to be increasingly persecuted by the Jews. Stephen is arrested for blasphemy, and after a trial, is found guilty and stoned by the Jews. Stephen s death marks a major turning point the Jews have rejected the message, and henceforth it will be taken to the Gentiles.[32] The message is taken to the Samaritans, a people rejected by Jews, and to the Gentiles. Saul of Tarsus, one of the Jews who persecuted the Christians, is converted by a vision to become a follower of Christ (an event which Luke regards as so important that he relates it three times). Peter, directed by a series of visions, preaches to Cornelius the Centurion, a Gentile God-fearer, who becomes a follower of Christ. The Holy Spirit descends on Peter and Cornelius, thus confirming that the message of eternal life in Christ is for all mankind. The Gentile church is established in Antioch (north-western Syria, the third-largest city of the empire), and here Christ s followers are first called Christians.[33] The mission to the Gentiles is promoted from Antioch and confirmed at meeting in Jerusalem between Paul and the leadership of the Jerusalem church. Paul spends the next few years traveling through western Asia Minor and the Aegean,preaching, converting Gentiles, and founding new churches. On a visit to Jerusalem he is set on by a Jewish mob. Saved by the Roman commander, he is accused by the Jews of being a revolutionary, the "ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes", and imprisoned. Paul asserts his right as a Roman citizen, to be tried in Rome and is sent by sea to Rome, where he spends another two years under house arrest, proclaiming the Kingdom of God and teaching the "Lord Jesus Christ". Acts ends abruptly without recording the outcome of Paul s legal troubles.[citation needed] Theology[edit] Paul s conversion, from Livre d Heures d Étienne Chevalier (c. 1450–1460), Jean Fouquet, in the Château de Chantilly. Prior to the 1950s Luke-Acts was seen as a historical work, written to defend Christianity before the Romans or Paul against his detractors; since then, however, the tendency has been to see the work as primarily theological.[34] Luke s theology is expressed primarily through his overarching plot, the way scenes, themes and characters combine to construct his specific worldview.[35] His "salvation history" stretches from the Creation to the present time of his readers, in three ages first, the time of "the Law and the Prophets" (Luke 16 16), the period beginning with Genesis and ending with the appearance of John the Baptist (Luke 1 5-3 1); second, the epoch of Jesus, in which the Kingdom of God was preached (Luke 3 2-24 51); and finally the period of the Church, which began when the risen Christ was taken into Heaven, and would end with his second coming.[36] Luke-Acts is an attempt to answer a theological problem, namely how the Messiah promised to the Jews came to have an overwhelmingly non-Jewish church; the answer it provides, and its central theme, is that the message of Christ was sent to the Gentiles because the Jews rejected it.[1] This theme is introduced at the opening of the gospel of Luke, when Jesus, rejected in Nazareth, recalls that the prophets were rejected by Israel and accepted by Gentiles; at the end of the gospel he commands his disciples to preach his message to all nations, "beginning from Jerusalem." He repeats the command in Acts, telling them to preach "in Jerusalem, in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the Earth." They then proceed to do so, in the order outlined first Jerusalem, then Judea, then Samaria, then the entire (Roman) world.[37] For Luke, the Holy Spirit is the driving force behind the spread of the Christian message, and he places more emphasis on it than do any of the other evangelists. The Spirit is "poured out" at Pentecost, on the first Samaritan and Gentile believers, and on disciples who had been baptised only by John the Baptist, each time as a sign of God s approval. The Holy Spirit represents God s power (At his ascension, Jesus tells his followers, "You shall receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you") through it the disciples are given speech to convert thousands in Jerusalem, forming the first church (the term is used for the first time in Acts 5).[38] Comparison with other writings[edit] Saint Paul Writing His Epistles, ascribed to Valentin de Boulogne, 17th century Gospel of Luke[edit] As the second part of the two-part work Luke-Acts, Acts has significant links to the gospel of Luke. Major turning points in the structure of Acts, for example, find parallels in Luke the presentation of the child Jesus in the Temple parallels the opening of Acts in the Temple, Jesus forty days of testing in the wilderness prior to his mission parallel the forty days prior to his Ascension in Acts, the mission of Jesus in Samaria and the Decapolis (the lands of the Samaritans and Gentiles) parallels the missions of the Apostles in Samaria and the Gentile lands, and so on (see Gospel of Luke). These parallels continue through both books.[39] There are also differences between Luke and Acts, amounting at times to outright contradiction. For example, the gospel seems to place the Ascension on Easter Sunday, immediately after the Resurrection, while Acts 1 puts it forty days later.[40] There are similar conflicts over the theology. While not seriously questioning the single authorship of Luke-Acts, these differences do suggest the need for caution in seeking too much consistency in books written in essence as popular literature.[41] Pauline epistles[edit] Acts agrees with Paul s letters on the major outline of Paul s career as Saul he is converted and becomes Paul the Christian missionary and apostle, establishing new churches in Asia Minor and the Aegean and struggling to free Gentile Christians from the Jewish Law. There are also agreements on many incidents, such as Paul s escape from Damascus, where he is lowered down the walls in a basket. But details of these same incidents are frequently contradictory for example, according to Paul it was a pagan king who was trying to arrest him in Damascus, but according to Luke it was, characteristically, the Jews (2 Corinthians 11 33 and Acts 9 24). Many of the disagreements are not so immediately obvious Acts speaks of "Christians" and "disciples", but Paul never uses either term, and there are striking differences in the accounts of Paul s relationship with the Jerusalem church and its leaders (Acts 9-15 vs. Galatians 1-2). Acts omits much from the letters, notably Paul s problems with his congregations (internal difficulties are said to be the fault of the Jews instead), and his apparent final rejection by the church leaders in Jerusalem (Acts has Paul and Barnabas deliver an offering that is accepted, a trip that has no mention in the letters). There are also major differences between Acts on Paul on Christology (the understanding of Christ s nature), eschatology (understanding of the "last things"), and apostleship.[42] See also[edit] Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles List of Gospels List of omitted Bible verses Textual variants in the Acts of the Apostles Acts of the Apostles (genre) Acts of Andrew Acts of Barnabas Acts of John Acts of the Martyrs Acts of Paul Acts of Paul and Thecla Acts of Peter Acts of Peter and Paul Acts of Peter and the Twelve Acts of Pilate Acts of Philip Acts of Thomas Acts of Timothy The Lost Chapter of the Acts of the Apostles References[edit] ^ Jump up to a b c Burkett 2002, p. 263. ^ Jump up to a b Charlesworth 2008, p. no page number. ^ Jump up to a b Burkett 2002, p. 195. ^ Jump up to a b Matthews 2011, p. 12. Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 556. Jump up ^ Burkett 2002, p. 196. Jump up ^ Theissen Merz 1998, p. 32. Jump up ^ Perkins 1998, p. 253. Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 590. ^ Jump up to a b Green 1997, p. 35. ^ Jump up to a b c Boring 2012, p. 587. Jump up ^ Theissen Merz 1996 [tr. 1998], p. 32. ^ Jump up to a b Perkins 2009, p. 250-253. Jump up ^ Aune 1988, p. 77. ^ Jump up to a b c Balch 2003, p. 1104. Jump up ^ Bruce 1990, p. 40. Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 577. Jump up ^ Witherington 1998, p. 8. Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 578. Jump up ^ Bruce 1990, p. 40-41. Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 579. Jump up ^ Holladay 2011, p. no page numbers. Jump up ^ Green 1995, p. 16-17. Jump up ^ Green 1997, p. 36. Jump up ^ Fitzmyer 1998, p. 55-65. Jump up ^ Aune 1988, p. 80. ^ Jump up to a b Pickett 2011, p. 6-7. Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 562. Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 563. ^ Jump up to a b Thompson 2010, p. 332. Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 569-570. Jump up ^ Burkett 2002, p. 265. Jump up ^ Burkett 2002, p. 266. Jump up ^ Buckwalter 1996, p. 6. Jump up ^ Allen 2009, p. 326. Jump up ^ Evans 2011, p. no page numbers. Jump up ^ Burkett 2002, p. 264. Jump up ^ Burkett 2002, p. 268-270. Jump up ^ Tremmel 2011, p. 59. Jump up ^ Zwiep 2010, p. 39. Jump up ^ Parsons 1993, p. 17-18. Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 581, 588-590.
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Doctoral Reading List Summary of Category A. General Question [1. Public Health vs Medicine] Lab Research vs Existing Public Health Intervention Infectious disease vs. Non-infectious disease [2. Resource Allocation Vertical vs Horizontal] [3. Africa/Development/Money] [4. General Family Planning Topics] [5. MDGs] [6. AIDS] B. Economics Question [1. Development(Health and Demography)] HIV and Economic Growth(New) Malaria and Economic Growth(New) [2. Inequality] [3. Definition of Development] [4. Market Failure] [X. Lewis/Harris-Todaro Model(less likely to be in exam)] C. Demography Question [1. Demographic Transition] [2. Population Growth] [3. Historical Decline in Mortality] [4. Fertility/Family Planning] Abortion [5. African Fertility Decline] [6. Below-Replacement Level and Aging (Immigration/Social Security)] [7. Population Projection] D. Measuring Population Health/Health Risk Factor Question [1. DALY/DALE/QALY] [2. Population Health Rose(1985)] [3. Determinants of Health] [4. Epidemiologic Transition] [5. Risk Factor Analysis(Obesity, Smoking, IAP)] E. Politics Question [1. Political Analysis] [2. Health System Performance/Reform] F. Ethics Question [1.Inequality/Inequity] [2.Maximization vs Fair Distribution] [3.Individual vs Social Responsibility] [4.Priority on Health Worker] [5.Global Burden of Disease/Priority Setting] [6.Research Ethics Question] General [1. Public Health vs Medicine] The next major contribution to improvements in global health will stem from lab research. Discuss the accuracy of this statement and its implications for public health research.(2005 First) Describe the view that the focus on health care in developing countries should now focus on non-infectious rather than infectious disease(Practice Question) [ 2. Resource Allocation Vertical vs Horizontal] 2. Do you think that countries' investment in the health care sector should focus on the underlying health systems or specific disease entities or some combinations of both? What types of investments were the most productive? Justify your answer using specific examples.(2006 First) [3. Africa and Development] 3. What factors account for the very poor levels of health in sub-Saharan Africa? Is money the answer to Africa's health problems?(2005 Second) 4. Describe two salient public health problems facing Africa and the nature and degree of success of current efforts to address them. Assess critically the view that the most effective solution to these problems will be to increase dramatically the flow of financial aid to Africa. Give examples. 5. (a)Describe two salient public health programs facing Africa and the nature and degree of success of current efforts to address them. (b)With reference to the problems described in your answer to part(a), evaluate the view that the key to addressing these problems is to increase dramatically the flow of financing aid to Africa. Cite research and other arguments or evidence in support of your views.(2006 Review Session) 6. Jeffrey Sachs has argued that the three top priorities for Africa’s health systems are “One, money. Two, money. Three, money.”In particular, he has advocated for a substantial increase in funding to combat HIV/AIDS. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of Sach’s stance using the “3 spheres” framework (capacity, value, support) to inform your answer [4. General Family Planning Related Topics] (HIV/AIDS and RH) 7. The movement against the spread of HIV/AIDs represents a threat to the goal of attracting more funding and attention to population growth, women’s mental health, and young people’s reproductive health and rights. This is because not only public attention but also financial and human resources will be drawn away from family planning, emergency obstetric care, and comprehensive sexuality education with the influx of funds for HIV/AIDs. Explain where and why you agree or disagree with the statement, discuss the implications the statement for policy; and discusses the implication of each statement for applied research.(2006)(Do not need it) (Men's Involvement) 8. The issue of involvement of men can be seen as marginal to the goals of improving young people’s sexual and reproductive health and rights, and reducing maternal mortality and morbidity. A gender-sensitive approach to women and girls is sufficient. Explain where and why you agree or disagree with the statement, discuss the implications the statement for policy; and discusses the implication of each statement for applied research.(2006 Review) [5. MDGs politics] （MDGs RH) 9. The population and reproductive health fields is on the defensive against a powerful set of opponents. Proponents are cling to the ICPD/Cairo goals but PRI's omission from the MDGs that are shaping the international development and indicators has been a major setback. Explain where and why you agree or disagree the implications the statement for policy, and discusses the implications of each statement for applied research(2006 Review) 10. The MDGs are an ambitious agenda for reducing poverty and improving lives that world leaders agreed on at the millennium summit in September 2000. For each goal one or more targets have been set, most for 2015, using 1990 as a benchmark. It has been argued that the goal of reproductive health for all, and the associated target to universal access to quality reproductive health services, is also worthy of inclusion on its list. (A)Discuss briefly what is meant by the notion of "development" in MDGs. To what extent can it be argued that reproductive health of all should be a development goals in its own right? (B) Suppose we accept the MDGs as they are. Discuss how using reproductive health as an instrument could contribute to the achievement of the other MDGs. Focus on two MDGs where you think access to reproductive health services might be most effective and be sure to cite, and critically assess, theoretical and empirical evidence relevant to your arguments.(2006 Review) （MDGs Achievement) 11. The Millennium Development Goals are an ambitious agenda for reducing poverty and improving lives that would leaders agreed on at the Millennium Summit in September 2000. For each goal one or more targets have been set, most for 2015 using 1990 as benchmark.a. Discuss the health targets set in the Millennium development goals; how likely are they to be achieved. b. To what extent can health also be viewed as an instrument for achieving the other goals?(2006 Review) 12. The following goals is part from the Millennium Development Goals. Choose one goal and justify its inclusion in the list of development goals; a. Justify the goal’s inclusion in the list using both theory and evidence discussed in class. b) Comment on the appropriateness of one of the indicators used to assess the attainment of the goal. (2006 Review) [6. AIDS] 13. Describe and evaluate the methods that can be used to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS in developing countries. Should prevention or treatment be the priority for government? What framework would you use to decide on the best course of action? 14. Discuss critically the criteria that are used for priority setting for health interventions. Which criteria do you think are most useful? Illustrate your answer with reference to treatment and prevention programs for HIV/AIDS in developing countries.(2005 First) Economics [1. Development] (Health- Economy) 15. Discuss the routes through which health might affect economic outcome. Does empirical research confirm a causal path leading from better health to improved economic outcome? (2005 Second) 16. How do improvements in population health affect economic growth?(2007 Preview) 17. What new evidence can be marshaled to link economic well-being with population health? In what ways has our conceptualization of the direction and nature of these connections changed in recent years? (2007 Prep) 18. (A) What are the conceptual links between population health and poverty reduction? (B) Describe the nature of the empirical evidence on the existence and strength of these links. (C)To what extent is the knowledge base in this area applicable to Sub-Saharan Africa?(2005 First) 19. Can population health be improved dramatically in a resource poor setting such as found in much of Sub-Saharan Africa without first increasing income levels dramatically? (2006 Review) 20. Discuss the concept of health-development spirals. Be sure to explain their nature, and to summarize empirical evidence related to their existence and their strength Comment also on their implications for policy interventions aimed at promoting population health and human development.(2007 Prep) 21. Using the “triangle diagram” below, describe how exogenous interventions influence links between population/health, income, and capital. In particular, choose three exogenous interventions (one for each of the dashed arrows) and describe how that intervention might influence the endogenous links. When choosing the exogenous interventions, pick one medical intervention, one non-medical health intervention, and one non-health intervention to make your case.(2006 Review) (Demography- Economy) 22. What effect does falling fertility have on economic development? Using examples, explain the mechanism through which such demographic changes affect development.(2007 First) 23. Discuss the interaction between the demographic transition and economic development.(2006 Second) [2. Inequality] 24. If one ranked the world’s population by their per capita income, the average income of the top 1 billion would be about 100 times the average income of the bottom 1 billion. a)What is the impact of income inequality on population health? b) Describe 2 pieces of evidence that demonstrate the associaton between income inequality and health; c) Describe 2 mechanisms that have been proposed that link income inequality to health 25. Is there empirical evidence that proves that greater income equality contributes to an overall improvement in health? Are there population in which income inequalities are wide and health differentials are small?(2007 prep) 26. Is there a consistent positive relationship between good health and socio-economic status? What is the basis of this relationship? Are there exceptions to this relationship?(2007 prep) [3. Definition of Development] 27. A major goal of the international community is to promote development in the least developed countries. What is meant by “development”? What roles dose health has to play in this development agenda?(2006 Review) [4. Market Failure] 28. In economic theory, free markets lead to efficient outcomes. Why does the free markets fail to provide efficient outcomes in the provision of health services?(2005 Second) 29. Why can we not simply leave health care to the market?(2006 First) Demography [1. Demographic Transition] 30. (i) Explain what is meant by the demographic transition (ii)What are the causal forces that lie behind the transition? (iii)Give examples of countries that appear to have followed the pattern predicted by transition theory Are there countries that have not followed this pattern?(2006 First) Describe the demographic transition. To what extent does it capture the experience of developing countries today.(Practice question) (Fertility/Mortality relationship) 31. Do decline in fertility translate into improvements in mortality and morbidity? Give examples of cases where the links are very clear and explain why the relationship is difficult to examine elsewhere.(2005 second) 32. What are the health benefits of low fertility? Should governments promote policies to lower fertility? Give examples of policies that governments have implemented to successfully reduce fertility. 33. Is an improvement in child survival a necessary precursor to fertility decline? Are there exceptional cases? Discuss with reference to specific countries or regions. 34. What are the necessary precursors to a decline in a population's fertility? Are there exceptional cases? Discuss with reference to specific countries or regions.(2005 First) [2. Population Growth] 35. Is there still cause for concern about rapid population growth rates in low-income countries? Using one country or region to illustrate your answer, outline the evidence available to support your answer.(2007 prep) 36. Explain what Thomas Malthus meant by "positive" and "preventive" checks to population growth. Do either of these concepts have any relevance to understanding today's population growth rate? Explain your answer with reference to specific cases.(2007 prep) [3. Historical Decline in Mortality] 37. Are the lessons learned from studying the causes of the early 20th centaury improvements in childhood mortality in Europe and North America applicable to the reduction of mortality in low-income countries today? Give reasons for your answer and provide examples and comparisons.(2006 Review) 38. Does the study of the improvement in child survival in NW Europe and the US in 1900 help us in promoting child survival in high mortality countries today? (2006 Prep) 39. Explain the factors that lie behind the long term decline in mortality rates throughout the world over the last 200 years. 40. Which factors explain the major reduction in under 5 mortality in the sub-Saharan African countries surveyed by DHS in the 1990s? How do these factors differ from those responsible for the improvements in childhood mortality in NW Europe and North America in the early 1900s. [4. Fertility/Family Planning] 41. How would you justify an investment in a publicly supported family planning program? What evidence is there that such investment positively affect reproductive health?(2005 First) 42. Have past investments in modern family services paid off? Why has international support for fertility limitation program reduce recently?(2007 prep) 43. With reference to one region or country of your choice, comment critically on the view that national, publicly supported family planning programs have had a major impact on the speed and timing of the decline in fertility. Does this evidence justify the continued pubic support of such programs in high fertility countries? Discuss the rationale for government provision of reproductive health service in low income countries.(Practice Question) (More attention on FP/RH) 44. What is needed now to promote attention and funding to reproductive health is to effect a “paradigm shift” in the global health sector, ensuring that the health policy agenda will value, rather than ignore, the investments required to achieve the Cairo census. Alliances of researchers and advocates will be required in this effort. Explain where and why you agree or disagree with the statement, discuss the implications the statement for policy; and discusses the implication of each statement for applied research(2006 Review). 45. In the current political climates in Washington, it is not worth investing much in advocacy work inside the Beltway, media education and cultivation, etc. that focuses on international population and reproductive health issues. Explain where and why you agree or disagree with the statement, discuss the implications the statement for policy; and discusses the implication of each statement for applied research(2006 Review) (abortion) 46. What is the contribution of induced abortion to contemporary fertility transition? Is the use of abortion always an indicator of unmet need for contraception?(2007 prep) [5. Fertility/Africa] 47. Why is fertility falling in sub-Saharan Africa today? Does existing fertility theory help us to interpret these new trends?(2007 prep) 48. Why did fertility fall so rapidly in south-east Asia compared with more recent decline in Africa and the Middle East?(2006 prep) [6. Below-Replacement Level and Aging (Immigration/Social Security)] 49. Are there economic and social argument for intervening to raise below-replacement fertility levels in advanced market economies? What policies are likely to be effective and why? Refer to specific countries if appropriate.(2007 prep)(2006 Revie) 50. Should governments in countries with below-replacement fertility implement policies to increase natality? What benefits would flow from any resultant increases in fertility? Which policy measures are most likely to be successful and why?(2006 Second) 51. What are the social and economic consequence of below-replacement fertility? What remedies are being proposed to raise population growth rate? Which seem to you most likely to succeed?(2006 prep) [7. Population Projection] (Cohort Component) 52. Why have long-term population projections of the world's population proved so unrealiable in the past? What can be done to improve the accuracy of future population projection? (Brass Method) 53. UNICEF has asked you to describe the trends in under 5 mortality for a sub-Saharan African country with incomplete vital registration. The country has three recent DHS surveys and four censuses- each asked about the survival of near relatives(mothers-children;adults-parents). What analytic methods would you employ and why? Discuss the merits and drawbacks of each(2007 First) Measuring Population Health 54. Apart from life expectancy, what measures would you propose to assess the contribution of a health system to the health of a population? Justify your choice of measures and illustrate with examples. (2006 First) 55. Over the last decade there have been some new developments in the approach to the measurement of the health of populations for priority setting at national, regional, and global scales, Disability Adjusted Life Years being the most prominent at the international level. Using the table below a) Briefly describe how DALYs are calculated. b) Describe 2 advantages to using DALYs to measure population health compared to using strictly mortality based measures such as the crude death rate or age-specific death rates. c) Identify 2 criticisms of the use and/or measurement of DALYs. What are the bases for those criticisms and how might a proponent of DALYs counter those criticisms?(2006 Review) 56. Discuss the theoretical properties a good measure of population health should have and the advantages and disadvantages of at least two measures that are currently used(2007 Prep). Health Risk Factor [Population Health Rose(1985)] 57. Describe the trade-offs of individual vs population level approaches to disease control using appropriate examples. If countries focus on a population approach, what changes would this require to current policies and programs?(2006 Second) 58. Explain the concept of "population health". Why is this term widely used today? What are the implications for research of adopting the population health approach to assessments of health status and for health interventions?(2007 prep) 59. Explain what you understand by the term "population health". Is this useful concept? How can it help in improving a nation's health (2006 prep) [Determinants of Health] 60. Why are some population healthy and others are not?(2007 prep) 61. What are the main dimension of health disparities in low-income countries? Are there the same dimensions as we see in the US and Europe?(2006 prep) [Epidemiologic Transition] 62. Describe the concept referred to as the "epidemiologic transition". Use the graph below, as well as other appropriate examples, to describe if there are epidemiological phenomena and patterns for which the current notion of epidemiological transition is incorrect or inadequate.(2006 Second) 63. Distinguish the mortality transition, the epidemiologic transition and the health transition Which framework seems to you most useful in understanding contemporary trends in population health worldwide?(2007 prep) [Risk Factor Analysis] 64. Some researchers have predicted that the rise in obesity will lead to a reversal of the gains in life expectancy and population health in developed nations. Discuss the empirical evidence for and against this prediction using an analytical framework(2007 First) 65. More than half of the world population uses biomass in traditional ways for their household energy needs. In many contexts, indoor air pollution is the result, causing respiratory and other ailments that impede the demographic transition and the process of economic and social development. Explain where and why you agree or disagree with the statement, discuss the implications the statement for policy; and discuss the implication of each statement for applied research(2006 Review) Politics [Political Analysis] 66. What is political analysis for policy reform and why is it important for health sector reform? Provide a clear justification and refer to possible problems, using cases where possible(2007 First) [Health System] (evaluation) 67. Discuss and critically evaluate the criteria that could be used to evaluate the performance of health system in low-income countries.(2005 Second) 68. What criteria would you use to evaluate the performance if a health system? Briefly justify your answer?(2005 First) 69. What should the goal of the health system be? Given this goal how should priorities be set?(2007 Prep) (health reform) 70. Select a health problem(such as high maternal mortality, high infant mortality, high personal costs of health care) in one country whose health system you know well. Discuss how reforms to the health system might help address that problem(such as introduction of social health insurance or decentralization). Then discuss how that solution will change different elements of the health system and how those changes will affect the health problem.(2006 Second) 71. Discuss how health system reform has progressed in a country that you are familiar with. How has reform affected the working of health system? Explain in detail how the reform has impacted the burden of disease and how it has affected the distribution of health care benefits and cost in the society.(2007 Prep) Ethics (Maximization vs Fairness) 73. The goal of resource allocation in the health sector should be to maximize aggregate measure of population health. Critically discuss with reference to an important contributor to the burden of disease in developing countries.(2006 First) 74. Health policy has two goals maximizing population health and distributing it fairly. Unfortunately, they may conflict with each other. On what basis can such conflict be resolved? Discuss with reference to a specific country.(2007 First) (Priority Setting-Cost-effectiveness and Other criteria) 75. What problems are there in setting priority for investment in public health services based on the estimates of the national burden of disease? What additional measures and considerations would improve the priority-setting process?(2007 prep) 76. “The bigger the burden of disease associated with a particular disease, the more resources we should devote to it.” According to the table below, then the majority of resources should be devoted to non communicable diseases. Critique this statement, discussing a)Principles of resource allocation; b) Limitations of the data and how that might affect your answer(2006 Review) (Public Health/Medicine + priority setting) 77. Imagine that for the same amount of money A 65-year old with advanced TB could be provided treatment, saved from imminent death, and go on to live the remainder of his life in a healthy state; OR 10 malnourished children could be provided treatment, saved from imminent death, and go on to live the remainder of their lives in a healthy state. A physician treating TB patients cites a professional and ethical obligation for her to use that money to cure her patient of TB regardless of the opportunity cost. From the point of view of a public health professional, how might you respond to the physician? In your response compare the field of public health and medicine.(2006 Review) (When is inequality unjust?) 78. When are health inequalities unfair? Illustrate your answer with examples. (2005 Second) (Individual vs Social Responsibility) 79. How should we divide responsibility for health between individuals and society? Illustrate with reference to a central example, such as smoking, alcohol or obesity.(2006 First) (Priority on Health Worker) 80. Should health care workers be given priority in prophylaxis and treatment in the event of a pandemic or avian flue? Should states ever depart from the goal of avoiding as many death as possible?(2006 Second) Other Study Guides Gary Becker's Price Theory/ゲイリー・ベッカー流価格理論 Health Risk Decision Analysis/健康リスク意思決定分析 Health Economics in the U.S and Europe/アメリカとヨーロッパの医療経済学 Health Economics in Japan and Asian Countries/日本とアジアの医療経済学 Demography/人口学 Environmental Economics/アメリカの環境経済学 Law and Economics/法と経済学 Global and Domestic Health Law/グローバル・国内医療法 Empirical Microeconomics/実証ミクロ経済学 Social Insurance/社会保険 Financial, Health, and Consumer Literacy/金融・健康・消費者リタラシー
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By and large, a tote bag is often a huge hand-held purse ordinarily utilised to hold matters which include the everyday items. It really is created commonly of taken care of canvas, nylon or weighty pebbled leather and therefore are equipped with zipper compartments dividing the purse into sections. However, evolving by means of time, tote luggage are coming into new line of usage which is being a diaper bag. The dimensions plus the compartment sort of a common tote bag is what designed it candidate to become innovated right into a toddler bag. These are typically storage luggage geared up with numerous pocket-like spaces that happen to be large enough to carry issues required for taking care of the infant though owning over a day out. At present, these are definitely obtaining far more fashionable in truth. As a result, designer luggage are getting to be a lot more in desire because it combines operation and fashion. Most mothers want their infant purses dior iphone case using this method for it delivers out the femininity in them even though with their newborn. A single on the identified manufacturers that manufacture tote baggage would be the Timi and Leslie Child Luggage. Acquire for instance their Charlie Tote Diaper Bag. This is a convertible purse acceptable for mothers. It s a double dealt with slouchy tote in PVC design. Charlie Tote Bag is styled correctly with buckles and straps and is obtainable in 3 colors for example black, beige and crimson. The Charlie Tote Bag functions a removable shoulder strap, bottle tote, transforming pad, wristlet, water-resistant lining, stroller straps and elasticized internal pocket with a dimensions of fifteen.5"H x 18"W x 5"D. These features are in essence prevalent with other Timi and Leslie diaper luggage. Timi and Leslie are recognized for their vast selection of diaper baggage. Most moms patronize the brand name for the operation that it provides along with the a person of the type kinds and layouts. Some of the other Timi and Leslie are definitely the Sweetums Health practitioner Bag Satchel, Sweetums Tote, The Aurelie Satchel, The Chantal Satchel, The Mod Tote, The Patent Ruby Tote Bag, The Parisien Tote Bag, The Ruby Tote in Suede as well as Violette Tote Bag. The majority of them are made from canvas, nylon, authentic leather-based, fake leather, laminated, microfiber and vinyl. Likewise, you will find also distinctive design besides totes including the sling, backpack, clutch, and bao bao backpack messenger. Many of these kinds would be the Patent Gladiola, Classic Fairfax Clutch, Massive Snap Facet Health practitioner Tote, Significant Messenger, Weekender, Leather Pocketed Hobo, Quilted Hobo or maybe a Corduroy Laminated Buckle. Hence, with tote, like the Charlie Tote Diaper Bag, it s going to not get any tougher for moms to get stylish whilst nonetheless being able to convey important baby stuffs. Additionally, Timi and Leslie baggage is really a credible maker on this line of bag.
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CLASS MARK GUARDIAN BERSERKER ASSASSIN PALADIN RANGER MAGE MYSTIC WARLOCK － － 種族別クラス対応一覧 inven情報によると下記の通り。韓国Pmangと相違しているため確認中。 HIERON NEUTRALITY UNIONHABICHTS SYLVANELF LUPUS FEDAYIN MASCU SIREN AMISTAD AQUAELF PANTERA IBLIS
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予定一覧 下記は概要説明と専用掲示板です。 お好きな所をご覧になり、 参加したいセッションの掲示板にて 参加表明と打ち合わせにご参加下さい。 5月15日 ロックセッション http //www26.atwiki.jp/nagoyabandsession2/pages/42.html http //www1.atchs.jp/test/read.cgi/nagoyabandsessionbbs/30 ↓ 5月29日 アニソンセッション http //www26.atwiki.jp/nagoyabandsession2/pages/43.html http //www1.atchs.jp/test/read.cgi/nagoyabandsessionbbs/31 ↓ 6月12日 HM／HRセッション（日時変更の可能性有） http //www26.atwiki.jp/nagoyabandsession2/pages/40.html http //www1.atchs.jp/test/read.cgi/nagoyabandsessionbbs/28 ↓ 6月18日 合同セッション http //www26.atwiki.jp/nagoyabandsession2/pages/44.html http //www1.atchs.jp/test/read.cgi/nagoyabandsessionbbs/32 総合案内はこちら http //www26.atwiki.jp/nagoyabandsession2/pages/34.html （ロックセッション、アニソンセッションの掲示板へのリンク有） 総合雑談スレッドはこちら http //www1.atchs.jp/test/read.cgi/nagoyabandsessionbbs/21 自己紹介はこちら（書き込みは任意、自由です） http //www1.atchs.jp/test/read.cgi/nagoyabandsessionbbs/22
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Vehicle Kangaroo Carrier Contents 1Info 2History 3Weapon 3.1 Besa Hull Kangaroo MG Kangaroo Carrier Health 650 Max Speed 6.5 Sight 35 Cost 24010 Acceleration 1.7 Detection 0/0 Time 35 Deceleration 3.2 Hotkey K Population 4 Rotation 50 Target Type armour_cromwell Upkeep 1.9968 Crush Human True Critical Type armour Crush Mode Medium Rear Damage Enabled true Info The Kangaroo hull mounted MG is largely useless History The Kangaroo was a troop transport converted from the chassis of the Canadian Ram tank. The normal Ram tank has similar armor and gun to the M4 Sherman, but production was discontinued once the Sherman became available in quantity. Many existing Ram tanks were then converted to be used as troop transport. The name Kangaroo was also used for other tank chassis converted into troop transport. Compared to the trucks and half-truck then currently used, the Kangaroo provided better mobility and protection dued to being fully tracked and having better armor. This allow the infantry to more closely follow tanks into battle. Weapon Retrieved from http //coh-stats.com/Vehicle Kangaroo_Carrier Besa Hull Kangaroo MG [Expand][Hide] Weapon Besa Hull Kangaroo MG SeeWeapon Besa Hull Kangaroo MGfor details.
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世界その２「Messiah」 人外アパートで初共演したエデアとリオは元々別の世界観のキャラでした。 その二人を使って昔考えたリオ用のストーリーを仕上げたいと思い、仲間をエデア一人にし、再構築・コンパクト化したものがこちら。 拙い個所が散見されますが、このストーリーで描き切れなかった世界を広げる事がこのWikiネクロマンス・カアニバルの趣旨でもあります。 閲覧は下の欄からどうぞ。 Messiah Prologue Second Supper River idea Catacombes End of Messiah おまけ Good night もしまたランキスと会えたら 設定集 イメージソング （人外アパート含） ライトなエログロ （落書きまとめ） そしてNecromance Carnivalへ このMessiah、幾つか謎が残っています。それらはNecromance Carnival内で昇華出来ればと思っています。
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ボーカロイドの曲やアニソンをバンドでセッションしませんか？ ライブ経験、バンド経験が無くても本格的な音響、照明のステージで歌ったり演奏したり出来ます。 初心者も大歓迎、セッションが初めてな方も大歓迎です！ ボカロ、アニソンが好きな方は是非参加希望のメールください(^o^)/ 山形市もしくは仙台市での開催になります。 現在参加者や、曲の希望を聞いている段階です。 まだ未定事項が多いですが、みなさんの参加をお待ちしております！ 出演者は２０～５０人程度。 各々で練習して、当日に合わせる形になります。 演奏したい人や歌いたい人のオフ会のようなものになるので、 演奏者同士の交流が多くなるかと思います。 もちろん見学者の参加もお待ちしております！ 小さめのライブハウスでアットホームに進めたいと思います。 コスプレもＯＫ！ 参加希望者が多ければ、ライブ後にライブハウス内での交流会や、食事会などの打ち上げも企画します（^^） 参加前の注意点 ・練習に支障が出ないように原曲キーでの演奏になります。特にボーカルの方は確認をお願いします（＞＜） ・参加までしっかり練習をする時間がとれることを確認してください。突然のキャンセルは他の参加者の迷惑となります。 ・バンド単位での参加は基本受け付けておりません。知り合い同士で参加してもそれぞれが別のグループになる可能性がありますのでご理解ください。 ・まだ参加してみたい人を集めている段階です。参加者が少ないと同じ曲を別メンバーで何回か演奏していただく場合もあります。 質問も遠慮せずどうぞ→yamagata.session@gmail.com twitter→@yamagatasession amebablog→http //profile.ameba.jp/yamagatasession/