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Conventional and Unconventional Monetary Policy Vasco Cúrdia and Michael Woodford November 2, 2009 Abstract We extend a standard New Keynesian model to incorporate heterogeneity in spending opportunities and two sources of (potentially time-varying) credit spreads, and to allow a role for the central bank’s balance sheet in equilibrium determination. We use the model to investigate the implications of imperfect financial intermediation for familiar monetary policy prescriptions, and to consider additional dimensions of central-bank policy — variations in the size and composition of the central bank’s balance sheet, and payment of interest on reserves — alongside the traditional question of the proper choice of an operating target for an overnight policy rate. We also give particular attention to the special problems that arise when the zero lower bound for the policy rate is reached. We show that it is possible to provide criteria for the choice of policy along each of these possible dimensions, within a single unified framework, and to provide policy prescriptions that apply equally when financial markets work efficiently and when they are sub ject to substantial disruptions, and equally when the zero bound is reached and when it is not a concern. 0 Introduction The recent global financial crisis has confronted central banks with a number of questions beyond the scope of many conventional accounts of the theory of monetary policy. For example, do pro jections of the paths of inflation and of aggregate real activity under some contemplated path for policy provide a sufficient basis for monetary policy decisions, or must financial conditions be given independent weight in such deliberations? (The fact that the Fed began aggressively cutting its target for the federal funds rate, in late 2007 and early 2008, while inflation was arguably increasing and real GDP was not yet known to be contracting — and has nonetheless often been criticized as responding too slowly in this period — suggests that familiar prescriptions that focus on inflation and real GDP alone, such as the Taylor (1993) rule or common accounts of “flexible inflation targeting” (Svensson, 1997), may be inadequate to circumstances of the kind recently faced.1 As a further, more specific question, how should a central bank’s interest rate policy be affected by the observation that other key interest rates no longer co-move with the policy rate (the federal funds rate, in the case of the US) in the way that they typically have in the past? (The dramatically different behavior of the LIBOR-OIS spread, shown in Figure 1, since August 2007, has drawn particular comment. Indeed, John Taylor himself (Taylor, 2008) has suggested that movements in this spread should be taken into account in an extension of his famous rule.) In addition to such new questions about traditional interest-rate policy, the very focus on interest-rate policy as the central question about monetary policy has been called into question. The explosive growth of base money in the US since September 2008 (shown in Figure 2) has led many commentators to suggest that the main instrument of US monetary policy has changed, from an interest-rate policy to one often described as “quantitative easing.” Does it make sense to regard the supply of bank reserves (or perhaps the monetary base) as an alternative or superior operating target for monetary policy? Does this (as some would argue) become the only important monetary policy decision once the overnight rate (the federal funds rate) has reached the zero lower bound, as it effectively has in the US since December 2008 (Figure 3)? And now that the Federal Reserve has legal authorization to pay interest on reserves (under the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008), how should this additional potential dimension of policy be used? The past two years have also seen dramatic developments with regard to the composition of the asset side of the Fed’s balance sheet (Figure 4). Whereas the Fed had largely held Treasury securities on its balance sheet prior to the fall of 2007, other kinds of assets — including both a variety of new “liquidity facilities” and new programs under which the Fed has essentially become a direct lender to certain sectors of the economy — have rapidly grown in importance, and decisions about the management of these programs have occupied much of the attention of policymakers during the recent period. How should one think about the aims of these programs, and the relation of this new component of Fed policy to traditional interest-rate policy? Is Federal Reserve credit policy a substitute for interest-rate policy, or should it be directed to different goals than those toward which interest- rate policy is directed? These are clearly questions that a theory of monetary policy adequate to our present circumstances must address. Yet not only have they been the focus of relatively little attention until recently, but the very models commonly used to evaluate the effects of alternative prescriptions for monetary policy have little to say about them. Many New Keynesian models abstract entirely from the role of financial intermediation in the economy (by assuming a representative household), or assume perfect risk-sharing (to facilitate aggregation), so that the consequences of financial disruptions cannot be addressed. Many models include only a single interest rate (or at any rate, only a single interest rate of a given maturity, with long rates tied to short rates through a no-arbitrage condition), and hence cannot say anything about the proper response to changes in spreads. And many models abstract entirely from the balance sheet of the central bank, so that questions about the additional dimensions of policy resulting from the possibility of varying the size and composition of the balance sheet cannot be addressed. The aim of the research summarized here is to show how issues of these kinds can be addressed in a DSGE framework. We extend a basic New Keynesian model in directions that are crucial for analysis of the questions just posed we introduce non-trivial heterogeneity in spending opportunities, so that financial intermediation matters for the allocation of resources; we introduce imperfections in private financial intermediation, and the possibility of disruptions to the efficiency of intermediation for reasons taken here as exogenous; and we introduce additional dimensions of central bank policy by explicitly considering the role of the central bank’s balance sheet in equilibrium determination, and by allowing central-bank liabilities to supply transactions services. Unlike some other recent approaches to the introduction of financial intermediation into New Keynesian DSGE models3 — which arguably include some features that allow for greater quantitative realism — our aim has been to develop a model that departs from a standard (representative-household) model in only the most minimal ways necessary to address the issues raised above. In this way, we can nest the standard (and extensively studied) model as a special case of our model, facilitating understanding of the sources of our results and the precise significance of the various new model elements that are introduced. 5 Conclusions We have shown that a canonical New Keynesian model of the monetary transmission mechanism can be extended in a fairly simple way to allow analysis of additional dimensions of central bank policy that have been at center stage during the recent global financial crisis variations in the size and composition of the central-bank balance sheet, and in the interest rate paid on reserves, alongside the traditional monetary policy issue of the choice of an operating target for the federal funds rate (or some similar overnight inter-bank rate elsewhere). We have also considered the consequences for monetary policy analysis both of non-zero credit spreads all of the time and of financial disruptions that greatly increase the size of those spreads for a period of time, and we have also considered the consequences of the fact the zero lower bound for short-term nominal interest rates is sometimes a binding constraint on interest-rate policy. One of our most important conclusions is that these issues can be ad- dressed in a framework that represents a straightforward extension of the kind of model often used for monetary policy analysis in the past. This allows both the considerations emphasized in the traditional literature and the more novel considerations brought to the fore by recent events to be taken into account, within a single coherent framework. This integration is particularly important, in our view, for clear thinking about the way in which the transition from the current emergency policy regime to a more normal policy framework should be handled, as financial conditions normalize. Because of the importance of expectations regarding future policy in determining market outcomes now, we believe that clarity about “exit strategy” is important for the success of policy even during periods of severe disruption of financial markets. Another important implication of our model is that interest-rate policy should continue to be a central focus of monetary policy deliberations, despite the existence of the other dimensions of policy discussed here, and despite the existence of time-varying credit frictions that complicate the relationship between the central bank’s policy rate and financial conditions more broadly. While welfare can also be affected by reserve-supply policy, we have argued that this dimension of policy should be determined by a simple principle that does not require any discretionary adjustments in light of changing economic conditions intermediaries should be satiated in reserves at all times, by maintaining an interest rate on reserves at or close to the current target for the policy rate. And while welfare can similarly be affected by central-bank credit policy, to the extent that non-trivial credit frictions exist, we nonetheless believe that under normal circumstances, a corner solution (“Treasuries only”) is likely to represent the optimal composition of the central-bank balance sheet, so that decisions about active credit policy will be necessary only under relatively unusual circumstances, and it will be desirable to phase out special credit programs relatively rapidly after the disturbances that have justified their introduction. We thus do not anticipate that it should be necessary to make state-contingent adjustments of central-bank policy along multiple dimensions as an ongoing affair, even if recent events suggest that it is desirable for central banks to have the power to act along additional dimensions under sufficiently exigent circumstances. Finally, our results suggest that the traditional emphasis in interest-rate policy deliberations on the consequences of monetary policy for the pro jected evolution of inflation and aggregate real activity is not mistaken, even taking into account the consequences for the monetary transmission mechanism of time-varying credit frictions. At least in the context of the simple model of credit frictions proposed here, optimal interest-rate policy can be characterized to a reasonable degree of approximation by a target criterion that involves the paths of inflation and of an appropriately defined output gap, but no other endogenous target variables. This does not mean that central banks should remain indifferent toward changes in financial conditions; to the contrary, credit spreads (and perhaps other measures of financial market distortions as well) should be closely monitored, and taken into account in judging the forward path of interest-rate policy necessary for conformity with the target criterion; but financial variables need not be taken themselves as targets of monetary policy. The main respect in which the appropriate target criterion for interest-rate policy should be modified to take account of the possibility of financial disruptions is by aiming at a target path for the price level (ideally, for an output-gap-adjusted price level), rather than for a target rate of inflation looking forward, as a forward-looking inflation target accommodates a permanent decline in the price level after a period of one-sided target misses due to a binding zero lower bound on interest rates. Our analysis implies that a credible commitment to the right kind of “exit strategy” should substantially improve the ability of monetary policy to deal with the unusual challenges posed by a binding zero lower bound during a deep financial crisis, and to the extent that this is true, the development of an integrated framework for policy deliberations, suitable both for crisis periods and for more normal times, is a matter of considerable urgency for the world’s central banks. References [1] Auerbach, Alan J., and Maurice Obstfeld, “The Case for Open-Market Purchases in a Liquidity Trap,” American Economic Review 95 110-137 (2005). [2] Benigno, Pierpaolo, and Michael Woodford, “Inflation Stabilization And Welfare The Case Of a Distorted Steady State,” Journal of the European Economic Association 3 1185-1236 (2005). [3] Bernanke, Ben S., “The Crisis and the Policy Response,” Stamp Lecture, London School of Economics, January 13, 2009. [Text available at http //www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/bernanke20090113a.htm] [4] Christiano, Lawrence J., Roberto Motto, and Massimo Rostagno, “Financial Factors in Business Cycles,” unpublished, Northwestern University, November 2007. [5] Clarida, Richard, Jordi Gali and Mark Gertler, “The Science of Monetary Policy A New Keynesian Perspective,” Journal of Economic Literature 37 1661-1707 (1999). [6] C´urdia, Vasco, and Michael Woodford, “Credit Frictions and Optimal Monetary Policy,” unpublished, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, July 2009a. [7] C´urdia, Vasco, and Michael Woodford, “Credit Spreads and Monetary Policy,” NBER working paper no. 15289, August 2009. [8] Eggertsson, Gauti B., and Michael Woodford, “The Zero Bound on Interest Rates and Optimal Monetary Policy,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2003 1, pp. 139-211. [9] Faia, Ester, and Tommaso Monacelli, “Optimal Interest-Rate Rules, Asset Prices, and Credit Frictions,” Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 31 3228-3254 (2007). [10] Friedman, Milton, “The Optimum Quantity of Money,” in The Optimum Quantity of Money and Other Essays, Chicago Aldine, 1969.
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LuntBuild,dJunit連携 設定ではまったのでメモを残しておきます。 （まだ最後まで動いてないのでうそがあるかもしれません。） eclipseからdJunit動かすとメモリが足りなくて落ちる。 →Antでタスクで動かせばOK? LuntBuidでAntキックして、自動的かつ頻繁ににレグレッションテストを走らせたい。 （バージョンアップ改修で改修箇所が結構大規模なので） プロジェクトメンバーのタスクとしてカバレッジを意識してもらい、テストもれをなくしたい。 等の理由でLuntBuild＋DJunitを考えた。 その中でいくつか問題が出たので、メモに残す。 使用バージョンは LuntBuild 1.6.0 dJunit 0.8.4 ASMのjarは重複させてはならない（かも） build.xmlを作成し実行すると [djunit] Caused by java.lang.NoSuchMethodError jp.co.dgic.testing.common.asm.AsmClassReader.accept(Lorg/objectweb/asm/ClassVisitor;I)V [djunit] at jp.co.dgic.testing.common.asm3x.AsmClassReader3x.accept(AsmClassReader3x.java 22) [djunit] at jp.co.dgic.testing.common.AsmClassModifier.getModifiedClass(AsmClassModifier.java 51) このようなエラーが発生。 クラスパスの設定等色々調べたが、どうやら、libのjarに他の物が入っているとエラーになるらしい。 というか外したらエラーが解消。 bulid.xml中では djunit タグのasmversionが記述されていないとデフォルトは3になるらしい。 ので、指定しているビルドパスのlibディレクトリから asm-2.2.1.jarとasm-1.5.3.jarを取り除き asm-3.1.jarとasm-attrs-1.5.3.jar（いらないかも）を残して動かした。 実際にbulderを作成し、djunitのantScriptを記述し、テストを走らせると 以下のようなエラーが発生し、テストがうまく通らない。 ESSR0060]クラス(xxx.xxxxxx.Xxxxxx)のメソッド(init)の設定に失敗しました。 理由はorg.seasar.dao.MethodSetupFailureRuntimeException [EDAO0019]xxx.dao.XxxxxxDaoのsearchXxxxxxxNoメソッドの初期化時に例外が発生しました。 理由はorg.seasar.extension.jdbc.ColumnNotFoundRuntimeException [ESSR0068]テーブル(xxxxxxx)のカラム(xxxxxxxId)が見つかりません エラーの内容からDB接続やdiconファイルを頑張ってみていたら原因は結局 DAOが食っている、sqlファイルがなかったというのが原因だった。 エラーメッセージが悪いなぁ。 コピータスクで忘れずにコピーしてやると正常に動作した。 antで記述しているので、コンパイル後のソースは自動的にtoDirにコピーされるが sqlファイルや、propertiesファイル等はコピーされない。 ここを忘れずにちゃんとコピーしてやらないと、テストの時に意味不明のエラーになることが多い。 気をつけないと。 dJunitのレポートがちゃんと出ない dJunitのカバレッジレポートでソースは表示されてるんだけど lineが全部0でlineカバレッジ100％になってしまう問題 build.xmlの中身の問題だと思われる。 djunitのWebページ（整理されてなくて見ずらい。。。） のサンプルを取ってきてそちらを参考に手直し。 Webページに直接書いてある形だと駄目だった。 djunit printsummary="yes" targetSrcDir="${src.main}" coverage="yes" だけにするとカバレッジレポートが正常に出力された。 showoutput="yes"とdir="./hoge" とか余分なものを削除。 詳細は謎。 どうやらjcoverage.serが正しく更新されないようです。 → 2009/08/17 eclipseでもdjunitを使っていて、 こちらのtest時に作成されたjcoverage.serが上書きされていた事が原因な可能性あり。 変に更新されていて上書きできなかったかな？ .svnignoreに追加するようにする antがOutOfMemoryで途中で失敗になってしまう問題 antを動かすサーバの環境変数でantのメモリを増やしてやる。 ant.batって実行部分が "%_JAVACMD%" %ANT_OPTS% -classpath ～ほにゃらら と記述されてるんだけど ANT_OPTSって変数はbatの中では定義されてない。 ということで定義してやればよい。 環境変数か、batの中で ANT_OPTSの値を -Xms256m -Xmx256m 等として回避する。
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JUSTAのGM 真ボス。 JUSTAのゲームマスター。 大きな眼が特徴。初期形態の本体の下のまぶたに COM~OLLY(判読できず。情報提供して～) GM 4095 CFL の刻印がある。 本体に最初に付いている3つの丸いビットには 「MASTERPIECEOFGAME」と円形に隙間なく書かれている。 「PIECEOFGAMEMASTER」が正しいのかは不明。 画面上のウィンドウからラジルギのザコキャラを呼び出す。 出てくるのはブルーマンデー、シックドックなど。 タダヨによると 「ジャスタのGMを倒し、さきに進むとカオスフィールド移住計画の実験体にされる」とのこと。 タイトルデモの「適性をみるためのテスト」とは、 「カギを集めてジャスタのGMを倒したもの」 に適性があるものと思われる。 「ゲームマスターの向こう側」は実験台としての運命を指すか。
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Squad Leader instructions (FRAGO) Instructions are called long FRAGO squad. Stands FRAGmented Order. A target has been specified in FRAGO facilities are enclosed by white box icon. Repair and Defence issued a statement that the captain, pointing to the target of the attack. This around and you can receive double the bonus Experience point. The length directions of the squad out there actively FRAGO sense. instructions Squad Leader (FRAGO), we better make sure to follow. FRAGO default (burning towers, cooling towers, default alphabet) around always comes with a bonus experience without issuing even a FRAGO out. Squad Leader is a non-default location FRAGO 出Shimashou the time. In addition, it will automatically be changed to achieve the goals and default FRAGO FRAGO. Try to give back to a different location FRAGO. Captain of the other commands ※ "jamming" while being put out to use the basic FRAGO. When we act together with their clan members or Squad Leader.
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#ref error ：ご指定のページがありません。ページ名を確認して再度指定してください。 Enchanting #ref error ：ご指定のページがありません。ページ名を確認して再度指定してください。 Enchanting [#xb7f6a33] レシピ [#z272bcd3] Enchanting FAQ v1.20 [#c92e2c1a] EnchantingはどのようなProfessionか [#j87acc6e] Enchantingの利点 [#tfaceb9a] Enchantingの欠点 [#j973d29c] Disenchantって何？ [#id43ead3] コンポーネントとは？ [#c9d173e1] これらのコンポーネントに法則はあるか [#kd637b59] では、スキル1で最高レベルのEncahnt用コンポーネントを得られるのか。 [#l26cd180] Lesser magic essenceをGreater magic essenceにできるって聞いたけど？ [#rd50f9aa] "Rod"の効果は？ [#q90edae5] 実際に何か物を作れる？ [#w46e7b46] Groupにいるとき、私はGreen/BlueアイテムをDisenchantのためにRollしてよいか？ [#u8cba665] Enchanterで金持ちになれる？ [#eb10c754] Enchantの価値をどのように知ることができますか？ [#qeef0c41] 何が良く売れますか？ [#l814640e] 複数のEnchantを同じItemにつけれますか？ [#re8f1cf7] このFAQ致命的に長いのだけど？ [#h171c18b] マゾヒズムをTrainした。Enchantingのことね。で、どうすりゃいいのさ？ [#t78ca519] 低レベルのEnchanterのためにTipsはあるか？ [#dc7a5c12] どんなClassでもEnchanterになれるか？ [#ib877b9e] SoulboundアイテムもEnchant可能？ [#e06ac40c] SoulboundアイテムはDisenchant可能？ [#lbb90e54] Enchantは何かをSoulboundにするか？ [#uaab5d49] Enchantingに要求されるレベルはあるか [#q3dd22ac] Skillを十分Trainしたけど、次のTrainerはどこ？ [#m8bd6301] Enchantingの他にどのProfessionを習うべきか? [#v00494e5] EnchantのGlowはどんな感じ？ [#y49ba3fb] RareなWeapon Enchantはどんな効果があるか [#te9eca99] Enchantの値段は? [#q175f365] では材料の値段は？ [#oa4d94d7] 質問に答えて！ [#i51f7889] Enchanterが入れるべきUI Modは？ [#g9088a2b] Other links [#x8df7ce9] レシピ データはThottbotとAllakhazamから。 ThottbotのSkill値おかしいので検証要。 http //www.thottbot.com/index.cgi?t=Enchanting http //wow.allakhazam.com/dyn/skills/skillline333.html 効果は私が覚えたところまで(w レシピ名に*つきのものはFormulaが必要。 必要スキル レシピ カテゴリ 効果 Components Requires Green Grey 0 Ruined Copper Rod Rod 初級Enchantに必要 1x Copper Rod 1x Strange Dust 1x Lesser Magic Essence 5 10 0 Disenchant Disenchant Green以上の品質のItemからComponentを得る 20 60 15 Enchant Bracer - Minor Health Enchant BracerにHealth+5 1x Strange Dust Runed Copper Rod 70 110 15 Enchant Chest - Minor Health Enchant ChestにHealth+5 1x Strange Dust Runed Copper Rod 70 110 10 Lesser Magic Wand Wand 1x Simple Wood 1x Lesser Magic Essence Runed Copper Rod 75 115 20 Enchant Bracer - Minor Deflection Enchant BracerにDef+1 1x Lesser Magic Essence 1x Strange Dust Runed Copper Rod 80 120 20 Enchant Chest - Minor Mana* Enchant ChestにMana+5 1x Lesser Magic Essence Runed Copper Rod 80 120 40 Enchant Chest - Minor Absorption Enchant ChestにDamage軽減(10) 2x Strange Dust 1x Lesser Magic Essence Runed Copper Rod 90 130 45 Enchant Cloak - Minor Resistance Enchant CloakにResist All+1 1x Strange Dust 2x Lesser Magic Essence Runed Copper Rod 95 135 50 Enchant Bracer - Minor Stamina Enchant BracerにStamina+1 3x Strange Dust Runed Copper Rod 100 140 60 Enchant Bracer - Minor Spirit* Enchant BracerにSpirit+1 2x Lesser Magic Essence Runed Copper Rod 105 145 60 Enchant Chest - Lesser Health Enchant ChestにHealth+15 2x Strange Dust 2x Lesser Magic Essence Runed Copper Rod 105 145 91 Enchant Cloak - Minor Protection* Enchant 3x Strange Dust 1x Greater Magic Essence Runed Copper Rod 110 150 91 Greater Magic Wand Wand 1x Simple Wood 1x Greater Magic Essence Runed Copper Rod 110 150 80 Enchant Bracer - Minor Agility Enchant BracerにAgility+1 2x Strange Dust 1x Greater Magic Essence Runed Copper Rod 115 155 80 Enchant Bracer - Minor Strength* Enchant BracerにStrength+1 5x Strange Dust Runed Copper Rod 115 155 80 Enchant Chest - Lesser Mana* Enchant ChestにMana+15 1x Greater Magic Essence 1x Lesser Magic Essence Runed Copper Rod 115 155 90 Enchant Weapon - Minor Beastslayer* Enchant Melee系WeaponにBeast系への追加ダメージ+2 4x Strange Dust 2x Greater Magic Essence Runed Copper Rod 120 160 90 Enchant Weapon - Minor Striking Enchant Melee系Weaponに追加ダメージ+1 2x Strange Dust 1x Greater Magic Essence 1x Small Glimmering Shard Runed Copper Rod 120 160 100 Enchant 2H Weapon - Lesser Intellect* Enchant 3x Greater Magic Essence Runed Copper Rod 130 170 100 Enchant 2H Weapon - Minor Impact Enchant 4x Strange Dust 1x Small Glimmering Shard Runed Copper Rod 130 170 105 Enchant Shield - Minor Stamina Enchant 1x Lesser Astral Essence 2x Strange Dust Runed Copper Rod 130 170 100 Runed Silver Rod Rod 1x Silver Rod 6x Strange Dust 3x Greater Magic Essence 1x Shadowgem 130 170 110 Enchant 2H Weapon - Lesser Spirit* Enchant 1x Lesser Astral Essence 6x Strange Dust Runed Copper Rod 135 175 110 Enchant Cloak - Minor Agility* Enchant 1x Lesser Astral Essence Runed Copper Rod 135 175 115 Enchant Cloak - Lesser Protection Enchant 6x Strange Dust 1x Small Glimmering Shard Runed Copper Rod 140 180 115 Enchant Shield - Lesser Protection* Enchant 1x Lesser Astral Essence 1x Strange Dust 1x Small Glimmering Shard Runed Silver Rod 140 180 120 Enchant Bracer - Lesser Spirit* Enchant 2x Lesser Astral Essence Runed Silver Rod 145 185 120 Enchant Chest - Health Enchant 4x Strange Dust 1x Lesser Astral Essence Runed Silver Rod 145 185 125 Enchant Boots - Minor Agility* Enchant 6x Strange Dust 2x Lesser Astral Essence Runed Silver Rod 150 190 125 Enchant Boots - Minor Stamina* Enchant 8x Strange Dust Runed Silver Rod 150 190 125 Enchant Cloak - Lesser Fire Resistance Enchant 1x Fire Oil 1x Lesser Astral Essence Runed Silver Rod 150 190 130 Enchant Bracer - Lesser Stamina Enchant 2x Soul Dust Runed Silver Rod 155 195 130 Enchant Shield - Lesser Spirit Enchant 2x Lesser Astral Essence 4x Strange Dust Runed Silver Rod 155 195 135 Enchant Cloak - Lesser Shadow Resistance* Enchant 1x Greater Astral Essence 1x Shadow Protection Potion Runed Silver Rod 160 200 140 Enchant Bracer - Lesser Strength* Enchant 2x Soul Dust Runed Silver Rod 165 205 140 Enchant Chest - Lesser Absorption Enchant 2x Strange Dust 1x Greater Astral Essence 1x Large Glimmering Shard Runed Silver Rod 165 205 140 Enchant Weapon - Lesser Striking Enchant 2x Soul Dust 1x Large Glimmering Shard Runed Silver Rod 165 205 145 Enchant 2H Weapon - Lesser Impact Enchant 3x Soul Dust 1x Large Glimmering Shard Runed Silver Rod 170 210 145 Enchant Chest - Mana Enchant 1x Greater Astral Essence 2x Lesser Astral Essence Runed Silver Rod 170 210 145 Enchant Gloves - Fishing* Enchant 1x Soul Dust 3x Blackmouth Oil Runed Silver Rod 170 210 145 Enchant Gloves - Herbalism* Enchant 1x Soul Dust 3x Kingsblood Runed Silver Rod 170 210 145 Enchant Gloves - Mining* Enchant 1x Soul Dust 3x Iron Ore Runed Silver Rod 170 210 150 Enchant Bracer - Lesser Intellect Enchant 2x Greater Astral Essence Runed Silver Rod 175 215 150 Enchant Chest - Minor Stats Enchant 1x Greater Astral Essence 1x Soul Dust 1x Large Glimmering Shard Runed Silver Rod 175 215 155 Enchant Cloak - Defense Enchant 1x Small Glowing Shard 3x Soul Dust Runed Golden Rod 175 215 155 Enchant Shield - Lesser Stamina Enchant 1x Lesser Mystic Essence 1x Soul Dust Runed Golden Rod 175 215 155 Lesser Mystic Wand Wand 1x Star Wood 1x Lesser Mystic Essence 1x Soul Dust Runed Golden Rod 175 215 150 Runed Golden Rod Rod 1x Golden Rod 1x Iridescent Pearl 2x Greater Astral Essence 2x Soul Dust 175 215 160 Enchant Boots - Lesser Agility Enchant 1x Soul Dust 1x Lesser Mystic Essence Runed Golden Rod 180 220 160 Enchant Chest - Greater Health Enchant 3x Soul Dust Runed Golden Rod 180 220 165 Enchant Bracer - Spirit Enchant 1x Lesser Mystic Essence Runed Golden Rod 185 225 170 Enchant Boots - Lesser Stamina Enchant 4x Soul Dust Runed Golden Rod 190 230 170 Enchant Bracer - Lesser Deflection* Enchant 1x Lesser Mystic Essence 2x Soul Dust Runed Golden Rod 190 230 170 Enchant Bracer - Stamina Enchant 6x Soul Dust Runed Golden Rod 190 230 175 Enchant Cloak - Fire Resistance Enchant 1x Lesser Mystic Essence 1x Elemental Fire Runed Golden Rod 195 235 175 Enchant Weapon - Lesser Beastslayer* Enchant 1x Lesser Mystic Essence 2x Large Fang 1x Small Glowing Shard Runed Golden Rod 195 235 175 Enchant Weapon - Lesser Elemental Slayer* Enchant 1x Lesser Mystic Essence 1x Elemental Earth 1x Small Glowing Shard Runed Golden Rod 195 235 175 Greater Mystic Wand Enchant 1x Star Wood 1x Greater Mystic Essence 1x Vision Dust Runed Golden Rod 195 235 180 Enchant Bracer - Strength Enchant 1x Vision Dust Runed Golden Rod 200 240 180 Enchant Shield - Spirit Enchant 1x Greater Mystic Essence 1x Vision Dust Runed Golden Rod 200 240 185 Enchant Chest - Greater Mana Enchant 1x Greater Mystic Essence Runed Golden Rod 205 245 190 Enchant Boots - Lesser Spirit* Enchant 1x Greater Mystic Essence 2x Lesser Mystic Essence Runed Golden Rod 210 250 195 Enchant Shield - Lesser Block* Enchant 2x Greater Mystic Essence 2x Vision Dust 1x Large Glowing Shard Runed Golden Rod 215 255 195 Enchant Weapon - Striking Enchant 2x Greater Mystic Essence 1x Large Glowing Shard Runed Golden Rod 215 255 200 Enchant 2H Weapon - Impact Enchant 4x Vision Dust 1x Large Glowing Shard Runed Golden Rod 220 260 200 Enchant Chest - Lesser Stats Enchant 2x Greater Mystic Essence 2x Vision Dust 1x Large Glowing Shard Runed Golden Rod 220 260 200 Enchant Gloves - Skinning* Enchant 1x Vision Dust 3x Green Whelp Scale Runed Golden Rod 220 260 200 Runed Truesilver Rod Rod 1x Truesilver Rod 1x Black Pearl 2x Greater Mystic Essence 2x Vision Dust 220 260 205 Enchant Cloak - Greater Defense Enchant 3x Vision Dust Runed Truesilver Rod 225 265 205 Enchant Cloak - Resistance Enchant 1x Lesser Nether Essence Runed Truesilver Rod 225 265 210 Enchant Bracer - Intellect Enchant 2x Lesser Nether Essence Runed Truesilver Rod 230 270 210 Enchant Gloves - Agility Enchant 1x Lesser Nether Essence 1x Vision Dust Runed Truesilver Rod 230 270 210 Enchant Shield - Stamina* Enchant 5x Vision Dust Runed Truesilver Rod 230 270 215 Enchant Boots - Stamina Enchant 5x Vision Dust Runed Truesilver Rod 235 275 215 Enchant Gloves - Advanced Mining* Enchant 3x Vision Dust 3x Truesilver Bar Runed Truesilver Rod 235 275 220 Enchant Bracer - Greater Spirit* Enchant 3x Lesser Nether Essence 1x Vision Dust Runed Truesilver Rod 240 280 220 Enchant Chest - Superior Health Enchant 6x Vision Dust Runed Truesilver Rod 240 280 225 Enchant Boots - Minor Speed Enchant 1x Small Radiant Shard 1x Aquamarine 1x Lesser Nether Essence Runed Truesilver Rod 245 285 225 Enchant Cloak - Lesser Agility* Enchant 2x Lesser Nether Essence Runed Truesilver Rod 245 285 225 Enchant Gloves - Advanced Herbalism* Enchant 3x Vision Dust 3x Sungrass Runed Truesilver Rod 245 285 225 Enchant Gloves - Strength Enchant 2x Lesser Nether Essence 3x Vision Dust Runed Truesilver Rod 245 285 230 Enchant Chest - Superior Mana Enchant 1x Greater Nether Essence 2x Lesser Nether Essence Runed Truesilver Rod 250 290 230 Enchant Shield - Greater Spirit Enchant 1x Greater Nether Essence 2x Dream Dust Runed Truesilver Rod 250 290 230 Enchant Weapon - Demonslaying* Enchant 1x Small Radiant Shard 2x Dream Dust 1x Elixir of Demonslaying Runed Truesilver Rod 250 290 250 Enchanted Leather Trade Goods 1x Rugged Leather 1x Lesser Eternal Essence Runed Truesilver Rod 250 260 250 Enchanted Thorium Trade Goods 1x Thorium Bar 3x Dream Dust Runed Truesilver Rod 250 260 235 Enchant Boots - Agility Enchant 2x Greater Nether Essence Runed Truesilver Rod 255 295 235 Enchant Bracer - Deflection* Enchant 1x Greater Nether Essence 2x Dream Dust Runed Truesilver Rod 255 295 235 Enchant Shield - Frost Reflection* Enchant 1x Rugged Leather 1x Lesser Eternal Essence Runed Truesilver Rod 255 295 240 Enchant 2H Weapon - Greater Impact Enchant 2x Large Radiant Shard 2x Dream Dust Runed Truesilver Rod 260 300 240 Enchant Bracer - Greater Strength Enchant 2x Dream Dust 1x Greater Nether Essence Runed Truesilver Rod 260 300 245 Enchant Bracer - Greater Stamina* Enchant 5x Dream Dust Runed Truesilver Rod 265 305 245 Enchant Chest - Stats Enchant 1x Large Radiant Shard 3x Dream Dust 2x Greater Nether Essence Runed Truesilver Rod 265 305 245 Enchant Weapon - Greater Striking Enchant 2x Large Radiant Shard 2x Greater Nether Essence Runed Truesilver Rod 265 305 250 Enchant Gloves - Minor Haste Enchant 2x Large Radiant Shard 2x Wildvine Runed Truesilver Rod 270 310 250 Enchant Gloves - Riding Skill* Enchant 2x Large Radiant Shard 3x Dream Dust Runed Truesilver Rod 270 310 Enchant Bracer - Greater Intellect Enchant 3x Lesser Eternal Essence Runed Truesilver Rod 275 315 260 Enchant Boots - Greater Stamina* Enchant 10x Dream Dust Runed Truesilver Rod 280 320 265 Enchant Cloak - Greater Resistance* Enchant 2x Lesser Eternal Essence 1x Heart of Fire 1x Core of Earth 1x Globe of Water 1x Breath of Wind 1x Ichor of Undeath Runed Truesilver Rod 285 325 265 Enchant Shield - Greater Stamina* Enchant 10x Dream Dust Runed Truesilver Rod 285 325 265 Enchant Weapon - Fiery Weapon* Enchant 4x Small Radiant Shard 1x Essence of Fire Runed Truesilver Rod 285 325 265 Smoking Heart of the Mountain* Misc 1x Blood of the Mountain 1x Essence of Fire 3x Small Brilliant Shard Runed Truesilver Rod 285 325 270 Enchant Bracer - Superior Spirit* Enchant 3x Lesser Eternal Essence 10x Dream Dust Runed Truesilver Rod 290 330 Enchant Gloves - Greater Agility Enchant 3x Lesser Eternal Essence 3x Illusion Dust Runed Truesilver Rod 290 330 275 Enchant Boots - Spirit* Enchant 2x Greater Eternal Essence 1x Lesser Eternal Essence Runed Truesilver Rod 295 335 275 Enchant Chest - Major Health* Enchant 6x Illusion Dust 1x Small Brilliant Shard Runed Truesilver Rod 295 335 Enchant Shield - Superior Spirit Enchant 2x Greater Eternal Essence 4x Illusion Dust ? 300 340 285 Enchant Cloak - Superior Defense* Enchant 8x Illusion Dust ? 305 345 285 Enchant Weapon - Icy Chill* Enchant 4x Small Brilliant Shard 1x Essence of Water 1x Essence of Air 1x Icecap ? 305 345 Enchant Chest - Major Mana Enchant 3x Greater Eternal Essence 1x Small Brilliant Shard ? 310 350 290 Runed Arcanite Rod* Rod 1x Arcanite Rod 1x Golden Pearl 10x Illusion Dust 4x Greater Eternal Essence 4x Small Brilliant Shard 2x Large Brilliant Shard 310 350 Enchant 2H Weapon - Superior Impact Enchant 4x Large Brilliant Shard 10x Illusion Dust ? 315 355 295 Enchant Boots - Greater Agility* Enchant 8x Greater Eternal Essence ? 315 355 Enchant Bracer - Superior Strength Enchant 6x Illusion Dust 6x Greater Eternal Essence ? 315 355 295 Enchant Gloves - Greater Strength Enchant 4x Greater Eternal Essence 4x Illusion Dust ? 315 355 Enchant Weapon - Unholy Weapon Enchant 4x Large Brilliant Shard 4x Essence of Undeath ? 315 355 Enchant 2H Weapon - Major Intellect Enchant 12x Greater Eternal Essence 2x Large Brilliant Shard ? 320 360 Enchant 2H Weapon - Major Spirit Enchant 12x Greater Eternal Essence 2x Large Brilliant Shard ? 320 360 300 Enchant Bracer - Superior Stamina* Enchant 15x Illusion Dust ? 320 360 Enchant Chest - Greater Stats Enchant 4x Large Brilliant Shard 15x Illusion Dust 10x Greater Eternal Essence ? 320 360 300 Enchant Weapon - Crusader* Enchant 4x Large Brilliant Shard 2x Righteous Orb ? 320 360 Enchant Weapon - Lifestealing Enchant 6x Large Brilliant Shard 6x Essence of Undeath 6x Living Essence ? 320 360 Enchant Weapon - Superior Striking Enchant 2x Large Brilliant Shard 10x Greater Eternal Essence ? 320 360 Enchanting FAQ v1.20 http //forums.worldofwarcraft.com/thread.aspx?fn=wow-professions=105145より。 公式のEnchantの定義 http //www.worldofwarcraft.com/info/professions/enchanting.html EnchantingはどのようなProfessionか Primaryであり、Primary Professionから2種類を選択して習うことしかできない(Unlearnは可能)。 Service依存に分類され、なんら生産するものではなく、既に存在するものにEnchantするものである。 Enchantingの利点 良いItemをよりよくすることができる。Statを追加したり、Defenseを上げたり、Effectを追加したり。Weaponに対しては、見た目にパーティクル効果も追加される。 Enchantingの欠点 Enchantに必要とするコンポーネントのほとんどを得るために、GreenかBlueのItemをDisenchantする必要がある。 Enchantingはサービスであり、Auction Houseで売ることができない。Trade Channelなどで交渉する必要がある。 良い効果を得るにはよりよい、高価な装備をDisenchantする必要がある。まぁ貧乏生活になるでしょう。 Disenchantって何？ Trainerに習うとすぐ使えるようになる。特に制約はないのでLevel1でさえ、Level50のItemをEnchantingコンポーネントにすることができる。 コンポーネントとは？ Enchantingを行うのに必要なコンポーネントが存在する。コンポーネントは4種類のカテゴリに分類される。 Dusts Essences Shards Misc これらのコンポーネントに法則はあるか ArmorをDisenchantするとほとんどの場合Dustが、WeaponをDisenchantした場合Essense、まれにShardが得られる。 Dust / Essence Level 1-10 strange dust/lesser magic essenceがが少量 Level 11-15 strange dust/greater magic essenceが複数 Level 16-20 strange dust/lesser astral essenceが複数 Level 21-25 soul dust/greater astral essenceが少量 Level 26-30 soul dust/lesser mystic essenceが複数 Level 31-35 vision dust/greater mystic essenceが少量 Level 36-40 soul dust/lesser nether essenceが複数 Level 41-45 dream dust/greater nether essence少量 Level 46-50 dream dust/lesser eternal essenceが複数 Level 51-55 illusion dust/greater eternal essenceが少量 Level 56-60 illusion dust/greater eternal essenceが複数 Shards Blue itemはShard1つ、Purpleのものは複数のShardになる。 Level 1-20 Small glimmering Level 21-25 Large glimmering Level 26-30 Small glowing Level 31-35 Large glowing Level 36-40 Small radiant Level 41-45 Large radiant Level 46-50 Small brilliant Level 51-60 Large brilliant では、スキル1で最高レベルのEncahnt用コンポーネントを得られるのか。 答えはYES。しかしながら当然、そのコンポーネントを利用するためにはEnchantingスキルを必要なだけ上げる必要がある。 100程度で、Shardが必要となるレシピを利用可能になる。その後、magic essenseの代わりにastral essenseが必要となるというように、Enchantスキルによって徐々に必要となるコンポーネントが移行する。 英語Wikiと実際にやってみたらDisenchantにもアイテムのLvに合わせて 相応のスキルが必要です。詳細は下記の通り。 1 Level 1-20 25 Level 20-25 50 Level 25-30 75 Level 30-35 100 Level 35-40 125 Level 40-45 150 Level 45-50 175 Level 50-55 200 Level 55-60 225 Level 58-63 (BC items) 275 Level 64+ 300 Level 70 Epic http //www.wowwiki.com/Enchanting Lesser magic essenceをGreater magic essenceにできるって聞いたけど？ EssenceはTierごとにLesserとGreaterの2種類が存在する。Greater essenseはLesserを3つCombine(Stackを右クリックでUse)することで得られる。スペースの節約になはるでしょ？逆にGreater magic essenceを右クリックすることでLesser magic essence3つになる。 "Rod"の効果は？ 触媒のようなものだが、Enchantしても消費されない。これはBlacksmithなどによってしか手に入れることはできない。Trainerからレシピを入手し、Enchantすることで入手できる。 大体50スキルごとに、Copper,Silverと要求されるRodの種類が変わる。 実際に何か物を作れる？ Yes.enchanterはwandもつくれる。但し、拾えるものと比べて大してよいものではない。wandはinstanceを探検し始めてよいDropを得るまで便利。 Groupにいるとき、私はGreen/BlueアイテムをDisenchantのためにRollしてよいか？ これは非常に白熱した議論がなされている話題だ。我々は売るためではないとしても、Enchantを売ったり（訳注：ウレネェよ）Skill上げというProfitを得る。 EnchanterはProfessionで要求するため、アイテムを得られるべきだと考えがちだが、それはUnfairである。私はPickup Groupにおいては、すべての必要とされないItemはAll Rollとすることのみが、Fairであると考える。 Guildグループでは、また異なる話だろう。 Enchanterで金持ちになれる？ あ〜、まぁ、Levelが高ければ、なれるかも(訳注 RareのRecipi持ってても儲けは出ません。触媒売ったほうが益でます)。 90を超えると、GlowのためにEnchantの需要があります。 250を超えるまでは、Enchant役に立たないでしょう。それを超えると、GlowはよりCoolになり、Statusも異なってくるでしょう。 Enchantの価値をどのように知ることができますか？ 良い観点での質問ですね。コンポーネントをEbayしちゃだめよ(誤訳)。 まぁAuction価格をTrackしておくと良いでしょう。それが基準となります。 何が良く売れますか？ Minor beast slayerが最初に武器にできるEnchantで、よい金稼ぎになるでしょう。 Formula（レシピ）を手に入れるまでできません（MobからランダムDropします）。見た目がCoolなEffectは需要が多いですから。 (訳注 Perticle=きらきら光るEffect、Glow=ぼんやり光るEffectね。どうでもいいけど。) 複数のEnchantを同じItemにつけれますか？ No.１つのアイテムには１つのCrafted abilityだけがつけれます。Crafted abilityにはほかのProfessionを含みます。たとえば、Leatherworkingのarmor patchとか、blacksmithingのshield spikeとか。 したがって、もしenchantをするときにほかのものがついていたら、置き換えてよいか確認すべきです。 このFAQ致命的に長いのだけど？ そうね。私はType好きだし。 (訳注：私は好きではないのだが・・・こういうのDropしていいですか？) マゾヒズムをTrainした。Enchantingのことね。で、どうすりゃいいのさ？ まずEnchantingコンポーネントを貯める必要があります。Vendorに行ってDustを買うか、greenのarmor/weaponをDisenchantしなさい。 （訳注：Dustは8spでVendor売り。Auctionでもっと安いGreenを買ったほうがマシ。DisenchantはPキーを押してGeneral Abilityにある、）Pキーを押して、Enchantingをクリックしてください。 レシピを選択してEnchantボタンを押し、Enchantしたいアイテムをクリックします。 他人のSoulboundアイテムにEnchantするときは、TradeWindowのWill not be tradedにあるアイテムをクリックすることで、Trade完了時にEnchantすることができます。 低レベルのEnchanterのためにTipsはあるか？ Yes!まず40くらいまでは、Disenchantをすることであげなさい。50を超えたら、DisenchantではSkillはあがりません。したがって、すべてのコンポーネントは確保しておき、もっとも コスト効果の高いレシピでSkill upをしなさい。 どんなClassでもEnchanterになれるか？ YES.Dropに依存するので、Enchanterになるのは誰でも簡単。 (訳注：Professionを2つ習っていない人はとりあえずEnchantを取得しておくのもよいでしょう。SoulBoundのアイテムは壊すかVendorに売るしかできず、大した値段がつきません。Disenchantはスキル値に関係なく可能なのでSoulboundアイテムを触媒にし、友人にあげるなりAuctionに出したほうがお買い得になります。) SoulboundアイテムもEnchant可能？ YES.Tradeウィンドウのカスタマー側、will not be tradedスロットにあるアイテムをEnchantすればよい。 SoulboundアイテムはDisenchant可能？ 自分のInventoryにあるSoulboundアイテムはDisenchantできる。 他人のものはDisenchantできない。。 Enchantは何かをSoulboundにするか？ No. Enchantingに要求されるレベルはあるか Apprentice - level 5. Journeyman - level 10. Expert - level 20. Artisan - level 35. (Thanks Hokuspokus who thanks Bregar) Skillを十分Trainしたけど、次のTrainerはどこ？ Beginning Trainers たいていのNewbieゾーンや、大都市(Ironforge, Orgrimmar, Stormwind, Darnassus, Undercity, Thunderbluff)にいる。 Guardに聞けば場所は教えてくれる。 Artisan Trainers (For training in Expert) Kitta Firewind in Elwynn Forest (Tower of Azora) (Alliance) Hgarth in Stonetalon Mountains (Horde) Master Trainers (For training in Artisan Annora in Uldaman (インスタンスゾーン、Batsの近く） ※Uldaman裏口(65.43)から入り、門を開けたらまっすぐ進み最初のT字路を右へ(Batがいるかも）しばらく進むとV字路で真ん中にnon eliteのサソリがたくさんいるのでここを左前方へ、さらに進むと突き当たりの小部屋にnon eliteのサソリがいっぱいいるので全滅させるとトレーナーが登場する。 Enchantingの他にどのProfessionを習うべきか? Player次第。Leatherworking/Tailoring/Blacksmithingが、Greenアイテムを作ることができるので良いと言われている。 一方でリソースを買う必要がある。Leatherworkingが最も良いと思われる（材料が安いから）。 Tailorもほとんどの材料をMobから得られるのでよいでしょう。 もしあなたがGuildに属していないなら、Enchantにかかわるコストを捻出するために、採集Professionが必要かもしれない。 長い間、Enchantによって利益を得られると期待してはいけない。 EnchantのGlowはどんな感じ？ beast slayer / elemental slayer enchants 全ては、赤いGlow。より高いレベルのものがより明るい。 Demonslaying / Fiery Enchant 炎のようなGlow. +3ダメージ以上の全ての1H/2H +dmg weapon enchants 青いGlow。+4/+5 は非常に明るいBlue。+7以上は+4/+5と同じように見える。 +9 Intellect or +9 Spirit 2H weapon 明るい黄色のGlow。Golden Glowとか呼ばれている。 Unholy Weapon Enchant ２つの緑色の骸骨がWeaponをくるくる回る。 Icy Chill Enchant 非常に明るい白のGlow 。 Lifestealing Enchant 紫のGlow。 Crusader Enchant 灰色っぽい白。 RareなWeapon Enchantはどんな効果があるか Demonslaying - deamonに対して5-10%のproc rate。70-120 damageと3-4秒のStun効果を与える。 Fiery Weapon - 20-25%のchanceで40 fireダメージを与える。DoTではない。 Icy Chill - 〜5%のchanceで対象の移動速度を70%低下し、攻撃速度を30%低下する。 Unholy - 対象に15ダメージ低下のcurseをかける。 Lifestealing - 〜15% chanceで30LifeTap（30ダメージを与え、30Health回復する）。 Crusader - 5-10% chanceで75-125Healthを回復し、Strengthを100増加するBuffが15秒間つく。 Enchantの値段は? 需要と供給による。サーバでそれぞれ事情が異なるだろう。私はenchantに材料＋の値段をつけるのがよいと思う。 感情で誰かが高すぎると文句を言うときに明確に説明ができるし、材料持込でEnchantをする場合に容易に補償ができる。 では材料の値段は？ 私は一般的にはAuction Houseの平均的な値段をEnchantに使う材料の値段に採用する。これは私がAuction Houseの平均的な 値段で仕入れたとき、足が出るということを意味する。AH価格以下で売るということは意味がない。（Skillがあがるとしても） 毎回金を失うことになる。たいていの場合、AH価格より高くは売れない。ほかのEnchanterが競争相手になるから。 そして、前に言ったように、225（250じゃなかったか？）を超えるまでは、利益を期待するな。 質問に答えて！ 宣言 この価格リストは全てのサーバ間でAH取引に利用される平均価格のラフなガイドです。データはAllakhazamから引用され、私の経験で修正しています。 高いレベル、RareなEnchant、Glow、材料の希少なEnchantほど、より儲けを得ることができることを忘れないでください。 ESSENCES Lesser Magic Essence - 10s Greater Magic Essence - 50s Lesser Astral Essence - 30s Greater Astral Essence - 80s Lesser Mystic Essence - 40s Greater Mystic Essence - 1g 00s Lesser Nether Essence - 1g 25s Greater Nether Essence - 3g 00s Lesser Eternal Essence - 1g 00s Greater Eternal Essence - 2g 50s DUSTS Strange Dust - 5s Soul Dust - 10s Vision Dust - 15s Dream Dust - 40s Illusion Dust - 1g 25s SHARDS Small glimmering - 40s Large glimmering - 1g 25s Small glowing - 1g 00s Large glowing - 3g 00s Small radiant - 4g 00s Large radiant - 7g 00s Small brilliant - 5g 00s Large brilliant - 8g 00s Enchanterが入れるべきUI Modは？ EnchantrixはインベントリのアイテムをDisenchantすると何になるかを教えてくれる。http //www.curse-gaming.com/mod.php?addid=147 Reagent HelperはItemが何のProfessionに利用されるかを教えてくれる。http //tuatara.rezgeek.com/WoW/ReagentHelper/ (訳者追加：)UIが腐っているのでSortEnchantも入れておくべきhttp //www.curse-gaming.com/mod.php?addid=553 Other links Main FAQ - http //forums.worldofwarcraft.com/thread.aspx?fn=wow-professions=40 p=1 tmp=1#post40 Recipe and skill requirment list - http //www.streamload.com/bollwerk Thottbot Enchanting Recipe List - http //thottbot.com/?t=Enchanting
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anti /// / 立法 4 \ 13 seren klel ante \ [ ova ] \ kaxo tu et tei al kadkaxo この法は立法に反する、違憲だ \
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The sunlight is much stronger than the skylight, which is in turn much stronger than indoor light. Our eyes adapt automatically after a while, and we can also adapt by squinting or just focusing on an object. Because we do this without thinking about it, it s hard to understand that our eyes are actually kind of limited. This limitation becomes even more obvious with cameras. If you take a picture indoors, the windows will become overexposed (bright). You might try to adjust the exposure levels to the window light, but then the indoor environment will become underexposed. This can be used to your advantage. By for example putting a character or object in the foreground where it s darker, you can make the silhouette read well against a well lit room. 太陽光は青空よりもずっと明るい。青空は室内よりずっと明るい。わたしたちの眼は明るさにすぐに順応するし、違う明るさの所をちらっと見たり注目するだけでもすぐに順応できる。 このようことは意識しなくてもできてしまうので、眼が実際には明るさの範囲にかなり限定されていることは理解しがたい。 この限定はカメラを例に取るとわかりやすいかもしれない。 室内で写真を撮ると、窓は明るすぎて露光オーバーになる。 窓の明るさに露出（感度）を調整すると、こんどは室内が真っ暗に写ってしまう。 これは便利に使うことも出来て、たとえば、キャラクターや物体を手前に配置（手前は暗い）すると、背景の明るい部屋に対して、キャラクターのシルエットがわかりやすく表現できる。 （訳案：目が実際にはかなり限定された明るさの範囲しか見れていないこと） The exposure to light can also make parts of a body look very bright or dark, not skin tone color at all. When the shadow is dark and the lit side is overexposed, the only place for the color to go is on the edge between them. 露出度を調整することで、ボディの一部だけを明るく見せたりできる。影となるところを黒く潰して、光が当たってるところを露光オーバー（白くとばす）させると、色が見えるのは、その境界の一部だけになる。 （訳案：，肌のカラートーンからは外れた，とても明るい色に見せたり，暗い色に見せたりすることができる．） This page is translated from the original text. Original author is Arne Niklas Jansson - 2005 2007. And this page is licensed under Creative Commons. 校閲しました -- aki426 (2008-10-23 18 02 46) 名前 コメント
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The 100 Greatest Games of All Times? - BigSoccer 100 REAL MADRID 0-2 AJAX AMSTERDAM 22 November 1995, Estadio Santiago Bernabeu, Madrid, Champions League, preliminary round Real coach Jorge Valdano after the game “Ajax is not only the team of the 1990s, they are approaching football utopia.” 99 BLACKPOOL 4-3 BOLTON WANDERERS 2 May 1953, Wembley stadium, London, F.A. Cup final The legendary “Matthews final”. 98 FRANCE 1-1 (5-4 pens) BRAZIL 21 June 1998, Estadio Jalisco, Guadalajara, World Cup quarterfinal The duel of the magic midfields. 97 PARIS ST. GERMAIN 4-1 REAL MADRID 18 March 1993, Parc des Princes, Paris, UEFA-Cup quarterfinal, second leg Paris had lost the first leg 1-3. Frenetically supported by 45,000, Paris led 3-0 until the very last minutewhen Ivan Zamorano scored Real’s supposedly saving goal. But injury time lasted six minutes, enough time for Kamboure to score PSG’s decisive fourth goal. 96 EMPOR ROSTOCK 1-3 VORWA"RTS BERLIN 19 June 1962, Ostseestadion, Rostock, East German Oberliga, matchday 33 The play-off game that decided the East German championship. Berlin’s forward Ju"rgen Noldner before the game predicted that he would score in the 15th and the 75th minute. He then managed to score in the 12th and the 72nd … 95 FC BARCELONA 3-2 FC VALENCIA 17 June 2001, Camp Nou, Barcelona, Primera Division, matchday 38 Rivaldo’s greatest game. 94 GERMANY 16 RUSSIA 0 1 July 1912, Rasunda Stadion, Stockholm, Olympic Football Legend has it that the Czar refused to pay the players’ travel expenses. 93 SPAIN 9-0 AUSTRIA 27 March 1999, Estadio Mestalla, Valencia, European Championship qualifier Spain was under pressure after having lost to Cyprus previously. Then came this game against 1998 World Cup participant Austria. 92 WEST HAM UNITED 0-5 HAKOAH VIENNA 3 September 1923, Upton Park, London, friendly Hakoah became the first continental club side to beat an English side on their own turf. And they did it in style, similar to the Magic Magyars 30 years later. After the game, Walther Bensemann, chief editor of Germany’s “kicker” magazine stated that “the supremacy of English football is beat.” 91 WEST GERMANY 3-2 HOLLAND 14 June 1980, Stadio San Paolo, Naples, European Championship preliminary round Klaus Allofs scored all three West German goals, 20-year-old Bernd Schuster impressed as central midfielder. One of Germany’s best ever performances in a Euro game, being up 3-0 with well-versed attacking football before the Dutch scored two late consolidation goals. 90 KARLSRUHE SC 3 BORUSSIA DORTMUND 3 27 November 1993, Wildparkstadion, Karlsruhe, Bundesliga, matchday 18 After 19 minutes, Dortmund was up 3-0. Then came the best 15 minutes in the history of Russian dribble wizard Sergey Kiryakov, scoring three goals between the 30th and the 45th minute. Probably disgruntled because he failed to score a fourth goal in the second half, Kiryakov crowned his greatest game with a sent-off 15 minutes before time. 89 AUSTRALIA 31-0 AMERICAN SAMOA 11 April 2001, International Sports stadium, Coffs Harbour, World Cup qualifier Archie Thompson set a new record for goals scored in an international game 13. 88 FRANCE 2-1 a.e.t. PORTUGAL 28 June 2000, Stade Roi Baudoin, Brussels, European Championship, semi final Picked because of the tumultuous brawl near the end of the game after referee Benko" gave a penalty for France in extra-time, which were only interrupted by Zidane’s Golden Goal. 87 DENMARK 5-0 YUGOSLAVIA 16 June 1984, Stade de Gerland, Lyon, European Championship, Preliminary round Denmark’s coach Sepp Piontek’s order before the game “Play offensively”. They did just that, which So"ren Lerby as conductor in midfield and Michael Laudrup and Preben Elkjaer-Larsen in attack. Piontek after the game “That we would be that strong I would not have hoped for in my dreams.” 86 INTERNAZIONALE 3-2 AC MILAN 11 December 2005, Stadio Giuseppe Meazza, Milan, Serie A, Matchday 15 Adriano scored Inter’s winner in the 92nd minute with a massive shot, ending one of the best games between these city rivals in recent years. 85 FORTUNA DU"SSELDORF 6-5 BAYERN MUNICH 7 June 1975, Rheinstadion, Du"sseldorf, Bundesliga, matchday 33 Gerd Mu"ller scored three goals between the 38th and 42nd minute, giving Bayern a half-time lead of 4-2 … 84 ARGENTINA 1-1 (6-5 pens) ENGLAND 30 June 1998, Stade Geoffrey-Guichard, St. Etienne, World Cup second round One of the best World Cup games of the 1990s. 83 HAMBURG SV 4-4 JUVENTUS 13 September 2000, Volksparkstadion, Hamburg, Champions League, preliminary round HSV were trailing 1-3 in their newly modernized arena eight minutes before the final whistle. But then the hosts scored three goals, one of them a penalty by goalkeeper Jo"rg Butt, but then Inzaghi scored his third goal seconds before time, securing Juve a point. A Hamburg newspaper wrote the next day “A football game changes the city.” 82 BORUSSIA MO"NCHENGLADBACH 2-8 BAYER LEVERKUSEN 30 October 1998, Bo"kelberg Stadion, Mo"nchengladbach, Bundesliga, matchday 10 Well. 81 BAYER UERDINGEN 2-1 BAYERN MUNICH 26 May 1985, Olympiastadion, Berlin, German Cup final Underdog Uerdingen beat big favorites Bayern in the German Cup final. 80 BAYERN MUNICH 1-1 a.e.t. ATLETICO MADRID 15 May 1974, Heysel stadium, Brussels, European Cup final, first game Bayern’s unlikely hero was center back Hans-Georg ‘Katsche’ Schwarzenbeck who scored the last-second equalizer in the 120th minute with a long range effort. Bayern won the replay two days later 4-0. Schwarzenbeck’s goal was arguably the most important in the history of the club. 80 BAYERN MUNICH 1-1 a.e.t. ATLETICO MADRID 15 May 1974, Heysel stadium, Brussels, European Cup final, first game Bayern’s unlikely hero was center back Hans-Georg ‘Katsche’ Schwarzenbeck who scored the last-second equalizer in the 120th minute with a long range effort. Bayern won the replay two days later 4-0. Schwarzenbeck’s goal was arguably the most important in the history of the club. 79 BAYER LEVERKUSEN 1-2 VfB STUTTGART 16 May 1992, Ulrich-Haberland Stadion, Leverkusen, Bundesliga, matchday 38 The game that decided the Bundesliga championship that year. 78 ENGLAND 1-1 (6-7 pens) GERMANY 25 June 1996, Wembley stadium, London, European Championship semi final Simply one of the best and most exciting games of the 1990s. 77 YUGOSLAVIA 2-4 WEST GERMANY 17 June 1976, Crvena Zvezda, Belgrade, European Championship semi final The Yugoslavs were already up 2-0 against the reigning World Champs but then the Germans started one of their most brilliant comebacks. Debutant Dieter Mu"ller was subbed in seven minutes before the end of regular time and then scored the equalizer 20 seconds later. He went on to score two further goals in extra-time. 76 MEIDERICHER SV 4-3 1. FC KAISERSLAUTERN 18 May 1966, Wedaustadion, Duisburg, German Cup semi final I’m sure this was a pretty good and entertaining game, but among the 100 greatest ever games? Probably not. 75 SPAIN 2-1 SOVIET UNION 21 June 1964, Estadio Santiago Bernabeu, Madrid, European Cup of Nations final The 124,000 that came to watch this game celebrated as if they knew that this would remain Spain’s only international triumph … 74 JUVENTUS 2-2 ROMA 6 May 2001, Stadio delle Alpi, Turin, Serie A, matchday 29 Juve desperately needed a win to keep their chances of winning the scudetto alive. First it all went according to plan with Zidane and del Piero assuring a 2-0 lead, but then Nakata scored for Roma and soon afterwards, in the 90th minute, Montella equalized. Roma were champions. 73 DYNAMO DRESDEN 3-2 LOKOMOTIVE LEIPZIG 28 May 1977, Stadion der Weltjugend, Berlin, East German Cup final Apparently an awesome game. First time I heard about it. 72 ARMINIA BIELEFELD 3-2 TSV 1860 MUNICH 9 May 1981, Alm, Bielefeld, Bundesliga matchday 30 The game that saved Bielefeld from relegation that season. They were down 1-2 at home two minutes before time against direct relegation rivals 1860 Munich, but then scored twice turning the stadium into a madhouse. 71 ROMANIA 3-1 COLOMBIA 19 June 1994, Rose Bowl, Pasadena, World Cup group stage Hagi scored his wonderful goal in this game and finally proved to the world why people were calling him ‘Carpatian Maradona’ back home. 70 FC ST. PAULI 4-3 (a.e.t.) HERTHA BSC 21 December 2005, Millerntor, Hamburg, German Cup, round of last 16 Fairytale games like this show us why we love football. When Pauli scored the lead for the first time in the 109th minute, the old Millerntor stadium trembled so much that the tv cameras almost fell off the roof. 69 VASCO DA GAMA 1-2 SANTOS FC 19 November 1969, Estadio Journalista Mario Filho (a.k.a. Maracana), Rio de Janeiro, Taca de Prata This was the game in which Pele scored his 1,000th goal. Additionally to the historic importance, this was also a pretty good game. 68 ATLETICO MADRID 6-6 ATHLETIC BILBAO 29 January 1950, Estadio del Metropolitano, Madrid, Primera Division, matchday 18 Before Alfredo di Ste fano wrote history for Real Madrid, Moroccan Ben Barek wrote history as the first ‘modern’ playmaker. Barek assisted all six of Atletico’s goals in this classic encounter. 67 NIGERIA 3-2 ARGENTINA 3 August 1996, Sanford stadium, Athens (Georgia), Olympic final The 1996 Olympic tournament is often overlooked, but it was the first major trophy won by an African side. Already the semi final between the “Super Eagles” and Brazil was a hell of a game (4-3). 66 VfB EPPINGEN 2-1 HAMBURG SV 26 October 1974, Kraichgaustadion, Eppingen, German Cup, second round Amateur side beats professional side. Still one of the biggest upsets in German Cup history. 65 BAYERN MUNICH 3-3 VfB STUTTGART 15 November 1988, Olympiastadion, Munich, Bundesliga, matchday 14 Stuttgart was up 3-1 two minutes before time, but Bayern managed to score twice in the last 120 seconds. Neat game. 64 AS MONACO 8-3 DEPORTIVO LA CORUNA 5 November 2003, Stade de Louis II, Monaco, Champions League, preliminary round Deportivo president Augusto Lendoiro only twice attended games of his club in Europe the first time it was a 1-5 debacle at Arsenal, the second this game. Dado Prso scored four goals and it took FC Porto to stop Monaco with Rothen and Giuly in the CL final. 63 HANNOVER 96 5-1 1. FC KAISERSLAUTERN 23 May 1954, Volksparkstadion, Hamburg, German Championship final Only a month before the World Cup final, almost half of the German national team that would beat the Magic Magyars in Bern suffered a historic defeat when they lost 1-5 to unfancied Hannover in the final of the German championship. The Hamburg spectators abused German national team manager Sepp Herberger’s name during the second half, as he was loyal to the five Kaiserslautern players that had so utterly disappointed in this important game (the Walter brothers, Eckel, Liebrich and Kohlmeyer)… 62 VfL BOCHUM 5-6 BAYERN MUNICH 18 September 1976, Ruhrstadion, Bochum, Bundesliga, matchday 6 Lowly-ranked Bochum were up 3-0 at half-time and 4-0 shortly after the break against the reigning European champios Bayern Munich. Then came one of the most stunning comebacks ever, as Bayern scored five goals within 20 minutes, turning the score around. Bochum managed to equalize once more but in the last minute of the game Uli Hoeness scored the decisive 6th goal for Bayern. A more detailed review of that game can be found here. 61 AC MILAN 3-4 FC SAARBRU"CKEN 1 November 1955, Stadio San Siro, Milan, European Cup, first round, first leg Still one of the most sensational results in European Cup history. Saabru"cken from tiny Saarland (then still independent from Germany) with their non-professional players beat the might mighty AC Milan (Schiaffino, Nordahl etc.) at their own ground. More about that game can be read here. 60 BRAZIL 1-1 (4-2 pens) HOLLAND 7 July 1998, Stade Velodrome, Marseille, World Cup semi final Sometimes there are games that did deserve two winners. 120 minutes on the highest level, the crucial factor proved to be Taffarel’s great performance in the Brazil goal and the Dutchmen’s fear of the penalty kick. 59 YUGOSLAVIA 3-4 SPAIN 21 June 2000, Jan-Breydel-Stadion, Bruges, European Championship, group stage A fine win for Spain, who were down 2-3 in the 90th minute but then scored twice in unjury time (which lasted five minutes), equalizing in the 91th minute with the help of a penalty and then scoring the 4-3 in the 95th minute (Alfonso). 58 HAMBURG SV 1-1 BAYERN MUNICH 19 May 2001, AOL-Arena, Hamburg, Bundesliga, matchday 34 You can read what this game was about here. 57 STAHL THALE 4-0 TURBINE ERFURT 3 September 1950, Walter-Ulbricht-Stadion, Berlin, East German Cup final Stahl Thale was a small village club who lone participation in the final was already a sensation. That they went on to beat first division side Erfurt by that result was of course a mega sensation. 56 REAL MADRID 0-3 FC BARCELONA 19 November 2005, Estadio Bernabeu, Madrid, Primera Division, matchday 12 Barca’s triumph in the lion’s den. Not so long ago. 55 DENMARK 2-2 (5-4 pens) HOLLAND 22 June 1992, Nya Ullevi, Gothenburg, European Championship semi final Euro 1992’s most dramatic game with the unfancied Danes eliminating a very good Dutch side. 54 NAPOLI 2-3 MILAN 1 May 1988, Stadio Sao Paolo, Naples, Serie A, matchday 28 One of the most important domestic games in European football history. The great Milan side that would dominate Europe in the following years based its international glory on the Scudetto they won in the last minute after having trailed ruling champs Napoli for most of the season. This game three days before the end of the season was the turning point. Maradona scored with a wonderful free-kick from 15 yards. Milan would have to wait four years before winning the Scudetto again. 53 EINTRACHT FRANKFURT 6-3 SSV REUTLINGEN 25 May 2003, Waldstadion, Frankfurt, Bundesliga II, matchday 34 Last day of the season in the second division. Frankfurt was topping the league one point in front of local rivals Mainz 05. After 60 minutes it all seemed over for Frankfurt as Mainz was up 4-0 in Brunswick, while Eintracht had just conceded the 3-3 equalizer against Reutlingen. But then Frankfurt managed to score three times, sealing promotion in the last minute. 52 BAYERN MUNICH 5-1 FC SCHALKE 04 28 June 1972, Olympiastadion, Munich, Bundesliga, matchday 34 Bayern’s first ever game in the Olympic stadium. 80,000 travelled to see league leaders Bayern take on second-placed Schalke, one point was separating both sides. You can read detailed account of this game here. 51 WEST GERMANY 2-1 HOLLAND 7 July 1974, Olympiastadion, Munich, World Cup final The legendary 1974 World Cup final 50 1. FC KAISERSLAUTERN 3-1 FC BARCELONA 6 November 1991, Fritz-Walter-Stadion, Kaiserslautern, Champions League, second round, second leg This was a brilliant but bitter game by Kaiserslautern. They had lost the first leg 0-2 but were up 3-0 20 seconds before time, at the verge of eliminating huge favorites Barcelona after a really brilliant performance. But then Jose Bakero scored virtually in the last second. Barca later went on to win the Cup. 49 FRANCE 5-0 BELGIUM 16 June 1984, Stade de la Beaujoire, Nantes, European Championship, group stage “Who is going to stop these Frenchmen?” was the headline of German football magazine Kicker the day after this magnificent game by Euro 84 hosts France and their brilliant captain Michel Platini. The congenial midfield duo Platini/Giresse scored four of the five goals. Platini after the game “We are stronger than in 82.” They sure were. 48 VfL WOLFSBURG 5-4 MAINZ 05 11 June 1997, Stadion am Elsterweg, Wolfsburg, Bundesliga II, matchday 34 Another second division promotion thriller, this time a battle between two direct competitors. 47 PORTUGAL 5-3 NORTH KOREA 23 July 1966, Goodison Park, Liverpool, World Cup quarterfinal They don’t make games like this anymore. Watch the goals here. 46 ENGLAND 3-2 CAMEROON 1 July 1990, Stadio San Paolo, Naples, World Cup quarterfinal Classic World Cup encounter between established European force and aspiring newcomer from Africa. 45 ARSENAL 1-2 MANCHESTER UNITED 14 April 1999, Villa Park, Birmingham, F.A. Cup semi final Apparently a great game. 44 REAL MADRID 0-5 FC BARCELONA 17 February 1974, Estadio Bernabeu, Primera Divison, matchday 22 One of the most memorable games in the history of Spanish league football. This “magic Sunday” is still well-remembered in the club annals of Barcelona and claimed to symbolize the breakdown of Franco’s absolutistic dictatorship. 43 BAYERN MUNICH 4-2 FC NUREMBERG 1 May 1982, Waldstadion, Frankfurt, German Cup final Bayern were trailing Bavarian rivals Nuremberg 0-2 at half-time but then staged a great comeback to win 4-2. The picture of bloody Dieter Hoeness at the start of this thread is taken from this game. 42 KARLSRUHE SC 7-0 FC VALENCIA 2 November 1993, Wildparkstadionm Karlsruhe, UEFA-Cup, second round, second leg Excuse me, but this was really an awesome game. 41 IVORY COAST 0-0 (11-10 pens) GHANA 6 January 1992, Stade de L’Amitie , Dakar, African Cup, final The mad penalty shoot-out alone makes this a worthy entry. 40 BORUSSIA MO"NCHENGLADBACH 12-0 BORUSSIA DORTMUND 29 April 1978, Rheinstadion, Du"sseldorf, Bundesliga, matchday 34 39 WEST GERMANY 2-1 HOLLAND 25 June 1990, Stadio Giuseppe Meazza, Milano, World Cup, round of last 16 …or was it Inter vs. AC? When the two arch rivals stepped on the pitch that evening, the duel for many players and spectators had an ever more serious dimension. Brehme, Klinsmann and Mattha"us plying their trade for Internazionale at that time while Gullit, Rijkaard and van Basten kicked for the local rival Milan. Inter won 2-1 in one of the best yet most controversial games in World Cup history. 38 DORTMUND 11-1 BIELEFELD 6 November 1982, Westfalenstadion, Dortmund, Bundesliga, matchday 12 At half-time the score was still 1-1 … 37 LIVERPOOL FC 0-2 ARSENAL FC 26 May 1989, Anfield Road, Liverpool, First Division, matchday 32 The game had been postponed to the end of the season, due to the Hillsborough catastrophe in Sheffield, when 96 Liverpool fans died. Thus it came to a real showdown, Arsenal had to win at least 2-0 at Anfield to win their first title since 1971. Arsenal were up 1-0 seconds before the end of the game, then Michael Thomas scored the all-deciding second in the 92nd minute and Liverpool were toppled. “They kept their powder dry until it really mattered” said the BBC commentary. For Liverpool it was a nightmare. They had lost the championship and -- what hurt far more -- 96 supporters. 36 ARGENTINA 2-1 ENGLAND 22 June 1986, Azteca, Ciudad de Mexico, World Cup, quarterfinal It’s often a fine line between genius and madness. People had Diego Maradona down as a football criminal after he scored with his hand, but six minutes later he proved that he was more than a mere criminal. He was an ingenious criminal. 35 CELTIC 2-1 INTERNAZIONALE 25 May 1967, Estadio Nacional, Lisbon, European Cup final Celtic Simpson - Craig, W.McNeil, J.Clark, Gemmell -- Murdoch, Auld -- Johnstone, Wallace, Chalmers, Lennox Inter Sarti -- Burgnich, Guarneri, Picchi, Facchetti -- Bedin, A.Mazzola, Bicicli -- Domenghini, Cappellini, Corso Outside of Scotland, this European Cup final seems to be quite underrated. Not that it was such a high class game (well, it was), but because eleven low-brow home boys (only outside left Lennox was not born in Glasgow) overpowered a seemingly unbeatable opponent. Inter was at that time the best side in Europe. But blokes like Billy McNeil, Jimmy Johnstone or Tommy Gemmell refuted every cliche about Scottish football by wrestling Inter down with astoundingly civil means. Unforgettable the statement of one Celtic hero “They all looked like filmstars while some of our players had already gaps in their dentures.” And thus the spectators in Lisbon witnessed a collectively sacrificial game by the Celtic XI. Celtic became the first British winners of the European Cup that day. Until now, no other Scottish side has managed to equal the feat of the “Lisbon Lions”. Some color footage 34 VfB STUTTGART 4-4 WERDER BREMEN 28 March 2004, Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion, Stuttgart, Bundesliga, matchday 26 VfB Hildebrand -- Lahm, Zivkovic, Bordon, Gerber (82 Szabics) -- Meira, Soldo, A.Hleb, Meissner (52 Yakin) - Kuranyi, Streller Werder Reinke -- Stalteri, Ismael, Krstajic, C.Schulz -- Lisztes, F.Baumann, Micoud, Ernst -- Ailton, Klasnic You can find a detailed report here. 33 HOLLAND 2-1 SOVIET UNION 26 June 1988, Olympiastadion, Munich, European Championship final Holland van Breukelen - van Aerle, R.Koeman, Rijkaard, van Tiggelen -- Vanenburg, Wouters, E.Koeman, Muhren -- Gullit, van Basten Soviet Union Dasaev -- Alejnikov, Chidyatullin, Litovchenko, Demianenko -- Zavarov, Gostmanov (69 Baltacha), Rats, Mikhailichenko -- Belanov, Protassov (71 Passulko) Holland in 1988, although less talented and flamboyant than in 1974, both times coached by Rinus Michels, won its first and so far only major trophy. Michels had returned to the place of his bitterest humiliation and at the end celebrated his greatest triumph. The great highlight of this final is of course van Basten’s spectacular volley, arguably the finest goal ever scored in a major international final. 32 VfB STUTTGART 4-3 a.e.t. FORTUNA DU"SSELDORF 16 November 1958, Auestadion, Kassel, German Cup final VfB Sawitzki -- Eisele, Seibold -- Hartl, R.Hoffmann, Weise -- Waldner, Schlienz, Geiger, Blessing, Praxl Fortuna Klose -- Vigna, Juskowiak -- K.Hoffmann, Ja"ger, Mauritz -- Steffen,Wolfframm, Jansen, Derwall, Wo"ske Neat game, apparently. 31 ENGLAND 2-3 a.e.t. WEST GERMANY 14 June 1970, Estadio Guanajuato, Leon, World Cup, quarterfinal England Bonetti -- Newton, Labone, Moore, Cooper -- Ball, R.Charlton, Hurst, Mullery -- F.Lee, Peters West Germany Maier -- Vogts, Schnellinger, Fichtel, Ho"ttges (46 Schulz) -- Seeler, Beckenbauer, Overath -- Libuda (56 Grabowski), G.Mu"ller, Lo"hr Germany wanted to gain revenge for Wembley 66 and that’s exactly what they got here. 30 WERDER BREMEN 5-3 RSC ANDERLECHT 8 December 1993, Weserstadion, Bremen, Champions League, group stage Werder Reck -- Bratseth -- Beiersdorfer, Borowka -- Basler (87 Wiedener), Votava, Herzog (46 Wolter), Eilts, Bode -- Hobsch, Rufer RSC de Wilde -- Emmers, Rutjes, Albert, Crasson -- Zetterberg (83 Kooiman), Walem, Boffin, Versavel -- Haagdoren, Bosman (70 Nilis) The Belgians were leading 3-0 at half-time. They were still leading 3-0 after one hour. Then Rufer scored Bremen’s first goal 25 minutes from time. It looked like a mere consolation goal, nothing more… 29 BRAZIL 1-2 URUGUAY 16 June 1950, Estadio Jornalista Mario Filho (Maracana), Rio de Janeiro, World Cup final game Brazil Barbosa -- Augusto, Juvenal -- Bauer, Danilo, Bigode -- Friaca, Zizinho, Ademir, Jair, Chico Uruguay Maspoli -- M.Gonzales, Tejera -- Gambetta, Varela, Andrade II -- Ghiggia, Perez, Miguez, Schiaffino, Vidal Brazil’s national tragedy. No commentary needed, I think. 28 EINTRACHT FRANKFURT 5-3 KICKERS OFFENBACH 28 May 1959, Olympiastadion, Berlin, German championship final Frankfurt Loy -- Eigenbrodt, Ho"fer -- Stinka, Lutz, Weilba"cher -- Kress, Sztani, Feigenspan, Lindner, Pfaff Offenbach Zimmermann -- Waldmann, Schultheiss -- Keim, Lichtl, Wade -- Kraus, Nuber, Gast, Kaufhold, Preisendo"rfer One of the most deep-rooted rivalries in German club football had its climax when both teams met in the 1959 championship final game in Berlin. For these two clubs, it couldn’t get better than that. It was the ultimate contest for them to determine who was the top dog. After a marvellous game, Eintracht had decided the outcome in their favour but their road to glory was not over yet. A year later they would impress all of Europe and it took a legendary Real Madrid side to stop them from winning the biggest prize of all. 27 BAYERN MUNICH 3-4 HAMBURG SV 24 April 1982, Olympiastadion, Munich, Bundesliga, matchday 29 Bayern Junghans -- Beierlorzer, Weiner, Augenthaler, Horsmann -- Dremmler, Breitner, Du"rnberger, Kraus -- D.Hoeness, K.H.Rummenigge Hamburg Stein -- Kaltz, Hieronymus, D.Jakobs, Groh -- Hartwig, von Heesen, Magath, Wehmeyer -- Hrubesch, Bastrup This was Hamburg’s finest game ever in domestic league history, they were already down 1-3 in Munich to reigning champs Bayern but than managed an inspired comeback in the last 20 minutes that ultimately decided the championship race in Hamburg’s favor. More on that game here. 26 EVERTON FC 4-4 LIVERPOOL FC 20 February 1991, Goodison Park, Liverpool, F.A. Cup, fifth round Everton Southall -- Atteveld, Hinchcliffe, Ratcliffe, Watson -- Keown, Nevin, McDonald, Sharpe -- Newell, Ebrell Liverpool Grobbelaar -- Burrows, Hysen, Nicol, Molby -- Ablett, Beardsley, Staunton, Barnes -- Rush, Venison “The mother of all Merseyside derbies” according to 4-4-2. Four times Liverpool was in the lead, four times Everton managed to equalize. A rollercoaster for the fans. Radio commentator Jimmy Armfield remembers “I was looking around at the Evertonians around me and felt like I was at a funeral, then only few minutes later I felt like I was in a madhouse as Everton had again equalized.” Everton won the second game 1-0. 25 EINTRACHT FRANKFURT 5-1 FC KAISERSLAUTERN 29 May 1999, Waldstadion, Frankfurt, Bundesliga, matchday 34 Frankfurt Nikolov -- Janssen (86 Westerthaler) -- Bindewald, Kutschera, Zampach -- B.Schneider, Schur, Sobotzik, R.Weber -- Yang, Fjo"rtoft K’Lautern Reinke -- Ramzy -- Koch, Schjo"nberg -- Buck, Ratinho, Sforza, Riedl, M.Wagner -- Ro"sler, Marschall This game is only the tip of the iceberg of the Bundesliga’s most thrilling ever relegation finish. Here’s the complete story and time table how things developed during those 90 minutes in various stadia. 24 SWEDEN 2-5 BRAZIL 29 June 1958, Rasunda-Stadium, Stockholm, Sweden, World Cup final Sweden Svensson -- Bergmark, Axbom -- Bo"rjesson, Gustavsson, Parling -- Hamrin, Gren, Simonsson, Liedholm, Skoglund Brazil Gilmar -- D.Santos, Orlando, Bellini, N.Santos -- Zito, Didi -- Garrincha, Vava, Pele , Zagalo The game that founded the Brazilian hegemony in world football and the game that made 17-year old Pele the star of international football. Brazil also ignited a tactical revolution by introducing the 4-2-4 system at the world stage. 23 FC BARCELONA 4-3 (a.e.t.) FORTUNA DU"SSELDORF 16 May 1979, St. Jakobs-Park, Basel, Cup Winners’ Cup final Barca Artola -- Zuviria, Costas (66 Martinez), Migueli, Albaladejo (57 de la Cruz) -- Neeskens, Asensi, Sanchez, Rexach -- Krankl, Carrasco Fortuna Daniel -- Baltes, Zewe, Zimmermann (84 Lund), Ko"hnen -- Schmitz, Bommer, Brei (25 Weikl), Th.Allofs, K.Allofs One of the best ever European Cup finals. 22 REAL MADRID 3-3 MANCHESTER UNITED 15 May 1968, Santiagio Bernabeu, Madrid, European Cup semi final, second leg Real Betancourt -- Zocco, Gonzales, Zunzunegui, Sanchis -- Pirri, Grosso, Velazquez, Perez -- Amancio, Gento United Stepney -- Dunne, Crerand, Foulkes, Brennan -- Stiles, R.Charlton, Sadler -- Best, Kidd, Aston United had won the first leg 1-0 but was trailing 1-3 at half-time in the second leg. The team’s iron will to help Matt Busby finally win the European Cup was the foundation for Manchester’s fairytale comeback in the second half. Bill Foulkes scored his only ever goal in international competition in the second half. 21 CHELSEA FC 4-2 FC BARCELONA 8 March 2005, Stamford Bridge, London, Champions League, round of last 16, second leg Chelsea Cech -- Ferreria (51 Johnson), Carvalho, Terry, Gallas -- Makelele, J.Cole, Lampard, Duff (85 Huth) -- Kezman, Gudjohnsen (79 Tiago) Barca Valdes -- Belletti (84 Giuly), Puyol, Oleguer, van Bronckhorst (46 Sylvinho) -- Xavi, Gerard, Deco, Iniesta (86 Maxi Lopez) -- Ronaldinho, Eto’o You all remember that game. 20 BORUSSIA MO"NCHENGLADBACH 2-1 a.e.t. FC COLOGNE 23 July 1973, Rheinstadion, Du"sseldorf, German Cup final Borussia Kleff -- Vogts, Sieloff, Bonhof, Michallik -- Wimmer, Danner, Kulik (91 Netzer) -- H.Jensen, Rupp (117 Stielike), Heynckes Cologne Welz -- Glowacz (71 Gebauer), Cullmann, Weber, Hein -- Simmet, Flohe, Overath (71 Konopka), H.Neumann - Kapellmann, Lo"hr This is the greatest Cup final in German football history, a game packed with plenty of opportunities and action, fast-paced, technical and dramatic, as Gu"nter Netzer, the great star of German football in those years, was benched by his coach Hennes Weisweiler because Netzer had announced his departure from Mo"nchengladbach to join Real Madrid just a few days earlier. At half-time Weisweiler told Netzer that he’d play in the second half, but Netzer refused. The score was still 1-1 after 90 minutes when Netzer decided that it was now time for him to enter the pitch for extra-time, he informed his coach coolly by saying nothing else than “now I’m playing”. Two minutes after subbing himself into the game, Netzer scored the game-winning goal with a left-footed strike that is still the stuff of legend in Germany. You can watch the first 6 minutes of that extra-time in this youtube video http //www.youtube.com/watch?v=SuxcFq_e6fg 19 SUNDERLAND FC 1-0 LEEDS UNITED 5 May 1973, Wembley stadium, London, F.A. Cup final SFC Montgomery -- Malone, Horswill, Watson, Guthrie -- Kerr, Pitt, Hughes, Porterfield -- Halom, Tueart Leeds Harvey -- Reaney, Hunter, Cherry, Madeley -- Bremner, Giles -- Lorimer, Clarke, M.Jones, E.Gray (75 Yorath) Second division side Sunderland were one of the biggest ever outsiders in any F.A. Cup final. Hardly has there ever been a more overwhelming favourite than Leeds in that game. Sunderland’s keeper Jimmy Montgomery pulled off one of the most amazing double saves in the history of the sport. You can check that here 18 BORUSSIA MO"NCHENGLADBACH 5-4 (a.e.t.) WERDER BREMEN 1 May 1984, Bo"kelberg Stadion, Mo"nchengladbach, German Cup semi final Gladbach Sude -- Ringels, Bruns, Hannes, Frontzeck -- Herlovsen, Mattha"us, Rahn, W.Scha"fer (82 Borowka) -- Mill, Lienen (82 Criens) Werder Burdenski -- Schaaf, Fichtel, Siegmann, Otten -- Gruber (17 Kamp, 77 Ordenewitz), Sidka, Mo"hlmann, N.Meier -- Reinders, Neubarth One amazing semi final. The sequence of goals went like this 1-0 40th, 1-1 42nd, 2-1 44th, 3-1 76th, 3-2 77th, 3-3 80th, 3-4 82nd, 4-4 90th, 5-4 107th. The other semi final in the 1983-84 German Cup is also featured in this countdown, it was even more amazing. 17 ENGLAND 4-2 (a.e.t.) WEST GERMANY 30 July 1966, Wembley stadium, London, World Cup final Eng Banks -- Cohen, J.Charlton, R.Moore, Wilson -- Stiles, R.Charlton, Peters, Ball -- Hurst, Hunt Ger Tilkowski -- Ho"ttges, Schulz, Weber, Schnellinger -- Haller, Beckenbauer, Overath -- Held, Seeler, Emmerich Simply one of the most legendary games in all of football history. 16 WEST GERMANY 3-3 (a.e.t., 5-4 pens.) FRANCE 8 July 1982, Estadio Sanchez Pizjuan, Sevilla, World Cup semi final Ger Schumacher -- Kaltz, Stielike, K.H.Fo"rster, Briegel (96 Rummenigge) -- Dremmler, B.Fo"rster, Breitner, Magath (73 Hrubesch) -- Fischer, Littbarski France Ettori -- Amoros, Tresor, Janvion, Bossis -- Giresse, Tigana, Platini, Genghini (51 Battiston, 61 Lopez) -- Rocheteau, Six One fat, massive World Cup semi final. This game really had it all. Will we ever see games like this in our lifetime again? http //www.youtube.com/watch?v=cax70ChDBWU 15 CHARLTON ATHLETIC 7-6 HUDDERSFIELD TOWN 6 21 December 1957, The Valley, Charlton, F.A. Cup third round Charlton Duff -- Edwards, Townsend -- Hewie, Ufton, Kiernan -- Lucas, Ryan, Leary, Summers Town Kennon -- Conwell, Wilson -- K.Taylor, Connor, McGarry -- Ledger, Howard, Bain, Massie, Simpson The game everyone has been waiting for ..... more details here. 14 1. FC KAISERSLAUTERN 7-4 BAYERN MUNICH 20 October 1973, Betzenberg Stadion, Kaiserslautern, Bundesliga, matchday 12 K’Lautern Elting -- Huber, Diehl, Schwager, Fuchs -- Bitz, Toppmo"ller, Laumen -- Pirrung, Sandberg, Ackermann Bayern Maier -- Hansen, Beckenbauer, Schwarzenbeck, Du"rnberger -- Roth, Zobel. U.Hoeness -- W.Hoffman, G.Mu"ller, Gersdorff All details can be found here. 13 ENGLAND 3-6 HUNGARY 25 November 1953, Wembley stadium, London, friendly Eng Merrick -- Ramsey, Eckersley -- Wright, H.Johnston, Dickinson -- Matthews, E.Taylor, Mortensen, Sewell, Robb Hungary Grosics (78 Geller) -- Buzansky, Lantos -- Bozsik, Lorant, Zakarias -- Budai, Kocsis, Hidegkuti, Puskas, Czibor The game that shook the football world! More details 12 HOLLAND 2-3 CZECH REPUBLIC 19 June 2004, Aveiro Municipal, Aveiro, European Championship, group stage Holland van der Sar -- Bouma, Heitinga, Stam, van Bronckhorst -- van der Meyde (77 Reiziger), Seedorf (85 van der Vaart), Davids, Cocu -- van Nistelrooy, Robbem (58 Bosvelt) Czechs Cech -- Jankulovski, Ujfalusi, Jiranek, Grygera (25 Smicer) -- Poborsky, Galasek (62 Heinz), Rosicky, Nedved -- Koller (75 Rozenahl), Baros The stunning 2004 Euro game. 11 ENGLAND 1-3 WEST GERMANY 29 April 1972, Wembley stadium, London, European Championship quarterfinal, first leg Eng Banks -- Madeley, R.Moore, Hunter, Hughes -- Bell, Ball, Hurst (57 Marsh), Peters -- Chivers, F.Lee Ger Maier -- Ho"ttges, Beckenbauer, Schwarzenbeck, Breitner -- Wimmer, Netzer, U.Hoeness -- Grabowski, G.Mu"ller, Held Up until this game, Germany had never been able to beat England at Wembley. It didn’t look like they could pull it off this time, as Germany’s most important players, those from Bayern Munich, were going through a crisis, having lost 1-5 at Cologne, 0-3 at Duisburg and 0-2 at Rangers in the weeks before this game. Then quite a number of important players of other clubs were missing due to injury, like Berti Vogts, Jupp Heynckes and Karl-Heinz Schnellinger. Thus overall there were very little hopes in Germany regarding this tie with England. One can imagine the joy and bliss felt throughout Germany while watching Germany unexpectedly take England apart in their own sacred Wembley stadium. 10 MANCHESTER UNITED 2-1 BAYERN MUNICH 26 May 1999, Nou Camp, Barcelona, Champions League final United Schmeichel -- G.Neville, Johnson, Stam, Irwin -- Beckham, Butt, Scholes, Blomquist (67 Sheringham), Giggs -- Yorke, A.Cole (81 Solskjaer) Bayern Kahn -- Mattha"us (80 Fink) -- Babbel, Linke, Kuffour -- Basler (89 Salihamidzic), Effenberg, Jeremies, Tarnat -- Jancker, Zickler (71 Scholl) Gregoriak is offline 9 ITALY 3-2 BRAZIL 5 July 1982, Estadio Sarria, Barcelona, World Cup second round Ita Zoff -- Gentile, Scirea, Collovati (34 Bergomi), Cabrini -- Tardelli (75 Marini), Antognoni, Oriali, Conti -- Graziani, Rossi Bra Valdir Peres -- Leandro, Oscar, Luizinho, Junior -- Cerezo, Socrates, Falcao, Zico -- Serginho (69 Paulo Isidoro), Eder High quality game, big hero Paolo Rossi, fallen superstars of Brazil. 8 REAL MADRID 7-3 EINTRACHT FRANKFURT 18 May 1960, Hampden Park, Glasgow, European Cup final Real Dominguez -- Marquitos, Pachin -- Vidal, Santamaria, Zarrago -- Canario, del Sol, di Ste fano, Puskas, Gento Eintracht Loy -- Lutz, Hofer -- Weilba"cher, Eigenbrodt, Stinka -- Kress, Lindner, Stein, Pfaff, Meier 134,000 spectators watched in awe how Real Madrid took apart a talented Eintracht side that had beaten Rangers 12-4 on aggregate in the semi final. The greatest European Cup final of all? The compilers of this countdown don’t think so… 7 LIVERPOOL FC 5-4 (a.e.t.) DEPORTIVO ALAVES 16 May 2001, Westfalenstadion, Dortmund, UEFA Cup final LFC Westerveld -- Babbel, Henchoz (56 Smicer), Hyypia", Carragher -- Gerrard, Hamann, McAllister, Murphy -- Heskey (65 Fowler), Owen (79 Berger) Alaves Herrera -- Contra, Eggen (23 Ivan Alonso), Karmona, Geli -- Tomic, Desio, Tellez, Astudilo (46 Magno Mocelin) -- Cruyff, Javi Moreno (65 Pablo) Remarkable score, considering that Liverpool had a very good defense that year, hardly ever conceding more than two goals. LFC were up 2-0 pretty fast and then possibly underestimated the Spaniards. They managed the equalizer in the 89th minute (4-4) and then even scored a goal in extra-time, which would have decided the game, but it was not given due to off-side. Then Alaves collected two sent-offs and Liverpool scored the golden 5-4 goal. In fact, it was Alaves that scored Liverpool’s goal. A heart-breaking own-goal! 6 WEST GERMANY 3-2 HUNGARY 4 July 1954, Wankdorf-Stadion, Bern, World Cup final Ger Turek -- Posipal, Kohlmeyer -- Eckel, Liebrich, Mai -- Rahn, Morlock, O.Walter, F.Walter, Scha"fer Hun Grosics -- Lantos, Buzansky -- Bozsik, Lorant, Zakarias -- Czibor, Kocsis, Hidegkuti, Puskas, M.Toth The most legendary game in German football history and one of the biggest upsets in World Cup history. 5 BORUSSIA MO"NCHENGLADBACH 7-1 INTERNAZIONALE 20 October 1971, Bo"kelberg, Mo"nchengladbach, European Cup second round, first leg B.M.G. Kleff -- Vogts, L.Mu"ller, Sieloff, Bleidick -- Bonhof, Netzer (83 Wittkamp), Kulik -- Wimmer, Heynckes, Le Fevre Inter Vieri (46 Bordon) -- Oriali, Giubertoni, Burgnich, Facchetti -- Fabbian, Bedin, A.Mazzola, Corso -- Boninsegna (28 Ghio), Jair A game not counted by UEFA due to a can thrown at Boninsegna by a Gladbach fan. If it had counted, it would have gone down as one of the greatest examples of offensive football crushing defensive football. Arguably the greatest performance by a German club side in a European game. The brilliant Gu"nter Netzer at the peak of his powers in command of a magnificently brilliant Mo"nchengladbach side. What a great game a European Cup final between Cruyff’s Ajax Amsterdam and Netzer’s Mo"nchengladbach could have been, but instead the catenaccio masters of Internazionale made it to the 1972 European Cup final where they were without a chance against Ajax. Mo"nchengladbach would have been a far more worthy opponent for Ajax and I’m pretty sure the two sides could have produced one of the finest spectacles of offensive football in the history of the sport. Too bad they never met. 4 FC SCHALKE 6-6 (a.e.t.) BAYERN MUNICH 2 May 1984, Parkstadion, Gelsenkirchen, German Cup semi final S.04 Junghans -- Kruse, Dietz, M.Jakobs, Schipper -- Opitz (106 Berge), Dierssen, Thon, Abramczik (73 Clute-Simon) -- Stichler, K.Ta"uber Bayern Pfaff -- Beierlorzer, Augenthaler, Grobe (109 Kraus), Pflu"gler -- Du"rnberger (77 D.Hoeness), Lerby, Mathy, Nachtweih -- K.H.Rummenigge, M.Rummenigge FC Schalke 04 was a second division side at the time of this legendary game. This game made young Olaf Thon an overnight sensation. This boy had just celebrated his 18th birthday the night before and would be the big star of this game, scoring not one, not two, but three goals against the overwhelming favorites from Munich. Just check the goal sequence to see what a brilliant match this was to be at 0-1 K.H.Rummenigge 3 0-2 Mathy 12 1-2 Kruse 13 2-2 Thon 19 2-3 M.Rummenigge 20 3-3 Thon 61 4-3 Stichler 72 4-4 M.Rummenigge 80 4-5 D.Hoeness 112 5-5 Dietz 115 5-6 D.Hoeness 118 6-6 Thon 120 What an utterly amazing game this was in front of 70,000 boiling spectators (it is available on tape for anyone interested). The tie had to be repeated, this time in Munich, Bayern won 3-2. 3 ITALY 4-3 (a.e.t.) WEST GERMANY 17 June 1970, Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, World Cup semi final Ita Albertosi -- Burgnich, Cera, Rosato (91 Poletti), Bertini, Facchetti -- Domenghini, de Sisti, A.Mazzola (46 Rivera) -- Boninsegna, Riva Ger Maier -- Vogts, Schnellinger, Schulz, Patzke (66 Held) -- Seeler, Beckenbauer, Overath -- Grabowski, G.Mu"ller, Lo"hr (52 Libuda) I assume most everyone checking out this thread has seen this game anyway, so no need for me write anything. 2 LIVERPOOL FC 3-3 (a.e.t.) AC MILAN 25 May 2005, Atatu"rk Stadium, Istanbul, Champions League Final LFC Dudek -- Finnan (46 Hamann), Traore, Hyypia", Carragher -- Riise, Gerrard, Luis Garcia, Xabi Alonso -- Kewell (23 Smicer), Baros (85 Cisse ) Milan Dida -- Cafu , Stam, Nesta, Maldini -- Seedorf (85 Serginho), Gattuso (112 Rui Costa), Pirlo, Kaka -- Shevchenko, Crespo (85 Tomasson) Still fresh in everyone’s memory I guess? 1 BAYER UERDINGEN 7-3 DYNAMO DRESDEN 19 March 1986, Grotenburg Kampfbahn, Krefeld, Cup Winners Cup quarterfinal, second leg Uerd. Vollack - Herget - Da"mgen, W Funkel - Buttgereit, Bommer, Feilzer, F Funkel, Raschid (52 Klinger) - Gudmundsson (72 Loontiens), Scha"fer Dynamo Jakubowski (46 Ramme) - Do"rner - Trautmann, Doschner - Minge, Ha"fner, Stubner, M Sammer (28 Gu"tschow), Pilz - Kirsten, Lippmann So here it is, the number one game of all time, according to "11 Freunde". Bayer Uerdingen won the German Cup in a 1985 upset against Bayern Munich. Here they were facing East German Cup winners Dynamo Dresden. Uerdingen had lost the first leg 0-2 at Dresden. At half-time of the second leg, Dynamo was up 3-1, or 5-1 on aggregate. Uerdingen now only needed to score five goals in the second 45 minutes to advance to the semi final. There were no signs early in the second half that such a miracle was about to happen. After one hour, the aggr. score was still 1-5. But then Bayer Uerdingen exploded. What followed were the greatest 30 minutes of all time? Maybe! 0-1 Minge 1 1-1 W Funkel 13 1-2 Lippmann 36 1-3 Bommer 41 own goal 2-3 W Funkel 58 penalty 3-3 Minge 62 own goal 4-3 Scha"fer 66 5-3 Klinger 78 6-3 W Funkel 81 penalty 7-3 Scha"fer 86
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Infantry PIAT Commandos Contents 1 Tactics 2 History 3 Built From 3.1 Glider HQ 4 Squad Abilities 4.1 Commando Throw Grenade 4.2 Concealing Smoke 5 Squad Weapons 5.1 Sten SMG 5.2 Projector Infantry Anti Tank 5.3 Commando Demolitions Charge 5.4 Commando Grenade PIAT Commandos Squad Size 6 Capture Rate 1 Sup Threshold 0.35 Health 390 Sight 35 Pin Threshold 0.8 Cost 510 Detection 7/0 Recovery Rate 0.012 Hotkey P Population 6 Time 36 Retreat Modifier 0.5 Target Type infantry_soldier Upkeep 9.0144 Reinforce Cost 0.4119 Critical Type infantry Squad Slots 4 Reinforce Time 1.5 Tactics PIAT Commandos can only be created in a glider HQ. Unlike the Panzerschreck, the Recoilless Rifle, or the Bazooka, the PIAT fires upward and ontop of the target. This means that the target must be stationary to be hit. PIATs seem to perform better in buildings, when they are firing downwards. When taking on heavy armor, when engaging it drop smoke and run to the rear of the tank. This way the you can inflict maximum damage without taking any damage. PIATs are able to be fired over hedges or buildings so it is possible to fire on armour and not get fired back upon, and as the enemy will not expect to he hit first you should be able to get 1 or 2 shots off before he notices. History The Airlanding troops of the British Airborne were tasked with assaulting German positions prior to the D-Day landings. They landed their gliders in Coup de Main assaults on enemy positions, surprising the German defenders in risky attacks. They were all volunteers, and well-trained for their dangerous job, and continued to act as elite ground infantry once the airborne operations were over. The Projector, Infantry, Anti Tank (PIAT), was one of the earlier anti-tank weapons using a high explosive anti-tank projectile. It was developed by the British starting in 1941, reaching the field in time for the invasion of Sicily in 1943. The PIAT was an unusual infantry anti-tank weapon. It was comparatively quiet and smokeless, with no backblast. This meant that, unlike the American Bazooka or German Panzerfaust and Panzerschreck, it could be fired from an enclosed space, and would not give away its position as soon as the weapon was fired. However, it was more cumbersome than its counterparts, and in many circumstances it could be difficult to reload. The Commandos in Company of Heroes are actually Airlanding troops from an Airborne Division, or SAS (Special Air Service) Commandos. Their distinctive red berets indicate they re airborne troops, or SAS troops, as Commandos wore green berets. Commandos came from several branches (Royal Army Commandos, Royal Marine Commandos, and Royal Navy Commandos) and none were involved in glider operations. Built From Glider HQ [Expand][Hide] Cost 100 Activation targeted Duration _ Target tp_position Recharge 75 Hotkey Effects Request a Glider Headquarters capable of producing Mortar Commandos, PIAT Commandos, and Heavy Machine Gun Commmandos. ESee Ability Glider HQ for details. Squad Abilities Commando Throw Grenade [Expand][Hide] Cost 25 Activation targeted Duration _ Target tp_any Recharge 30 Hotkey N Effects The Squad will throw a Mk2 Pineapple Grenade. ESee Ability Commando Throw Grenade for details. Concealing Smoke [Expand][Hide] Cost Activation timed Duration 14 Target tp_any Recharge 30 Hotkey S Effects Break any suppression or pinning effects on the squad and envelope the Commandos in concealing smoke. ESee Ability Concealing Smoke for details. Squad Weapons Sten SMG [Expand][Hide] Weapon Sten SMG See Weapon Sten SMG for details. Projector Infantry Anti Tank [Expand][Hide] Weapon Projector Infantry Anti Tank See Weapon Projector Infantry Anti Tank for details. Commando Demolitions Charge [Expand][Hide] Weapon Commando Demolitions Charge See Weapon Commando Demolitions Charge for details. Commando Grenade [Expand][Hide] Weapon Commando Grenade See Weapon Commando Grenade for details. Retrieved from http //coh-stats.com/Infantry PIAT_Commandos