約 2,447,237 件
https://w.atwiki.jp/citfdc-shido/pages/38.html
このページの編集で [[]] に曲名を入れたものを水平線の下に作り ↓で新しいページにCall書を書いてください。 ページ新規作成
https://w.atwiki.jp/pipopipo777/pages/149.html
http //www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/02/28/israelgaza-donors-should-press-israel-end-blockade Israel/Gaza Donors Should Press Israel to End Blockade Access Required for Successful Reconstruction ガザ：資金援助国は封鎖を止めるようイスラエルに圧力をかけるべきです 成功する復興にはアクセスが必要です March 1, 2009 Internally displaced Palestinians wait to receive food supplies in Jabaliya on February 22, 2009. © 2009 Reuters (Jerusalem) - International donors to Gaza s reconstruction and development should call on Israel to end its punishing blockade of the territory and to allow needed humanitarian assistance and normal commerce to resume, Human Rights Watch said today. Even after the enormous war damage to civilian life in Gaza, Israel continues to block desperately needed aid from entering the territory and to strangle Gaza s economy. (エルサレム) - ガザの再建と開発への国際ドナー（資金援助国）は、イスラエルが、制裁封鎖を終わらせて必要な人道援助と通常の商業が再開するのを許容するよう要求すべきです、とヒューマン・ライツ・ウオッチは、今日、言いました。 ガザの一般市民の生活への莫大な戦災の後にさえ、イスラエルは、必要な援助が領土に入るのを妨げて、ガザの経済を絶望的に締めつけ続けています。 Representatives of prospective donor countries are convening in the Egyptian Sinai resort town of Sharm al-Sheikh on March 2, 2009, for a one-day conference. Human Rights Watch said that ending the blockade was absolutely critical to any prospects for reconstruction and economic recovery. Among those attending will be the US secretary of state, Hillary Clinton, and the EU high representative for common foreign and security policy, Javier Solana. 援助国となる予定の国々代表は、2009年3月2日にSharmアル-シェイクのエジプトのシナイ観光都市、Sharm al-Sheikh に、1日の会議のために召集されました。 ヒューマン・ライツ・ウオッチは、封鎖を終わらせるのが再建と景気回復のどんな見通しにも絶対的に重要であると言いました。 出席者の中には、米国国務長官ヒラリー・クリントン、EUの外交安全保障政策委員会上級代表ハビエル・ソラナが予定されています。 "All the pledges of aid this conference is expected to produce will be worth next to nothing if the donors do not demand that Israel open the borders to commercial goods as well as humanitarian essentials," said Kenneth Roth, executive director of Human Rights Watch. "This unlawful blockade is the primary impediment to reconstruction and to the economic activity that is essential to any society." 「もし援助国が、人道主義の基礎として商品のために国境を開くことをイスラエルに要求しないならば、この会議で起こそうともくろむ援助のすべての誓約の価値を、無にしてしまうでしょう。」と、ヒューマン・ライツ・ウオッチのシニアディレクターであるケネス・ロスは言いました。「この不法な封鎖は、再建にとっても、そして、どんな社会にも不可欠な経済活動にとっても第一の障害です。」 Israel effectively controls Gaza s borders and airspace. Human Rights Watch said that the blockade, which has been in place since June 2007, after Hamas took control of Gaza, amounts to collective punishment of the civilian population, a serious violation of international humanitarian law. Israeli restrictions on the entry of goods should be strictly limited to weapons and items whose direct military potential clearly outweigh their civilian usage. 事実上、イスラエルはガザの境界と領空を支配してます。 ヒューマン・ライツ・ウオッチは、ハマスがガザを制御した後の2007年6月以来の封鎖が、国際人道法の重大な違反である一般市民への集団的処罰に達すると言いました。 貨物通関のイスラエルによる制限は、兵器と、直接的戦力寄与が明きらかに民生需要より重い品目に、厳密に限られるべきです。 According to the United Nations, Gaza needs a minimum of 500 truckloads of humanitarian aid and commercial goods every day. Israeli authorities have told humanitarian agencies that they would allow up to 150 truckloads a day. However, the actual number has not exceeded 120, according to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). The average in February has only been between 88 and 104, including grain shipped by conveyor belt at the Karni crossing. 国連によれば、ガザは人道救助と商品の最低トラック500台分を毎日必要とします。 イスラエル当局は、1日あたり最大トラック150台分を許容すると人道主義機関に言いました。 しかしながら、国連人道問題調整事務所(OCHA)によれば、実数は120台分を超えていません。 2月の平均は、88～104台分であるにすぎなかったのです、カルニ検問所のコンベヤベルトによって出荷された穀物がそれに含まれます。 Aid workers with operations in Gaza told Human Rights Watch that Israeli procedures since major hostilities ceased were making it virtually impossible to plan for aid deliveries more than 24 hours in advance. On several occasions Israeli authorities refused to allow passage of pre-scheduled aid shipments hours before they were supposed to arrive, they said. 主要な戦闘がやんでからも、イスラエルの手続きは24時間以上前に援助配送の計画を立てるのを実際に不可能にした、とガザにいる支援スタッフはヒューマン・ライツ・ウオッチに言いました。時折イスラエル当局は、予定済みの援助出荷の通過を、到着する何時間か前になって許容するのを拒否しました、と彼らは言いました。 Israel continues to block goods on trucks from entering Karni, the one border crossing point with sophisticated security screening equipment and the capacity to handle up to 750 trucks per day. Sufa crossing, which can also accommodate trucks on a smaller scale, also remains closed. Instead, Israel requires all trucks to enter through Kerem Shalom, located near Gaza s southern tip, where every item on trucks must be unloaded, inspected, repackaged and reloaded, with a "handling fee" of US$1,000 per truck. イスラエルは、高性能のセキュリティスクリーンを備え、一日あたり750台の処理が可能な国境検問所であるカルニに、トラックの商品が入るのを妨げ続けています。Sufa検問所は、いくらか小規模ながら同様にトラックを処理できるにかかわらず、閉ざされたままです。代わりに、イスラエルは全てのトラックに、ほぼガザの南端に位置するKerem Shalomを通過して入ることを要求し、そこでは、1トラックあたり1,000USドルの「取扱費」を払いながら、トラック上のあらゆる商品を降ろして、点検して、包装し直して、再び積まなければなりません。 In the weeks since heavy fighting ceased on January 18, Israel has arbitrarily refused entry to items like chickpeas, macaroni, wheat flour, notebooks for students, freezer appliances, generators and water pumps, and cooking gas, OCHA said. 重い戦いが1月18日にやんで以来の数週間、イスラエルは身勝手にも、ヒヨコマメ、マカロニ、小麦粉、学生のためのノート、冷凍器具、発電機、ウォータポンプ、および料理ガスのような品目の入国すら拒否しています、と国連人道問題調整事務所OCHAは言いました。 Human Rights Watch researchers in Gaza observed several areas - including eastern Jabalya (Izbt Abd Rabbo neighborhood), Juhr al-Dik, Khuza`a, and al-Atatra - that had suffered extensive damage to homes and civilian objects during Israeli military operations that began on December 27, 2008. Across Gaza, researchers observed the wide-scale destruction of greenhouses and agricultural land, destroyed factories, a hospital burned by fire from white phosphorus shells, and the bombed Ministry of Justice building. ガザのヒューマン・ライツ・ウオッチの調査員はいくつかの地域を観測しました--Izbt Abd Rabboの近所である東Jabalya、Juhrアル-Dik、Khuza a、およびal-Atatra(2008年12月27日に始まったイスラエルの軍事作戦の間に家と家財への甚大な損害を受けていた)を含んでいます。 調査員はガザを横断して広範なスケールの破壊を観測しました。温室と農地、破壊された工場、白リン弾からの炎で燃えた病院、および爆撃を受けた法務省ビル。 In total, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) estimates that the fighting in December and January damaged or destroyed 14,000 homes, 219 factories, 240 schools, and 31 nongovernmental organizations. Gaza s electricity generator sustained US $10 million in damage, and the water utility $6 million. 12月、1月の戦いが、合計で1万4000の家、219の工場、240の学校、および31非政府団体を破損したか破壊したと、国連開発計画(UNDP)は見積もっています。 ガザの発電機は1000万米ドル、および水道設備は600万ドルの損害を受けました。 Restrictions on humanitarian aid and commerce need to be targeted, and not so broad as to block the movement of ordinary civilian goods, Human Rights Watch said. Israel has provided no security or other justification for its refusal to allow goods to enter or leave Gaza via the Karni crossing, or for its strict limits on what is allowed in and in what quantities. Nor has Israel provided any security rationale for its complete ban on any exports from Gaza for more than a year, with the exception of a one-time shipment of flowers to Europe in mid-February. 人道援助と商品の制限は、非難の対象にする必要があり、日常の民間物資の流通を妨げるほど広げてはならない、とヒューマン・ライツ・ウオッチは言いました。 カルニ検問所を通るガザの商品の輸出入の許可を拒否することに対して、また、何が許可され、どれだけ許可されるかについての厳しい制限に対して、イスラエルは何の安全保障も他の正当性も規定しませんでした。2月中旬のたった1回のヨーロッパへの花の出荷を除くと1年間以上続いた、ガザからの完全輸出禁止令に対しても、イスラエルは何ら安全保障論拠を規定しませんでした。 "If Gaza business people can ship one truckload of flowers for Valentine s Day, why can t they export flowers, or strawberries and oranges, every day?" Roth said. "Israel s blockade policy can be summed up in one word and it is punishment, not security." 「もしガザの実業家がバレンタインデーのときにトラック一台の花を出荷できるというなら、かれらはなぜ毎日、花やイチゴやオレンジを輸出できないのでしょうか？」 とロスは言いました。 「イスラエルの封鎖政策を一言でまとめることができます、それは安全保障ではなく、罰です。」 Human Rights Watch
https://w.atwiki.jp/military/pages/13.html
Israel Aerospace Industries（IAI） 概要 イスラエルの主力航空機メーカー。軍用機や民間機の開発生産だけではなく国外製品の製造もしている。また、多くの製品はイスラエル国防軍向けだが外国の軍隊にも製品を販売している。 2006年11月6日にイスラエル・エアクラフト・インダストリーズから改名した。 主な製品 IAI Harpy IAI Harop IAI Westwind Gulfstream G100 Gulfstream G200 Gulfstream G280 IAI Arava IAI Avocet ProJet B737 B767 B747 377M Anak IAI Lavi IAI Kfir IAI Nammer IAI Nesher ELTA-ELI-3001 AAI RQ-2 Pioneer IAI RQ-5 Hunter IAI Heron IAI Eitan IAI I-View IAI Ranger IAI Scout IAI Searcher IAI Bird-Eye IAI Panther IAI Ghost 情報 種類：国有企業 創設者：Al Schwimmer、Shimon Peres 創設：1953年 本部：イスラエル、Lod 従業員：15000名 サイト：https //www.iai.co.il リンク
https://w.atwiki.jp/pipopipo555jp/pages/1933.html
http //www.globalsecurity.org/org/news/2006/061013-dime-bombs.htm Aljazeera.Net October 13, 2006 Israel accused of using Dime bombs A team of Italian journalists investigating Israeli weapons is claiming that an experimental weapon has been used against the Palestinians in recent months. In-Depth Coverage The weapon is believed to have caused more than 300 serious injuries leading to 62 amputations and 200 deaths between the months of June and July, doctors told Aljazeera. It is widely believed the weapon is similar to the one tested by the US military and called Dime (Dense Inert Metal Explosive). It causes a powerful blast within a small radius. Haaretz newspaper reported that the evidence in the Rai24 news investigation was based on witness accounts from doctors in the Gaza Strip, as well as tests carried out in an Italian laboratory. "The investigative team is the same one that exposed the use by US forces in Iraq of phosphorous bombs, against Iraqi rebels in Falluja," the Haaretz newspaper reported. Yitzhak Ben-Israel, major-general in the Israel air force, formerly head of the army s weapons-development programme, was also quoted in Haaretz as telling the Italian journalists "One of the ideas [behind the weapon] is to allow those targeted to be hit without causing damage to bystanders or other persons." Hospital reports The investigation follows reports by Gaza-based doctors of inexplicably serious injuries. Juma Saqa, of Shifa hospital, told Aljazeera that doctors found small entry wounds on the bodies of the wounded and the dead. According to Saqa, a powder was found on the victims bodies and in their internal organs. "The powder was like microscopic shrapnel, and these are what likely caused the injuries," he said. Habas al-Wahid, head of the emergency room at the Shuhada al-Aqsa hospital, told reporters that the legs of the injured were sliced from their bodies "as if a saw was used to cut through the bone". Testing phase The Dime is said to be made of a carbon-fibre casing and filled with tungsten powder and explosives. It is likely to be carcinogenic. According to the website GlobalSecurity.org, the weapon was successfully tested during 2004 and 2005 but is being further developed. According to Haaretz, the Italian reporters sent samples of the particles found in wounds of the injured in the Gaza Strip to a laboratory at the University of Parma. In the report, Carmela Vaccaio, a doctor at University Parma, said she found a very high concentration of carbon and the presence of unusual materials, such as copper, aluminum and tungsten. "These findings could be in line with the hypothesis that the weapon in question is Dime," Vaccaio said in the report. The non-governmental organisation, Physicians for Human Rights, has written to Amir Peretz, Israel s defence minister, asking for an explanation of the injuries to Palestinians.
https://w.atwiki.jp/pipopipo555jp/pages/1929.html
http //www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/news/israel-must-disclose-weapons-used-gaza-20090126 Israel must disclose weapons used in Gaza http //www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/news/israel-must-disclose-weapons-used-gaza-20090126 Lumps of still smouldering white phosphorus found in Gaza City c Amnesty International http //www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/news/israel-must-disclose-weapons-used-gaza-20090126 Phosphorous shell cases found in Khuzna, Gaza, 24 January 2009 c Amnesty International 26 January 2009 機械翻訳 The Israeli authorities are being urged to disclose the weapons and munitions their forces used during the three week military campaign in Gaza which began on 27 December 2008. イスラエル当局がそれらの軍が3週間の軍事行動の間に2008年12月27日に始まったガザで使用した兵器と軍需を明らかにするよう促されています。 Amnesty International called for the disclosure in order that medical staff can be better equipped to treat victims of the conflict, which ended with a ceasefire declared by Israel on 18 January. 医員が、より良い場合があって、公開のために呼ばれるアムネスティ・インタナショナルは、休戦が1月18日にイスラエルによって宣言されている状態で終わった闘争の犠牲者を扱うために備えられていました。 Israel s earlier failure to disclose, and then refusal to confirm, that its troops had used white phosphorus meant that doctors were unable to provide the correct treatment to people suffering from burns caused by this weapon. 明らかにするイスラエルの以前の失敗、およびそして、軍が黄リンを使用したのが医師がこの兵器によって引き起こされたやけどに悩む人々に正しい処理を提供できないことを意味したと確認することへの拒否。 "We now know that white phosphorus munitions were used in built-up civilian areas, although the Israeli authorities previously denied this," said Donatella Rovera, head of Amnesty International s investigation team in Gaza. "Now we have irrefutable evidence of the use of this weapon, but the doctors who treated the first casualties did not know what had caused their injuries." 「私たちは、今黄リン軍需が組み立てている住宅地域で使用されたのを知っています、イスラエル当局は以前に、これを否定しましたが。」と、Donatella Rovera(ガザのアムネスティ・インタナショナルの調査チームの代表)は言いました。 「私たちには、今、この兵器の使用に関する動かぬ証拠がありますが、最初の死傷者を扱った医師は、何が彼らの負傷を引き起こしたかを知りませんでした。」 Some 1,300 Palestinians were killed during the campaign. The dead included more than 400 children and over 100 women. More than 5,300 Palestinians were injured; many will be disabled for the rest of their lives. およそ1,300人のパレスチナ人がキャンペーンの間、殺されました。 死者は400人以上の子供と100人以上の女性を入れました。 5,300人以上のパレスチナ人が負傷しました。 多くが彼らの人生の残りのために無効にされるでしょう。 “Israeli officials have repeatedly said that its military operation was against Hamas, not against the people of Gaza. There can be no excuse for continuing to withhold information vital to effective treatment of people wounded in Israeli attacks. Lack of cooperation by Israel is leading to needless deaths and unnecessary suffering," said Donatella Rovera. ldquo; イスラエルの当局は、軍事行動がガザの人々ではなく、ハマスに反対していたと繰り返して言いました。 イスラエルの攻撃で負傷した人々の効果的な治療に重大な情報を差し控え続ける弁解の余地が全くあるはずがありません。 「イスラエルによる協力不足は不必要な死と不要な苦しみにつながっています。」と、Donatella Roveraは言いました。 "The Israeli authorities should fulfil their obligation to ensure prompt and adequate care for the wounded by making a full disclosure of the weapons and munitions they used in Gaza and provide any other relevant information that may help medical teams." 「イスラエル当局はそれらがガザで使用した兵器と軍需の完全な開示をするのによる負傷のための迅速で適切な注意を確実にして、医療班を助けるかもしれないいかなる他の関連情報も提供する彼らの義務を果たすべきです。」 Other victims of the conflict have wounds which doctors say they are finding hard to treat because of uncertainty about the nature of the munitions which caused them. Some victims of Israeli air strikes were brought in with charred and sharply severed limbs. It is not known what weapons caused those injuries. 闘争の他の犠牲者は医師が、彼らが不確実性のためにそれらを引き起こした軍需の自然に関して扱うために強く見つけていると言う傷にかかっています。 イスラエルの空襲の犠牲者は炭にされた、鋭く断ち切られた手足で引きつけられました。 どんな兵器がそれらの負傷を引き起こしたかが知られていません。 "More lives must not be lost because doctors do not know what caused their patients injuries and what medical complications may occur," said Donatella Rovera, "They have to be fully informed so that they can provide life-saving care." 「医師が何が彼らの患者の負傷を引き起こしたか、そして、どんな医学のめんどうな問題が起こるかもしれないかを知らないので、より多くの命を失ってはいけない、それらは救命の注意を提供できるように完全に知識がなければなりません。」と、Donatella Roveraは言いました。 White phosphorus particles embedded in the flesh can continue to burn, causing intense pain as the burns grow wider and deeper, and can result in irreparable damage to internal organs. It can contaminate other parts of the patient s body or even those treating the injuries. やけどが、より広い、そして、より深くなって、内臓への非回復性損傷をもたらすことができる間、激痛を引き起こして、肉に埋め込まれた黄リン粒子は、燃え続けることができます。 それは患者の身体か負傷を治療するものさえの他の部品を汚染できます。 The condition of people with burns caused by white phosphorus can deteriorate rapidly. Even those with burns that cover a relatively small area of the body ? 10 to 15 per cent ? who would normally survive, can deteriorate and die. やけどが黄リンによって引き起こされている人々の状態は急速に悪化できます。 ボディーの比較的小さい領域をカバーするやけどを伴うそれらとndashさえ。 10～15パーセントとndash。 通常、生き残っていて、悪化して、死ぬことができます。 “We noticed burns different from anything we had ever dealt with before,” one burns specialist at Gaza s al-Shifa Hospital told Amnesty International. “After some hours the burns became wider and deeper, gave off an offensive odour and then they began to smoke.” 私たちが私たちが以前対処したことがあったものは何とでも異なったやけど、およびrdquoに気付いたというldquo 1つはアムネスティ・インタナショナルに言われたガザのアル-Shifa病院で専門家をやけどします。 ldquo; やけどが煙るように、より広い、そして、より深くなって、不快な匂いとそれらが始めたその時を発した後いくつかの時間rdquo。 Only after a number of foreign doctors arrived in the Gaza Strip, days after they had seen the first casualties of white phosphorus, did local doctors learn what had caused the wounds and how to treat them. 彼らが最初の死傷者を見た何日も後に多くの外国人の医師がガザ地区に到着した後にだけ地元の医者は、何が傷を引き起こしたか、そして、どのようにそれらを扱うかを黄リンを、学びました。 A 16-year-old girl, Samia Salman Al-Manay a, was asleep in her home in the Jabalia refugee camp, north of Gaza City, when a phosphorus shell landed on the first floor of the house at 8pm on 10 January. 16歳の少女(Samiaサルマンアル-Manay a)はガザ市の北のJabalia難民キャンプの彼女の家で眠っていました、リンシェルが1月10日午後8時に家の1階に着陸したとき。 Ten days later, from her hospital bed, she told Amnesty International that she was still experiencing intense pain due to the burns to her face and legs. “The pain is piercing. It s as though a fire is burning in my body. It s too much for me to bear. In spite of all the medicine they are giving me the pain is still so strong.” 10日後に、彼女の病院用ベッドから、彼女は、まだ彼女の顔と脚へのやけどによる激痛を経験していたとアムネスティ・インタナショナルに言いました。 ldquo; 痛みは突き抜けています。 まるで炎が私の身体で燃えているようです。 それは私が堪えることができないくらい多いです。 すべての薬にもかかわらず、痛みを私に与えるのがまだとても強い、rdquo。
https://w.atwiki.jp/pipopipo777/pages/147.html
http //www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/01/12/israel-end-gaza-s-humanitarian-crisis-once Israel End Gaza’s Humanitarian Crisis at Once UN Secretary-General Should Push for Investigation During Visit to Region January 13, 2009 Palestinians carry their belongings as they leave their house in Gaza City on January 13, 2009. © 2009 Reuters Related Materials Deprived and Endangered Humanitarian Crisis in the Gaza Strip Q A on Hostilities between Israel and Hamas Letter to Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon Other Material Complete Coverage of Israel/Gaza Human Rights Watch researcher Fred Abrahams reports from the Israel-Gaza border. (Jerusalem) - Israel should immediately allow humanitarian groups broad access to Gaza and the evacuation of the wounded to alleviate the suffering of the civilian population, Human Rights Watch said in a report released today. Human Rights Watch also urged the UN secretary-general, who is to visit Israel on January 15, to take urgent steps to help alleviate the suffering of Gazan civilians. Nineteen months of a highly restrictive blockade and two weeks of intense military operations have left Gazans in desperate need of food, water, electricity, and sanitation. Medical care is woefully inadequate to deal with the thousands wounded in the fighting. Civilians have nowhere to flee the aerial and ground attacks engulfing the territory. "Israel and Egypt need to open their borders to allow a regular flow of food, medicine and fuel into Gaza, and to evacuate those needing urgent medical care," said Kenneth Roth, executive director of Human Rights Watch. "A daily three-hour humanitarian ‘pause is woefully insufficient to help all the wounded and supply Gaza s civilian population, which has already endured severe deprivation for the past 19 months." According to the 27-page report, "Deprived and Endangered Humanitarian Crisis in the Gaza Strip," Gaza s civilians are facing dire shortages of food, water, cooking gas, fuel and access to medical care. Human Rights Watch said that United Nations agencies have only been able to reach a small portion of those dependent on aid - which includes more than 80 percent of the population - since the Israeli offensive began on December 27, 2008. The electricity supply has slightly improved in recent days but remains low, and in some places open sewage is spilling into the streets. The ongoing fighting is preventing many families from leaving their homes to purchase food or obtain food aid. Children, who make up 56 percent of Gaza s residents, are especially vulnerable. According to the Gaza Ministry of Health, as of January 12, Israeli attacks in Gaza had killed at least 910 Palestinians - both civilians and combatants - and wounded another 4,250. More than 292 children and 75 women are among the dead; more than 1,497 children and 626 women had been wounded. According to the UN, more than 40 percent of the dead and 50 percent of the wounded are women and children. Israel has taken some positive steps in recent days, but the steps are vastly inadequate in relation to the magnitude of the crisis, Human Rights Watch said. Human Rights Watch called on the Israeli government to dramatically expand the humanitarian effort, with more trucks allowed into Gaza every day, more crossings opened, and greatly improved internal distribution within Gaza. "Gaza was in the midst of a humanitarian crisis even before this fighting started due to Israel s unlawful blockade, aided by Egypt s cooperation in keeping its border with Gaza closed," said Roth. "And now it is facing a catastrophe." The wounded are getting only rudimentary care from facilities that lack equipment, material and personnel. Hospitals have been running full-time on generators since December 30, when Gaza s only power plant stopped functioning, and in some hospitals, generator fuel is running low. According to humanitarian agencies and medical officials, many patients are needlessly dying because of a lack of timely medical care. A key problem has been the inability to transfer seriously wounded persons out of Gaza. According to the Gaza Ministry of Health, at least 413 wounded were in critical condition as of January 11. Human Rights Watch released its report just prior to a visit in the region by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, who will be in Israel on January 15. In a letter to the secretary-general, Human Rights Watch urged him to take urgent steps to help alleviate the suffering of Gazan civilians and to announce an international investigation into alleged violations of the laws of war by both Israel and Hamas. An international investigation would be an important way of demonstrating that the United Nations is deeply concerned about the fate of victims of this conflict. Because Israel has blocked the media and human rights groups from entering Gaza, only an international investigation stands a chance at this critical moment of uncovering key facts and reducing abuses. "The UN secretary-general s visit is an opportunity to address the humanitarian crisis in Gaza and the need for protecting civilians," said Roth. "He needs to lean on all actors, protect civilians, and ensure accountability. Only an impartial international investigation can achieve that." Human Rights Watch also called upon the Israeli government to Take all possible measures to facilitate the work of humanitarian and medical agencies. Support humanitarian corridors and other measures to facilitate access of medical and humanitarian personnel, and civilians fleeing the fighting. Open border crossings for the evacuation of the wounded out of Gaza. Facilitate the transfer of the wounded to hospitals in Gaza and then, if necessary, to referral outside Gaza. Take all necessary steps to ensure that forces do not attack humanitarian aid personnel and their facilities, supplies, and transportation. Human Rights Watch urged both Israel and Hamas to support efforts by the United Nations to create areas that have a dramatically enhanced capacity to protect civilians from the ongoing hostilities and to take all feasible measures to avoid military operations near such areas, such as UN schools and other places accommodating displaced persons. Human Rights Watch
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http //www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/01/10/israel-stop-unlawful-use-white-phosphorus-gaza Israel Stop Unlawful Use of White Phosphorus in Gaza Chemical ‘Obscurant Poses Serious Risk to Civilians イスラエル ガザでの黄リンの不法な使用を止めてください。 化学「目くらまし」が民間人に深刻な危険を及ぼす January 10, 2009 M825A1 155mm projectiles, painted light green to designate a munition containing white phosphorus, stand fuzed and ready with an IDF artillery unit firing into Gaza. M825A1 155mm 発射体（白リン含有弾薬であることを指定する浅緑の塗装がなされている）が、信管取り付け済み、IDF大砲部隊によるガザ砲撃準備完了、として立ち並んでいる。 White phosphorous can burn down houses and cause horrific burns when it touches the skin. Israel should not use it in Gaza s densely populated areas. 白リン弾は、家々を焼き、皮膚に触れると恐ろしいやけどを引き起こします。 イスラエルはガザの人口密集地域でそれを使用すべきではありません。 Marc Garlasco, senior military analyst at Human Rights Watch (Jerusalem, January 10, 2009) - Israel should stop using white phosphorus in military operations in densely populated areas of Gaza, Human Rights Watch said today. On January 9 and 10, 2009, Human Rights Watch researchers in Israel observed multiple air-bursts of artillery-fired white phosphorus over what appeared to be the Gaza City/Jabaliya area. Marc Garlasco、ヒューマン・ライツ・ウオッチ(2009年1月10日のエルサレム)の先任軍事アナリスト・・・・・イスラエルは、ガザの人口密集地域における軍事作戦での白リン弾使用を止めるべきです、とヒューマン・ライツ・ウオッチは、今日言いました。 2009年1月9日と10日に、イスラエルのヒューマン・ライツ・ウオッチの調査員は、大砲砲撃による白リン弾が、ガザ市ジャバリヤの地区の広い地域で連射炸裂しているのを観測しました。 Israel appeared to be using white phosphorus as an "obscurant" (a chemical used to hide military operations), a permissible use in principle under international humanitarian law (the laws of war). However, white phosphorus has a significant, incidental, incendiary effect that can severely burn people and set structures, fields, and other civilian objects in the vicinity on fire. The potential for harm to civilians is magnified by Gaza s high population density, among the highest in the world. イスラエルは白リン弾を、原則として国際人道法(戦時国際法)の下で許されている使用である「視界蒙昧弾」（軍の作戦を隠す為の化学剤）、として使用しているように見えました。 しかしながら、白リン弾には、重要で、付帯的な、焼夷効果があり、それは、人々に重傷の火傷を負わせ、付近の構造物、草地、および他の民間物に火災を起こします。 "White phosphorous can burn down houses and cause horrific burns when it touches the skin," said Marc Garlasco, senior military analyst at Human Rights Watch. "Israel should not use it in Gaza s densely populated areas." 「白リン弾は家々を焼き、それが皮膚に触れると恐ろしいやけどを引き起こします。」と、Marc Garlasco、ヒューマン・ライツ・ウオッチの先任の軍事アナリストは言いました。 「イスラエルはガザの人口密集地域でそれを使用すべきではありません。」 Human Rights Watch believes that the use of white phosphorus in densely populated areas of Gaza violates the requirement under international humanitarian law to take all feasible precautions to avoid civilian injury and loss of life. This concern is amplified given the technique evidenced in media photographs of air-bursting white phosphorus projectiles. Air bursting of white phosphorus artillery spreads 116 burning wafers over an area between 125 and 250 meters in diameter, depending on the altitude of the burst, thereby exposing more civilians and civilian infrastructure to potential harm than a localized ground burst. ヒューマン・ライツ・ウオッチは、ガザの人口密集地域での白リン弾使用が、民間人の負傷と死亡を避けるためにあらゆる可能な注意を払わねばならないという、国際人道法の下の要件に違反すると信じています。 空中炸裂する白リン発射体のメディア写真が証明したテクニックを考えると、この関心は増幅されます。 白リン弾の空中炸裂は、直径125～250メーターの領域の上に、116枚の燃えているウエハースを撒きます。その結果、局地的な着地炸裂に較べると、炸裂地点の高度によって、より多くの民間人と民間インフラストラクチャを、危害の可能性に晒します。 Since the beginning of Israel s ground offensive in Gaza on January 3, 2009, there have been numerous media reports about the possible use of white phosphorous by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). The IDF told both Human Rights Watch and news reporters that it is not using white phosphorus in Gaza. On January 7, an IDF spokesman told CNN, "I can tell you with certainty that white phosphorus is absolutely not being used." 2009年1月3日のイスラエルのガザ地上攻勢の始まり以来、イスラエル国防軍(IDF)による白リン弾の活用可能性に関して、多数のメディア報道がありました。 IDFは、ガザで白リン弾を使用していないと、ヒューマン・ライツ・ウオッチと取材記者の両方に言いました。 1月7日には、「私は確信をもって、白リン弾は絶対に使用されていない、とあなたに言うことができます。」と、IDFスポークスマンはCNNに言ったのです。 Human Rights Watch
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http //www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/4325805/Gaza-phosphorus-casualties-relive-Israels-three-week-war.html Gaza phosphorus casualties relive Israel s three-week war ガザのリン死傷者はイスラエルの3週間の戦争を追体験します Special Report Tim Butcher in Gaza City argues why the true story about Israel s use of phosphorus shells may never emerge. 特別なレポート ガザ市のティムButcherは、イスラエルが白リン弾をなぜ使ったのかについての真実が決して現れないと主張しています。 Last Updated 10 01PM GMT 23 Jan 2009 Sabbah Abu Halima, 45, suffered burns in the shelling of the village of Atatra on the northern edge of Gaza. She saw her husband and baby daughter killed. Photo REUTERS SabbahアブHalima(45)はガザの北縁のAtatraの村の砲弾を浴びせることにおけるやけどを受けました。 彼女は、彼女の夫と赤ん坊の娘が殺されるのを見ました。 写真 ロイター John Stuart Mill described war as an ugly thing and it does not come much uglier than the digital photograph Mahmoud Abu Halima has on his mobile phone. It was taken this week and shows the body of his 15-month-old sister, Shahed, burned by white phosphorus, bloated through decomposition and without any feet or legs. Mr Halima explained what happened to the lower limbs. "There were about 12 bodies from the village that had to be left out in the open when the Israeli soldiers came. By the time we got back she had been partially eaten by wild dogs," he said. After Israel ended its ban on foreign journalists in Gaza it was a week of piecing together such stories, trying to clarify exactly what happened during the three-week military assault by Israel s armed forces. The Israeli government has accused people like the Halima family of being coached by Hamas to spout fiction. Investigation of the Halima family began in the burns unit at Shifa, the largest hospital in Gaza. During its military operations Israel had denied using white phosphorus shells improperly, meaning it was not used against civilians or in civilian areas. But the case of Sabbah Abu Halima, 45, suggested otherwise. She had been brought into the hospital with what appeared to be mild burns to her right forearm, left lower leg and feet. Without experience of white phosphorus, the staff, led by the unit s director, Nafiz Abu Shabaan, wiped the wounds, bound them and sent her on her way. "But two days later she came back, complaining of pain and when we opened the bandages we found her wounds still smoking and much, much bigger. Her arm was down to the bone and tendons, that is all that is left," he said. Sitting on her hospital bed and wincing with pain when her bandages pinched, Mrs Halima gave an initial account of what happened. She described how her family had gathered to eat in a first-storey room at the family home in the village of Atatra. It lies on the northern edge of Gaza and while it was never likely to be a target during the air assault phase of Israel s operation Cast Lead, its proximity to the fence with Israel meant it was in the front line for the ground offensive. "The first shells landed outside and we all stood up and went into the hall and a bedroom because we thought it was safe. That was when a shell came through the roof and exploded. My husband, Saadallah, was holding some of the children but his head was cut off. There was fire and smoke everywhere and the baby Shahed fell to the ground. I heard her cry mama, mama, mama , and then she stopped," Mrs Halima said. The house should be a 20-minute drive from Shifa but the conflict has turned roads into slow obstacle courses with cars having to slalom round craters, heaps of rubble and bloated carcasses of livestock. The Halima house lies just off a main road in Atatra up a muddy alley leading to fields of hothouses. Outside the house lay evidence of the shelling Mrs Halima described. Two white phosphorus shell cases, originally painted light green but burnt by detonations with the metal bent back like tulip petals, were on the ground. One still had the four tell-tale angle-irons inside to indicate a 155mm white phosphorus shell and was packed with unburned chemical. A poke with a stick to expose the chemical to oxygen was enough to set it burning again, sending out white smoke. Mr Halima, 20, was next door in the house of his uncle, Hikmat, 42, when the barrage struck and he remembered the smell of the smoke as he rushed up the open stairwell at his home. "It was a bad smell, a smell that made you choke," he said. "I came upstairs but there was smoke everywhere. I ran to get water from the bathroom but when I put the water on them the water did not stop the fire." White phosphorus fires are resistant to water. As well as his infant sister and father, Mr Halima lost two brothers - Zaid, 10, and Hamza, eight - in the blast and subsequent fire. Mr Halima explained how the killing did not end there. As the wounded, including his mother, were dragged down the stairwell, his cousin, Mohammed, 16, the son of Hikmat, ran to the fields to fetch a tractor and trailer to take the injured to safety. According to witnesses, Mohammed was shot dead by Israeli soldiers. The Atatra case is one of many in Gaza for which human rights activists have demanded an investigation. Navi Pillay, the United Nations high commissioner for human rights, has suggested that there is at least one case with "the appearance of war crimes". But Israel does not have a good record of co-operating with those investigating atrocities in Gaza. In 2006 after Israeli artillery killed 18 members of the Athamneh family in Gaza, Israel cleared itself of wrongdoing in an internal inquiry and blocked Desmond Tutu, the Archbishop Emeritus of Cape Town and Nobel peace prize laureate, from reaching Gaza to investigate the incident for the UN. This time round, after denying any improper use of white phosphorus, Israel has launched an internal inquiry. In some ways full-scale investigations of alleged atrocities by the Israeli army are academic. With the two sides in the conflict so far apart, Israeli hard-liners will not shift from their faith in the probity of its armed forces, nor will Palestinians budge from the view that their people were innocent victims. But unless they are dealt with, the cycle of enmity that has fuelled this conflict for decades will continue and the loss of life - 13 Israelis and over 1,300 Palestinians - will have been for nothing. When Israel launched its attack its stated aim was to reduce Hamas rocket fire from Gaza into Israel. At one level the mission has been successful the militants rockets have all but stopped. But before the Israeli government unfurls a Mission Accomplished banner there remains one important point of business the smuggling tunnels are open again. Much of the tunnelling under the Egyptian border is surprisingly visible, taking place out in the open in the south Gazan town of Rafah clearly within sight of nearby Egyptian watchtowers. The area was pitted with craters from Israeli air strikes but during a visit I saw several of the tunnels open or being repaired. Further north in the town of Beit Hanoun was the house of Angham al Masri, a 10-year-old girl who was killed in an Israeli air strike after it began its ceasefire in the early hours last Sunday. Her father, Rafat, 44, explained how his daughter thought the ceasefire made it safe to venture out of the house for the first time in days to check on the family farm that had been evacuated during the fighting. "She had only gone a few hundred metres when the missile struck," he said. "I ran to her and picked her up but she died in an hour." Israel said it attacked a rocket firing position. Amid claim and counter-claim about Israel s war aims and achievements, Mr Masri then indicated how operation Cast Lead has done nothing but harden Palestinian resolve against Israel. "Israel said this was a war on Hamas but when they kill people like my daughter it becomes clear it is a war on the Palestinian people," he said. "Until they change this war will never end."
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http //www.csmonitor.com/2009/0114/p07s01-wome.html White Phosphorus? Israel denies using harmful white phosphorus munitions in its explosions, such as the one shown above, on Jan. 3 in Gaza. Yannis Behrakis/Reuters SOURCES Global Security, Times of London/© 2009 MCT Gaza Israel under fire for alleged white phosphorus use On Tuesday, the Israeli army denied using white phosphorus munitions. A Norwegian doctor claims Israel is using Gaza as a test laboratory for new weapons, including Dense Inert Metal Explosives, or DIME. By Robert Marquand | Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor and Nicholas Blanford | Correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor from the January 14, 2009 edition PARIS; and Beirut, Lebanon - Marc Garlasco has been on the northern border of Gaza for the past five days watching what he says are white phosphorus munitions exploding over a crowded refugee camp. Mr. Garlasco, a senior military analyst for New York-based Human Rights Watch (HRW), says that the way Israel is using the incendiary device is illegal. White phosphorus shells contain more than 100 felt filaments that ignite upon contact with the atmosphere, drift to earth, and burn intensely for at least 10 to 12 minutes. The usage of white phosphorus is not illegal under international law if it s used in military operations as a smoke screen to cover troop movements or against bunkers, armored vehicles, and ammunition dumps. But its use is forbidden against people – civilians and soldiers alike – under nearly all military codes and laws. "The use of white phosphorus is banned as a weapon that causes unnecessary suffering, " says Mark Ellis, director of the International Bar Association in London. "It isn t to be used in civilian areas, or indeed against people since it creates horrible damage to the human body, and unnecessarily so." Israel, which has been charged with using white phosphorus in Lebanon, says it is not using white phosphorus in its war against Hamas in Gaza, now in its 18th day. "The IDF [Israeli Defense Forces] acts only in accordance with what is permitted by international law and does not use white phosphorus," IDF Chief of Staff Gabi Ashkenazi told Israel s Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee on Tuesday in response to a query. But Garlasco says that phosphorus is clearly being used in the Jabaliya refugee camp, one of the most crowded areas in Gaza. "I can see them; we are very certain, whatever the Israeli Defense Forces may say, that white phosphorus is being used. It was used by Israel in Lebanon in 2006, but not until the population fled. In Gaza, the population can t flee." As the offensive continues, which has killed more than 900 people, a variety of European doctors in Gaza, human rights groups, news organizations like Al Jazeera, and observers on the border are reporting instances and sightings of weapons use that is causing deaths, and wounds they say they have not encountered before. Most are calling for access to Gaza to determine what is true amid a rage of reports and rumors. While the phosphorus explosives are widely condemned for raining down indiscriminate harm, questions have also arisen about the possible use of another weapon called Dense Inert Metal Explosives, or DIME, that was created by the US Air Force. DIME is designed to be used in crowded urban areas since the weapons are highly lethal but have an extremely limited range of explosive force that can reduce collateral damage. Norwegian doctor Mads Gilbert, who worked in Gaza s main Shifa hospital during the first weeks of the conflict, and who spoke to media in Egypt and Norway in recent days, is the main source for allegations of DIME use. "This is a new generation of very powerful small explosive that detonates with extreme power and dissipates its power within a range of five to 10 meters," he told reporters. "There is a very strong suspicion I think that Gaza is now being used as a test laboratory for new weapons." Al Jazeera, which has reporters in Gaza, has described hospital cases that appear to conform to the clean tearing of limbs that DIME can cause. Italian scientists from the New Weapons Research Committee, which examines emerging military technology, said in a statement that "evidence is mounting" of DIME usage, saying the wounds may be "untreatable" due to metals like tungsten that enter the body. DIME is packed with tungsten dust that forms micro-shrapnel upon detonation. Paola Manduca, a geneticist at the University of Genoa, says she has seen "four photos from Gaza hospitals since December that look like the effects of DIME. We want to stress as professionals that we need to be able to verify what is happening, and we can t do that if Gaza is blocked." But Israeli experts deny any such usage of DIME by the IDF in Gaza. Shlomo Brom, former brigadier general who consulted international legal experts on weapons use as head of the IDF s Strategic Planning division, derided human rights groups allegations on white phosphorus and DIME as political propaganda. "The weapons itself are not illegal. Whether they are used in keeping with international law is a matter of interpretation. To judge you need all of the operational considerations and intelligence available. Of course, they don t have it, so they are playing a very irresponsible role," he says. During the Lebanon war in 2006, Israel was suspected of employing depleted uranium munitions as well as DIME. The Israeli military has also used cluster bombs and phosphorous munitions in its previous battles in Lebanon. It was heavily criticized by human rights groups for firing both kinds of munitions into the densely populated streets of west Beirut during the siege of the city in the summer of 1982. In the 1990s, when Israeli troops occupied a border strip of South Lebanon, the distinctive cotton ball puffs of brilliant white smoke from exploding phosphorous rounds were a common sight in frontline areas. The Israelis used phosphorous to burn crops in frontline villages and to destroy ground cover used by Hezbollah fighters to infiltrate the occupation zone. In August 1997, five Israeli soldiers burned to death during a battle with Lebanese guerrillas when they were trapped in a frontline valley by a brush fire ignited by phosphorous rounds fired by their own artillery. HRW reported in 1996 that phosphorous shells fired by Israel had struck populated areas, causing civilian casualties, during a week-long Israeli air and artillery blitz in South Lebanon in July 1993. At the time of the 1993 attack, Maj. Gen. Herzl Bodinger, commander of the Israeli Air Force, was quoted by Israel s Yedioth Ahranot as saying "We do not use such bombs." But in 1994, the US State Department reported that there were "credible accounts of IDF [Israeli Defense Forces] use of phosphorous shells against military and civilians targets" in South Lebanon. Other controversial armaments used by Israel in Lebanon included antipersonnel "flechette" rounds fired by tanks. The round is designed to explode in the air, showering the target with 5,000 three-centimeter-long steel darts in a cone-shaped trajectory some 900 feet long. The United Nations recorded many instances of "flechette" rounds being used in South Lebanon in the 1990s in which civilians were killed or wounded. Last year, Fadel Shanaa, a Reuters cameraman, was killed in Gaza by a "flechette" round fired by an Israeli tank that Mr. Shanaa was filming at the time. Whether Israel is using white phosphorus illegally or not in its latest war against Islamist militants in Gaza, the issue may be gaining too much focus, says Garlasco from HRW, and could be "a red herring." Sara Roy, a senior research scholar at the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Harvard University, agrees. "While it is important to pay attention to these weapons, the majority of Gazans are being killed by typical military operations. I am a scholar and I use words carefully, and this seems like a massacre." • Joshua Mitnick contributed reporting from Tel Aviv. 外国報道
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http //www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/foreign-supplied-weapons-used-against-civilians-israel-and-hamas-20090220 Foreign-supplied weapons used against civilians by Israel and Hamas Amnesty International 20 February 2009 ⇒（抄録） 米国製武器不正使用の証拠で武器禁輸の必要性高まる アムネスティ・インターナショナル日本 Israeli artillery fires towards southern Gaza Strip, from Israel side of the border© APGraphicsBank Both Israel and Hamas used foreign-supplied weapons to attack civilians according to fresh evidence released by Amnesty International. Munitions from the USA, Israel’s main foreign arms supplier, were used by Israel forces during three-week conflict in Gaza and southern Israel. Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups fired hundreds of rockets that had been smuggled in or made of components from abroad at civilian areas in Israel. Amnesty International has called on the UN to impose a comprehensive arms embargo on the parties to the conflict. "Israeli forces used white phosphorus and other weapons supplied by the USA to carry out serious violations of international humanitarian law, including war crimes," said Donatella Rovera, who headed Amnesty International s fact-finding mission to southern Israel and Gaza. Label on the remains of a missile that killed three paramedics and a child, Gaza, January 2009© Amnesty International "Their attacks resulted in the killing of hundreds of children and other civilians and massive destruction of homes and infrastructure. At the same time, the firing of rockets by Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups, though far less lethal than the weaponry used by Israel, also caused several civilian deaths and constitute a war crime." For many years, the USA has been the major supplier of conventional arms to Israel. Under a 10-year agreement to 2017, the USA is due to provide $30 billion in military aid to Israel, a 25% increase compared to the period preceding the Bush administration. Rocket remants collected at Sderot police station, Israel, 28 January 2008© Amnesty International "To a large extent, Israel s military offensive in Gaza was carried out with weapons, munitions and military equipment supplied by the USA and paid for with US taxpayers’ money," said Malcolm Smart, Amnesty International s Director for the Middle East. In Gaza, as the fighting ended, Amnesty International researchers found fragments and components from munitions used by the Israeli Army - including many that are US-made – littering school playgrounds, in hospitals and in people’s homes. They included artillery and tank shells, mortar fins and remnants from Hellfire and other airborne missiles and large F-16 delivered bombs, as well as still smouldering highly incendiary white phosphorus remains. They also found remnants of a new type of missile, seemingly launched from unmanned drones, which explodes large numbers of tiny sharp-edged metal cubes, each between 2mm and 4mm square in size. These lethal purpose-made shrapnel had penetrated thick metal doors and were embedded deep in concrete walls, and are clearly designed to maximize injury. Phosphorous shell cases found in Khuzna, Gaza, 24 January 2009 © Amnesty International In southern Israel, Amnesty International also saw the remains of "Qassam", Grad and other indiscriminate rockets fired by Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups against civilian areas. These unsophisticated weapons cannot be aimed accurately and stand no comparison with the weaponry deployed by Israel but they have caused several deaths of Israeli civilians, injuries to others and damage to civilian property. Even before the three week conflict, those who armed the two sides will have been aware of the pattern of repeated misuse of weapons by the parties. "As the major supplier of weapons to Israel, the USA has a particular obligation to stop any supply that contributes to gross violations of the laws of war and of human rights," said Malcolm Smart. "The Obama Administration should immediately suspend US military aid to Israel. "We urge the UN Security Council to impose an immediate and comprehensive arms embargo on Israel, Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups until effective mechanisms are found to ensure that munitions and other military equipment are not used to commit serious violations of international law. "In addition all states should suspend all transfers of military equipment, assistance and munitions to Israel, Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups until there is no longer a substantial risk of human rights violations. There must be no return to business as usual, with the predictably devastating consequences for civilians in Gaza and Israel." トップページ